The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

3,076,902 views

2018-06-25 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

3,076,902 views ・ 2018-06-25

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Mirela Ivoš Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
Many of us will experience some kind of trauma during our lifetime.
0
6903
4094
00:10
Sometimes, we escape with no long-term effects.
1
10997
3230
00:14
But for millions of us, those experiences linger,
2
14227
3883
00:18
causing symptoms like flashbacks,
3
18110
1691
00:19
nightmares,
4
19801
907
Mnogi će od nas iskusiti neku vrstu traume tijekom svoga života.
00:20
and negative thoughts that interfere with everyday life.
5
20708
3027
00:23
This phenomenon, called post-traumatic stress disorder,
6
23735
3317
Ponekad izbjegnemo njenim trajnim posljedicama.
00:27
or PTSD,
7
27052
1398
Ali za milijune nas ta se iskustva razvlače,
00:28
isn’t a personal failing;
8
28450
1990
00:30
rather, it’s a treatable malfunction of certain biological mechanisms
9
30440
4348
uzrokujući simptome poput flashbacka,
noćnih mora
i negativnih misli koje se isprepliću sa svakodnevicom.
00:34
that allow us to cope with dangerous experiences.
10
34788
4457
Ovaj fenomen, znan kao posttraumatski stresni poremećaj
00:39
To understand PTSD,
11
39245
1648
00:40
we first need to understand how the brain processes a wide range of ordeals,
12
40893
4627
ili PTSP,
nije osobni nedostatak,
nego izlječiva malfunkcija određenih bioloških mehanizama
00:45
including the death of a loved one,
13
45520
2104
00:47
domestic violence,
14
47624
1260
koji nam omogućuju nošenje s opasnim iskustvima.
00:48
injury or illness,
15
48884
1811
00:50
abuse,
16
50695
1049
00:51
rape,
17
51744
934
00:52
war,
18
52678
790
Da bismo razumjeli PTSP,
00:53
car accidents,
19
53468
944
prvo moramo razumjeti kako mozak procesira široki raspon teških iskušenja,
00:54
and natural disasters.
20
54412
1535
00:55
These events can bring on feelings of danger and helplessness,
21
55947
3409
uključujući smrt voljene osobe,
00:59
which activate the brain’s alarm system,
22
59356
2227
obiteljsko nasilje,
01:01
known as the “fight-flight-freeze” response.
23
61583
3386
ozljede ili bolest,
zlostavljanje,
01:04
When this alarm sounds,
24
64969
1524
silovanje,
rat,
01:06
the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal systems,
25
66493
3252
prometne nesreće
i prirodne katastrofe.
Ti događaji mogu stvoriti osjećaje opasnosti i bespomoćnosti
01:09
known as the HPA axis,
26
69745
1932
01:11
work together to send signals to the autonomic nervous system.
27
71677
3666
koji aktiviraju sistem moždanog alarma
poznat kao odgovor "borba-bijeg-smrzavanje".
01:15
That’s the network that communicates with adrenal glands and internal organs
28
75343
3882
Kad se ovaj alarm oglasi,
01:19
to help regulate functions like heart rate,
29
79225
2277
hipotalamički, hipofizni i nadbubrežni sustavi,
01:21
digestion, and respiration.
30
81502
2066
poznati kao HPA os,
01:24
These signals start a chemical cascade
31
84000
2842
surađuju kako bi poslali signale parasimpatičkom živčanom sustavu.
01:26
that floods the body with several different stress hormones,
32
86842
3311
To je mreža koja komunicira s nadbubrežnim žlijezdama i unutarnjim organima
01:30
causing physiological changes that prepare the body to defend itself.
33
90153
4045
pomažući regulaciji funkcija poput otkucaja srca,
01:34
Our heart rate speeds up,
34
94198
1458
01:35
breathing quickens,
35
95656
1051
probave
i disanja.
01:36
and muscles tense.
36
96707
2131
Ti signali započinju kemijsku kaskadu
01:38
Even after a crisis is over,
37
98838
2272
koja poplavljuje tijelo s nekoliko različitih hormona stresa,
01:41
escalated levels of stress hormones may last for days,
38
101110
3519
uzrokujući fiziološke promjene koje pripremaju tijelo da bi se obranilo.
01:44
contributing to jittery feelings,
39
104629
1586
01:46
nightmares,
40
106215
822
01:47
and other symptoms.
41
107037
1582
Brzina otkucaja srca se povećava,
01:48
For most people, these experiences disappear within a few days to two weeks
42
108619
4563
disanje ubrzava,
a mišići postaju napeti.
Čak i nakon što kriza završi,
01:53
as their hormone levels stabilize.
43
113182
2034
povišene razine hormona stresa mogu trajati danima,
01:55
But a small percentage of those who experience trauma
44
115216
2847
doprinoseći osjećajima nervoze,
01:58
have persistent problems
45
118063
2145
noćnim morama
02:00
—sometimes vanishing temporarily only to resurface months later.
46
120208
4337
i drugim simptomima.
Za većinu ljudi, ta iskustva nestaju unutar nekoliko dana do dva tjedna,
02:04
We don’t completely understand what’s happening in the brain,
47
124545
2958
kako se razine hormona stabiliziraju.
02:07
but one theory is that the stress hormone cortisol
48
127503
3061
Ali mali udio onih koji iskuse traumu
02:10
may be continuously activating the “fight-flight-freeze” response
49
130564
4025
ima trajne probleme
koji ponekad nestaju samo da bi se vratili mjesecima poslije.
02:14
while reducing overall brain functioning, leading to a number of negative symptoms.
50
134589
5275
Ne razumijemo u potpunosti što se događa u mozgu,
02:19
These symptoms often fall into four categories:
51
139864
2489
ali jedna je teorija da hormon stresa - kortizol -
02:22
intrusive thoughts, like dreams and flashbacks,
52
142353
3088
može doprinijeti aktivaciji odgovora "borba-bijeg-smrzavanje"
02:25
avoiding reminders of the trauma,
53
145441
1977
02:27
negative thoughts and feelings, like fear, anger, and guilt,
54
147418
3897
reducirajući ukupno funkcioniranje mozga, stvarajući nekolicinu negativnih simptoma.
02:31
and “reactive” symptoms like irritability and difficulty sleeping.
55
151315
4921
Ti simptomi obično se svrstavaju u četiri kategorije:
nametljive misli, poput snova i "flashbackova",
02:36
Not everyone has all these symptoms,
56
156236
2483
02:38
or experiences them to the same extent and intensity.
57
158719
2953
izbjegavajuće podsjetnike na traumu,
negativne misli i osjećaje, poput straha, ljutnje i krivnje,
02:41
When problems last more than a month, PTSD is often diagnosed.
58
161672
4859
te reaktivne simptome poput razdražljivosti i problema sa spavanjem.
02:46
Genetics,
59
166531
954
02:47
on-going overwhelming stress,
60
167485
2251
02:49
and many risk factors like preexisting mental illnesses
61
169736
3728
Nemaju svi sve navedene simptome
niti ih proživljavaju u istom opsegu i intenzitetu.
02:53
or lack of emotional support,
62
173464
1495
02:54
likely play a role in determining who will experience PTSD.
63
174959
4313
Kad problemi traju dulje od mjeseca, često se dijagnosticira PTSP.
02:59
But the underlying cause is still a medical mystery.
64
179272
5341
Genetika,
trenutni preplavljujući stres
i mnogi rizični faktori, poput prijašnje mentalne bolesti
03:04
A major challenge of coping with PTSD is sensitivity to triggers,
65
184613
4689
ili manjak emocionalne podrške,
vjerojatno igraju ulogu u određivanju tko će iskusiti PTSP.
03:09
physical and emotional stimuli
66
189302
2151
03:11
that the brain associates with the original trauma.
67
191453
2922
Ali temeljni uzrok i dalje je medicinska misterija.
03:14
These can be everyday sensations that aren’t inherently dangerous
68
194375
3979
Glavni izazov u nošenju s PTSP-om je osjetljivost na okidače,
03:18
but prompt powerful physical and emotional reactions.
69
198354
3576
03:21
For example, the smell of a campfire
70
201930
2729
fizičke i emocionalne podražaje
03:24
could evoke the memory of being trapped in a burning house.
71
204659
3643
koje mozak povezuje s originalnom traumom.
To mogu biti svakodnevni doživljaji koji nisu svojstveno opasni,
03:28
For someone with PTSD,
72
208302
1907
03:30
that memory activates the same neurochemical cascade
73
210209
3362
ali potiču snažne fizičke i emocionalne reakcije.
03:33
as the original event.
74
213571
1992
Na primjer, miris logorske vatre
03:35
That then stirs up the same feelings of panic and helplessness
75
215563
4021
može pobuditi sjećanja na zatočenost unutar goruće kuće.
03:39
as if they’re experiencing the trauma all over again.
76
219584
4061
Za nekoga s PTSP-om,
03:43
Trying to avoid these triggers, which are sometimes unpredictable,
77
223645
3993
to sjećanje aktivira istu neurokemijsku kaskadu
kao i originalni događaj.
03:47
can lead to isolation.
78
227638
2103
To onda pobuđuje iste osjećaje panike i bespomoćnosti
03:49
That can leave people feeling invalidated,
79
229741
2034
03:51
ignored,
80
231775
754
03:52
or misunderstood,
81
232529
1365
kao da iznova proživljava traumu.
03:53
like a pause button has been pushed on their lives
82
233894
2491
03:56
while the rest of the world continues around them.
83
236385
2863
Pokušavajući izbjeći ove okidače, koji su ponekad nepredvidljivi,
03:59
But, there are options.
84
239248
2373
može dovesti do izolacije.
04:01
If you think you might be suffering from PTSD,
85
241621
2502
Tada se ljudi mogu osjećati bezvrijedno,
04:04
the first step is an evaluation with a mental health professional
86
244123
3704
zanemareno
ili neshvaćeno,
kao da je netko pritisnuo pauzu na njihovom životu,
04:07
who can direct you towards the many resources available.
87
247827
3328
dok ostatak svijeta nastavlja oko njih.
04:11
Psychotherapy can be very effective for PTSD,
88
251155
3230
Ali, postoje opcije.
04:14
helping patients better understand their triggers.
89
254385
3190
Ako mislite da možda patite od PTSP-a,
04:17
And certain medications can make symptoms more manageable,
90
257575
2827
prvi korak je evaluacija s profesionalcem za mentalno zdravlje
04:20
as can self- care practices, like mindfulness and regular exercise.
91
260402
4780
koji vas može uputiti mnogim dostupnim izvorima pomoći.
Psihoterapija može biti vrlo učinkovita za PTSP,
04:25
What if you notice signs of PTSD in a friend or family member?
92
265182
3934
pomažući pacijentima bolje razumjeti svoje okidače.
04:29
Social support, acceptance, and empathy are key to helping and recovery.
93
269116
4542
I poneki lijekovi mogu učiniti simptome podnošljivijima,
04:33
Let them know you believe their account of what they’re experiencing,
94
273658
3529
kao i prakse samopomoći, kao što su meditacija i redovita vježba.
04:37
and that you don’t blame them for their reactions.
95
277187
2543
Što ako uočite znakove PTSP-a kod prijatelja ili člana obitelji?
04:39
If they’re open to it,
96
279730
1240
04:40
encourage them to seek evaluation and treatment.
97
280970
3024
Društvena podrška, prihvaćanje i empatija ključ su pomoći i oporavka.
04:43
PTSD has been called “the hidden wound”
98
283994
2886
04:46
because it comes without outward physical signs.
99
286880
2728
Dajte im do znanja da vjerujete u iskaz onoga što doživljavaju
04:49
But even if it’s an invisible disorder, it doesn’t have to be a silent one.
100
289608
4819
i da ih ne krivite za njihove reakcije.
Ako su otvoreni za to,
potaknite ih da potraže evaluaciju i tretman.
PTSP se naziva "skrivenom ranom"
jer dolazi bez vanjskih fizičkih znakova.
Ali čak iako je nevidljivi poremećaj, ne mora biti i nijemi.
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7