The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

3,060,173 views

2018-06-25 ・ TED-Ed


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The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

3,060,173 views ・ 2018-06-25

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Mirela Ivoš Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
Many of us will experience some kind of trauma during our lifetime.
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Sometimes, we escape with no long-term effects.
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00:14
But for millions of us, those experiences linger,
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00:18
causing symptoms like flashbacks,
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00:19
nightmares,
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Mnogi će od nas iskusiti neku vrstu traume tijekom svoga života.
00:20
and negative thoughts that interfere with everyday life.
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00:23
This phenomenon, called post-traumatic stress disorder,
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Ponekad izbjegnemo njenim trajnim posljedicama.
00:27
or PTSD,
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Ali za milijune nas ta se iskustva razvlače,
00:28
isn’t a personal failing;
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00:30
rather, it’s a treatable malfunction of certain biological mechanisms
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uzrokujući simptome poput flashbacka,
noćnih mora
i negativnih misli koje se isprepliću sa svakodnevicom.
00:34
that allow us to cope with dangerous experiences.
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Ovaj fenomen, znan kao posttraumatski stresni poremećaj
00:39
To understand PTSD,
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00:40
we first need to understand how the brain processes a wide range of ordeals,
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ili PTSP,
nije osobni nedostatak,
nego izlječiva malfunkcija određenih bioloških mehanizama
00:45
including the death of a loved one,
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00:47
domestic violence,
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koji nam omogućuju nošenje s opasnim iskustvima.
00:48
injury or illness,
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00:50
abuse,
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00:51
rape,
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00:52
war,
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Da bismo razumjeli PTSP,
00:53
car accidents,
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prvo moramo razumjeti kako mozak procesira široki raspon teških iskušenja,
00:54
and natural disasters.
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00:55
These events can bring on feelings of danger and helplessness,
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uključujući smrt voljene osobe,
00:59
which activate the brain’s alarm system,
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obiteljsko nasilje,
01:01
known as the “fight-flight-freeze” response.
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ozljede ili bolest,
zlostavljanje,
01:04
When this alarm sounds,
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silovanje,
rat,
01:06
the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal systems,
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prometne nesreće
i prirodne katastrofe.
Ti događaji mogu stvoriti osjećaje opasnosti i bespomoćnosti
01:09
known as the HPA axis,
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work together to send signals to the autonomic nervous system.
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koji aktiviraju sistem moždanog alarma
poznat kao odgovor "borba-bijeg-smrzavanje".
01:15
That’s the network that communicates with adrenal glands and internal organs
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Kad se ovaj alarm oglasi,
01:19
to help regulate functions like heart rate,
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hipotalamički, hipofizni i nadbubrežni sustavi,
01:21
digestion, and respiration.
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poznati kao HPA os,
01:24
These signals start a chemical cascade
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surađuju kako bi poslali signale parasimpatičkom živčanom sustavu.
01:26
that floods the body with several different stress hormones,
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To je mreža koja komunicira s nadbubrežnim žlijezdama i unutarnjim organima
01:30
causing physiological changes that prepare the body to defend itself.
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pomažući regulaciji funkcija poput otkucaja srca,
01:34
Our heart rate speeds up,
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01:35
breathing quickens,
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probave
i disanja.
01:36
and muscles tense.
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Ti signali započinju kemijsku kaskadu
01:38
Even after a crisis is over,
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koja poplavljuje tijelo s nekoliko različitih hormona stresa,
01:41
escalated levels of stress hormones may last for days,
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uzrokujući fiziološke promjene koje pripremaju tijelo da bi se obranilo.
01:44
contributing to jittery feelings,
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nightmares,
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01:47
and other symptoms.
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Brzina otkucaja srca se povećava,
01:48
For most people, these experiences disappear within a few days to two weeks
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disanje ubrzava,
a mišići postaju napeti.
Čak i nakon što kriza završi,
01:53
as their hormone levels stabilize.
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povišene razine hormona stresa mogu trajati danima,
01:55
But a small percentage of those who experience trauma
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doprinoseći osjećajima nervoze,
01:58
have persistent problems
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noćnim morama
02:00
—sometimes vanishing temporarily only to resurface months later.
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i drugim simptomima.
Za većinu ljudi, ta iskustva nestaju unutar nekoliko dana do dva tjedna,
02:04
We don’t completely understand what’s happening in the brain,
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kako se razine hormona stabiliziraju.
02:07
but one theory is that the stress hormone cortisol
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Ali mali udio onih koji iskuse traumu
02:10
may be continuously activating the “fight-flight-freeze” response
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ima trajne probleme
koji ponekad nestaju samo da bi se vratili mjesecima poslije.
02:14
while reducing overall brain functioning, leading to a number of negative symptoms.
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Ne razumijemo u potpunosti što se događa u mozgu,
02:19
These symptoms often fall into four categories:
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ali jedna je teorija da hormon stresa - kortizol -
02:22
intrusive thoughts, like dreams and flashbacks,
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može doprinijeti aktivaciji odgovora "borba-bijeg-smrzavanje"
02:25
avoiding reminders of the trauma,
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02:27
negative thoughts and feelings, like fear, anger, and guilt,
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reducirajući ukupno funkcioniranje mozga, stvarajući nekolicinu negativnih simptoma.
02:31
and “reactive” symptoms like irritability and difficulty sleeping.
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Ti simptomi obično se svrstavaju u četiri kategorije:
nametljive misli, poput snova i "flashbackova",
02:36
Not everyone has all these symptoms,
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02:38
or experiences them to the same extent and intensity.
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izbjegavajuće podsjetnike na traumu,
negativne misli i osjećaje, poput straha, ljutnje i krivnje,
02:41
When problems last more than a month, PTSD is often diagnosed.
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te reaktivne simptome poput razdražljivosti i problema sa spavanjem.
02:46
Genetics,
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on-going overwhelming stress,
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02:49
and many risk factors like preexisting mental illnesses
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Nemaju svi sve navedene simptome
niti ih proživljavaju u istom opsegu i intenzitetu.
02:53
or lack of emotional support,
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likely play a role in determining who will experience PTSD.
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Kad problemi traju dulje od mjeseca, često se dijagnosticira PTSP.
02:59
But the underlying cause is still a medical mystery.
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Genetika,
trenutni preplavljujući stres
i mnogi rizični faktori, poput prijašnje mentalne bolesti
03:04
A major challenge of coping with PTSD is sensitivity to triggers,
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ili manjak emocionalne podrške,
vjerojatno igraju ulogu u određivanju tko će iskusiti PTSP.
03:09
physical and emotional stimuli
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03:11
that the brain associates with the original trauma.
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Ali temeljni uzrok i dalje je medicinska misterija.
03:14
These can be everyday sensations that aren’t inherently dangerous
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Glavni izazov u nošenju s PTSP-om je osjetljivost na okidače,
03:18
but prompt powerful physical and emotional reactions.
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For example, the smell of a campfire
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fizičke i emocionalne podražaje
03:24
could evoke the memory of being trapped in a burning house.
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koje mozak povezuje s originalnom traumom.
To mogu biti svakodnevni doživljaji koji nisu svojstveno opasni,
03:28
For someone with PTSD,
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that memory activates the same neurochemical cascade
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ali potiču snažne fizičke i emocionalne reakcije.
03:33
as the original event.
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Na primjer, miris logorske vatre
03:35
That then stirs up the same feelings of panic and helplessness
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može pobuditi sjećanja na zatočenost unutar goruće kuće.
03:39
as if they’re experiencing the trauma all over again.
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Za nekoga s PTSP-om,
03:43
Trying to avoid these triggers, which are sometimes unpredictable,
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to sjećanje aktivira istu neurokemijsku kaskadu
kao i originalni događaj.
03:47
can lead to isolation.
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To onda pobuđuje iste osjećaje panike i bespomoćnosti
03:49
That can leave people feeling invalidated,
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ignored,
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or misunderstood,
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kao da iznova proživljava traumu.
03:53
like a pause button has been pushed on their lives
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while the rest of the world continues around them.
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Pokušavajući izbjeći ove okidače, koji su ponekad nepredvidljivi,
03:59
But, there are options.
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može dovesti do izolacije.
04:01
If you think you might be suffering from PTSD,
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Tada se ljudi mogu osjećati bezvrijedno,
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the first step is an evaluation with a mental health professional
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zanemareno
ili neshvaćeno,
kao da je netko pritisnuo pauzu na njihovom životu,
04:07
who can direct you towards the many resources available.
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dok ostatak svijeta nastavlja oko njih.
04:11
Psychotherapy can be very effective for PTSD,
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Ali, postoje opcije.
04:14
helping patients better understand their triggers.
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Ako mislite da možda patite od PTSP-a,
04:17
And certain medications can make symptoms more manageable,
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prvi korak je evaluacija s profesionalcem za mentalno zdravlje
04:20
as can self- care practices, like mindfulness and regular exercise.
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koji vas može uputiti mnogim dostupnim izvorima pomoći.
Psihoterapija može biti vrlo učinkovita za PTSP,
04:25
What if you notice signs of PTSD in a friend or family member?
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pomažući pacijentima bolje razumjeti svoje okidače.
04:29
Social support, acceptance, and empathy are key to helping and recovery.
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I poneki lijekovi mogu učiniti simptome podnošljivijima,
04:33
Let them know you believe their account of what they’re experiencing,
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kao i prakse samopomoći, kao što su meditacija i redovita vježba.
04:37
and that you don’t blame them for their reactions.
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Što ako uočite znakove PTSP-a kod prijatelja ili člana obitelji?
04:39
If they’re open to it,
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encourage them to seek evaluation and treatment.
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Društvena podrška, prihvaćanje i empatija ključ su pomoći i oporavka.
04:43
PTSD has been called “the hidden wound”
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because it comes without outward physical signs.
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Dajte im do znanja da vjerujete u iskaz onoga što doživljavaju
04:49
But even if it’s an invisible disorder, it doesn’t have to be a silent one.
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i da ih ne krivite za njihove reakcije.
Ako su otvoreni za to,
potaknite ih da potraže evaluaciju i tretman.
PTSP se naziva "skrivenom ranom"
jer dolazi bez vanjskih fizičkih znakova.
Ali čak iako je nevidljivi poremećaj, ne mora biti i nijemi.
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