A brief history of chess - Alex Gendler

10,867,146 views ใƒป 2019-09-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
The attacking infantry advances steadily,
0
7230
3590
ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช,
00:10
their elephants already having broken the defensive line.
1
10820
4160
ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
00:14
The king tries to retreat, but enemy cavalry flanks him from the rear.
2
14980
5010
ื”ืžืœืš ืžื ืกื” ืœืกื’ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืื’ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
00:19
Escape is impossible.
3
19990
3020
ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
00:23
But this isnโ€™t a real warโ€“
4
23010
2190
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช --
00:25
nor is it just a game.
5
25200
2050
ื•ื’ื ืœื ืกืชื ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:27
Over the roughly one-and-a-half millennia of its existence,
6
27250
4750
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืืœืฃ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•,
00:32
chess has been known as a tool of military strategy,
7
32000
3897
ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:35
a metaphor for human affairs, and a benchmark of genius.
8
35897
5600
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื’ืื•ื ื•ืช.
00:41
While our earliest records of chess are in the 7th century,
9
41497
3879
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
00:45
legend tells that the gameโ€™s origins lie a century earlier.
10
45376
4700
ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืฉื™ืช.
00:50
Supposedly, when the youngest prince of the Gupta Empire was killed in battle,
11
50076
5620
ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘,
00:55
his brother devised a way of representing the scene to their grieving mother.
12
55696
4926
ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœืืžื ื”ืžืชืื‘ืœืช.
01:00
Set on the 8x8 ashtapada board used for other popular pastimes,
13
60622
6179
ื”ื•ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืืฉืชืคื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 8 ืขืœ 8 ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:06
a new game emerged with two key features:
14
66801
4093
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
01:10
different rules for moving different types of pieces,
15
70894
3425
ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื–ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:14
and a single king piece whose fate determined the outcome.
16
74319
4860
ื•ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
01:19
The game was originally known as chaturangaโ€“
17
79179
4104
ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฆ'ื˜ื•ืจืื ื’ื” --
01:23
a Sanskrit word for "four divisions."
18
83283
3061
ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ ืœ "ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช."
01:26
But with its spread to Sassanid Persia,
19
86344
2550
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื• ืœืคืจืก ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช,
01:28
it acquired its current name and terminologyโ€“
20
88894
2880
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื• ื•ืืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื™ื --
01:31
"chess," derived from "shah," meaning king, and โ€œcheckmateโ€ from "shah mat,"
21
91774
7030
"ืฉื—," ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื”," ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืžืœืš, ื•"ืฉื—ืžื˜" ืž"ืฉื” ืžืช,"
01:38
or โ€œthe king is helpless.โ€
22
98804
2940
ืื• "ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื."
01:41
After the 7th century Islamic conquest of Persia,
23
101744
3790
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจืก ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืกืœื, ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
01:45
chess was introduced to the Arab world.
24
105534
2650
ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
01:48
Transcending its role as a tactical simulation,
25
108184
3120
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช,
01:51
it eventually became a rich source of poetic imagery.
26
111304
3680
ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช.
01:54
Diplomats and courtiers used chess terms to describe political power.
27
114984
5170
ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
02:00
Ruling caliphs became avid players themselves.
28
120154
3611
ื—ึท'ืœึดื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
02:03
And historian al-Masโ€™udi considered the game a testament to human free will
29
123765
5350
ื•ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืžืกืขื•ื“ื™ ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
02:09
compared to games of chance.
30
129115
2564
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื–ืœ.
02:11
Medieval trade along the Silk Road carried the game to East and Southeast Asia,
31
131679
5610
ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
02:17
where many local variants developed.
32
137289
3027
ืฉื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:20
In China, chess pieces were placed at intersections of board squares
33
140316
4460
ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื— ืžื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ื”ืœื•ื—
02:24
rather than inside them, as in the native strategy game Go.
34
144776
4720
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.
02:29
The reign of Mongol leader Tamerlane saw an 11x10 board
35
149496
4912
ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจืžืœืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ 11 ืขืœ 10
02:34
with safe squares called citadels.
36
154408
3020
ืขื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช.
02:37
And in Japanese shogi, captured pieces could be used by the opposing player.
37
157428
5760
ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืฉื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘.
02:43
But it was in Europe that chess began to take on its modern form.
38
163188
4330
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:47
By 1000 AD, the game had become part of courtly education.
39
167518
4994
ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1000 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.
02:52
Chess was used as an allegory
40
172512
2250
ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื”
02:54
for different social classes performing their proper roles,
41
174762
3810
ืœืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื,
02:58
and the pieces were re-interpreted in their new context.
42
178572
3867
ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:02
At the same time, the Church remained suspicious of games.
43
182439
4510
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
03:06
Moralists cautioned against devoting too much time to them,
44
186949
3764
ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™,
03:10
with chess even being briefly banned in France.
45
190713
3930
ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื ืืกืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
03:14
Yet the game proliferated,
46
194643
2030
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื’ืฉื’,
03:16
and the 15th century saw it cohering into the form we know today.
47
196673
4930
ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15 ื”ืคืš ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:21
The relatively weak piece of advisor was recast as the more powerful queenโ€“
48
201603
5592
ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื” --
03:27
perhaps inspired by the recent surge of strong female leaders.
49
207195
4757
ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
03:31
This change accelerated the gameโ€™s pace,
50
211952
2771
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
03:34
and as other rules were popularized,
51
214723
2230
ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื,
03:36
treatises analyzing common openings and endgames appeared.
52
216953
4710
ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
03:41
Chess theory was born.
53
221663
2983
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
03:44
With the Enlightenment era, the game moved from royal courts to coffeehouses.
54
224646
5340
ืขื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื”.
03:49
Chess was now seen as an expression of creativity,
55
229986
3810
ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื ืจืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
03:53
encouraging bold moves and dramatic plays.
56
233796
3580
ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:57
This "Romantic" style reached its peak in the Immortal Game of 1851,
57
237376
6420
ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”"ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™" ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ 1851,
04:03
where Adolf Anderssen managed a checkmate
58
243796
3282
ื‘ื• ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜
04:07
after sacrificing his queen and both rooks.
59
247078
4330
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืœื›ืชื• ื•ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ื.
04:11
But the emergence of formal competitive play in the late 19th century
60
251408
4555
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
04:15
meant that strategic calculation would eventually trump dramatic flair.
61
255963
5194
ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:21
And with the rise of international competition,
62
261157
2428
ื•ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
04:23
chess took on a new geopolitical importance.
63
263585
3910
ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:27
During the Cold War,
64
267495
1250
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
04:28
the Soviet Union devoted great resources to cultivating chess talent,
65
268745
4840
ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ืžื˜,
04:33
dominating the championships for the rest of the century.
66
273585
3872
ื•ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื”.
04:37
But the player who would truly upset Russian dominance
67
277457
3450
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช
04:40
was not a citizen of another country
68
280907
2440
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื–ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
04:43
but an IBM computer called Deep Blue.
69
283347
4350
ืืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ IBM ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง.
04:47
Chess-playing computers had been developed for decades,
70
287697
3165
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืฉื— ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
04:50
but Deep Blueโ€™s triumph over Garry Kasparov in 1997
71
290862
4600
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ืขืœ ื’ืืจื™ ืงืกืคืจื•ื‘ ื‘-1997
04:55
was the first time a machine had defeated a sitting champion.
72
295465
5010
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืกื” ืืœื•ืฃ ืžื›ื”ืŸ.
05:00
Today, chess software is capable of consistently defeating
73
300484
4310
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช
05:04
the best human players.
74
304799
1840
ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:06
But just like the game theyโ€™ve mastered,
75
306639
2120
ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•,
05:08
these machines are products of human ingenuity.
76
308759
3390
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:12
And perhaps that same ingenuity will guide us out of this apparent checkmate.
77
312149
6290
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฆืื” ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืฉื—-ืžื˜ ื”ื–ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7