A brief history of chess - Alex Gendler

10,210,785 views ・ 2019-09-12

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: H Lee Carlsen κ²€ν† : Seunggyu Min
00:07
The attacking infantry advances steadily,
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곡격을 μœ„ν•΄ 보병듀이 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 천천히 λ‚˜μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
their elephants already having broken the defensive line.
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이미 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ½”λΌλ¦¬λŠ” 적의 방어선을 λš«μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
The king tries to retreat, but enemy cavalry flanks him from the rear.
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왕은 후퇴λ₯Ό μ™Έμ³€μ§€λ§Œ 이미 적의 κΈ°λ³‘λŒ€κ°€ λ’€μ—μ„œ κ³΅κ²©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Escape is impossible.
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νƒˆμΆœμ€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
But this isn’t a real war–
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 μ§„μ§œ μ „μŸμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:25
nor is it just a game.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ κ²Œμž„λ³΄λ‹€λ„ 더 μž¬λ―ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Over the roughly one-and-a-half millennia of its existence,
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λŒ€λž΅ 1,500λ…„ 이상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄ 온
00:32
chess has been known as a tool of military strategy,
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μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” ꡰ사 μž‘μ „μ˜ λ„κ΅¬μ˜€λ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:35
a metaphor for human affairs, and a benchmark of genius.
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그리고, 인간사에 λΉ„μœ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆκ³  천재의 κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:41
While our earliest records of chess are in the 7th century,
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μ²΄μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 졜초 기둝은 7μ„ΈκΈ°μ§€λ§Œ,
00:45
legend tells that the game’s origins lie a century earlier.
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전섀에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ ν•œ μ„ΈκΈ° μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
꡽타 μ™•μ‘°μ˜ κ°€μž₯ λ‚˜μ΄ μ–΄λ¦° μ™•μžκ°€ μ „μž₯μ—μ„œ 죽자,
00:50
Supposedly, when the youngest prince of the Gupta Empire was killed in battle,
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00:55
his brother devised a way of representing the scene to their grieving mother.
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ν˜•μ€ μŠ¬ν””μ— 잠긴 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ „μŸμ„ 달리 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κ³ μž λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Set on the 8x8 ashtapada board used for other popular pastimes,
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'μ•„μŠˆνƒ€νŒŒλ‹€ λ³΄λ“œ'라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 8(κ°€λ‘œ) x8(μ„Έλ‘œ)μ—μ„œ νŽΌμ³μ§€λŠ” 이 κ²Œμž„μ€
01:06
a new game emerged with two key features:
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두 κ°€μ§€μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
different rules for moving different types of pieces,
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μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 방법과 각 ν”ΌμŠ€μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ λ‹¬λžμœΌλ©°,
01:14
and a single king piece whose fate determined the outcome.
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ν•œ 개의 ν‚Ήμ˜ 운λͺ…이 κ²Œμž„μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
The game was originally known as chaturanga–
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체슀의 이름은 μ›λž˜ 'μ°¨νˆ¬λž‘κ°€'μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
a Sanskrit word for "four divisions."
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μ‚°μŠ€ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈμ–΄λ‘œ 'λ„€ 개의 사단'λΌλŠ” 뜻이죠.
01:26
But with its spread to Sassanid Persia,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사산쑰 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„λ‘œ νΌμ§€λ©΄μ„œ
01:28
it acquired its current name and terminology–
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 이름과 μ „λ¬Έμš©μ–΄λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
"chess," derived from "shah," meaning king, and β€œcheckmate” from "shah mat,"
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μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” 왕을 λœ»ν•˜λŠ” '샀' μ²΄ν¬λ©”μ΄νŠΈ "μƒ€λ§ˆνŠΈ'λŠ”
01:38
or β€œthe king is helpless.”
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왕은 '무λ ₯ν•˜λ‹€'μ—μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
After the 7th century Islamic conquest of Persia,
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7μ„ΈκΈ° 이후 이슬람이 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„λ₯Ό μ λ Ήν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:45
chess was introduced to the Arab world.
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μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” μ£Όλ³€ μ•„λž ꡭ가듀에 μ „νŒŒλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:48
Transcending its role as a tactical simulation,
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λͺ¨μ˜ μ „λž΅ ν›ˆλ ¨μœΌλ‘œ 체슀의 ν™œμš©μ΄ μ „μ΄λ˜κ³ ,
01:51
it eventually became a rich source of poetic imagery.
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μ‹œμ  상상λ ₯의 ν’λΆ€ν•œ μ†Œμž¬κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Diplomats and courtiers used chess terms to describe political power.
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μ™Έκ΅μ‚¬μ ˆκ³Ό μ‹ ν•˜λ“€μ€ μ •μΉ˜κΆŒλ ₯을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° 체슀 μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
02:00
Ruling caliphs became avid players themselves.
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칼리프 (무슬람 μ§€λ°°μž)듀은 μ—΄λ ¬ν•œ μ„ μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:03
And historian al-Mas’udi considered the game a testament to human free will
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μž 'μ•Œλ§ˆμ‹œλ””'λŠ” 체슀λ₯Ό 'μΈκ°„μ˜ 자유 μ˜μ§€μ˜ λ°œν˜„'으둜 μ—¬κ²ΌμœΌλ©°,
02:09
compared to games of chance.
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'ν™•λ₯  κ²Œμž„'κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Medieval trade along the Silk Road carried the game to East and Southeast Asia,
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μ‹€ν¬λ‘œλ“œλ₯Ό 톡해 쀑세 무역은 체슀λ₯Ό λ™μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ™€ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λ‘œ ν™•μ‚°μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
02:17
where many local variants developed.
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각 μ§€μ—­λ§Œμ˜ κ³ μœ ν•œ μ²΄μŠ€κ°€ νƒ„μƒν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
In China, chess pieces were placed at intersections of board squares
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쀑ꡭ은 체슀 말을 사각점이 κ΅μ°¨ν•˜λŠ” μžλ¦¬μ— μ˜¬λ €λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
rather than inside them, as in the native strategy game Go.
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쀑ꡭ 전톡 μ „λž΅ κ²Œμž„μΈ λ°”λ‘‘μ²˜λŸΌ μ‚¬κ°ν˜• μ•ˆμ— μ˜¬λ €λ†“μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
The reign of Mongol leader Tamerlane saw an 11x10 board
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λͺ½κ³  티무λ₯΄ μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” 11(κ°€λ‘œ) x10(μ„Έλ‘œ) λ³΄λ“œνŒμ—
02:34
with safe squares called citadels.
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'μ‹œνƒ€λΈ(μš”μƒˆ)'이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ μ•ˆμ „μ§€λŒ€κ°€ νƒ„μƒν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
And in Japanese shogi, captured pieces could be used by the opposing player.
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일본의 'μ‡ΌκΈ°'λŠ” μƒλŒ€κ°€ μž‘μ€ ν”ΌμŠ€λ₯Ό 계속 μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
But it was in Europe that chess began to take on its modern form.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ²΄μŠ€κ°€ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κ°–μΆ˜ 곳은 λ°”λ‘œ μœ λŸ½μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
By 1000 AD, the game had become part of courtly education.
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μ„œκΈ° 1000λ…„κ²½, μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” 정식 ꡐ윑의 일뢀가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Chess was used as an allegory
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μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” ν’μžμ˜ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œλ„ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:54
for different social classes performing their proper roles,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ 계측을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 역할을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
and the pieces were re-interpreted in their new context.
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그리고 각 ν”ΌμŠ€λ“€μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 의미둜 μž¬ν•΄μ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
At the same time, the Church remained suspicious of games.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ΅νšŒλŠ” μ²΄μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ νšŒμ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
Moralists cautioned against devoting too much time to them,
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λ„λ•μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ²΄μŠ€μ— λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ‚­λΉ„ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ²½κ³ ν–ˆμ£ .
03:10
with chess even being briefly banned in France.
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μ§¬κΉμ΄μ§€λ§Œ, ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ—μ„œλŠ” κΈˆμ§€λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:14
Yet the game proliferated,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” λ‚ λ‘œ λ²ˆμ°½ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
and the 15th century saw it cohering into the form we know today.
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15세기에 λ“€μ–΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ²΄μŠ€κ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
03:21
The relatively weak piece of advisor was recast as the more powerful queen–
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μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 힘이 μ•½ν•œ μ§€λž΅κ°€λŠ” ꢌλ ₯자 μ—¬μ™•μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
perhaps inspired by the recent surge of strong female leaders.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ‹Ήμ‹œ κ°•λ ₯ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μ—¬μ„± μ§€λ„μžμ˜ 영ν–₯을 받은 λ“―ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:31
This change accelerated the game’s pace,
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이런 변화듀이 κ²Œμž„μ˜ 속도λ₯Ό μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:34
and as other rules were popularized,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ·œμΉ™λ“€λ„ 일반 λŒ€μ€‘ν™”λ˜λ©΄μ„œ,
03:36
treatises analyzing common openings and endgames appeared.
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κ²Œμž„μ˜ μ‹œμž‘κ³Ό 결말에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석이 μ •λ¦½λ˜κ³ 
03:41
Chess theory was born.
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체슀 이둠이 νƒ„μƒν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
With the Enlightenment era, the game moved from royal courts to coffeehouses.
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계λͺ½μ£Όμ˜ μ‹œλŒ€κ°€ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” μ „ ꡭ민이 즐기게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Chess was now seen as an expression of creativity,
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μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œ 창의λ ₯의 ν‘œν˜„μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμœΌλ©°,
03:53
encouraging bold moves and dramatic plays.
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κ³Όκ°ν•œ μž‘μ „κ³Ό λ“œλΌλ§ˆν‹± ν•œ κ²Œμž„μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
This "Romantic" style reached its peak in the Immortal Game of 1851,
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λ‚­λ§Œμ£Όμ˜ μ‚¬μ‘°λŠ” μ ˆμ •μ— 이λ₯΄λ €λ˜ 1851λ…„ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ '뢈멸의 κ²Œμž„'μ—μ„œ
04:03
where Adolf Anderssen managed a checkmate
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μ•„λŒν”„ μ•€λ”μŠ¨μ΄ 승리λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
04:07
after sacrificing his queen and both rooks.
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이미 ν€Έκ³Ό 두 개의 루크 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό ν¬μƒν•œ 후에 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
But the emergence of formal competitive play in the late 19th century
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19μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„λ°˜ μ²΄μŠ€λŠ” 정식 경쟁 μ’…λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ νƒˆλ°”κΏˆν•˜κ³ 
04:15
meant that strategic calculation would eventually trump dramatic flair.
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λ“œλΌλ§ˆν‹± ν•œ 감각 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ „λž΅μ μΈ 면이 λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ²΄μŠ€κ°€ μ „ 세계인이 μ¦κΈ°λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ΄ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:21
And with the rise of international competition,
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04:23
chess took on a new geopolitical importance.
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지정학적인 μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
During the Cold War,
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냉전 μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ”
04:28
the Soviet Union devoted great resources to cultivating chess talent,
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μ†Œλ ¨μ€ 체슀 인재 양성에 μ „λ ₯을 λ‹€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
dominating the championships for the rest of the century.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό ν•œ μ„ΈκΈ° λ‚΄λ‚΄ μ±”ν”Όμ–Έ 자리λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμ£ .
04:37
But the player who would truly upset Russian dominance
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ˜ 승승μž₯ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 꺾은 μ„ μˆ˜λŠ”
04:40
was not a citizen of another country
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μ–΄λŠ λ‚˜λΌ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μ•„λ‹Œ
04:43
but an IBM computer called Deep Blue.
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λ°”λ‘œ IBM의 컴퓨터 λ”₯ λΈ”λ£¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:47
Chess-playing computers had been developed for decades,
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체슀 ν”Œλ ˆμ΄μš© μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 수 μ‹­ λ…„ κ°„ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
but Deep Blue’s triumph over Garry Kasparov in 1997
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ”₯ 블루가 1997λ…„ 체슀 μ±”ν”Όμ–Έ 개리 카슀파둜브λ₯Ό 꺾은 일은
04:55
was the first time a machine had defeated a sitting champion.
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 인간 챔피언을 μƒλŒ€λ‘œ μš°μŠΉν•œ 졜초의 μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Today, chess software is capable of consistently defeating
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체슀 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ μ§€κΈˆλ„
졜고의 인간 κ²½μŸμžλ“€μ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ 승리λ₯Ό 거두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
the best human players.
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05:06
But just like the game they’ve mastered,
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기계가 체슀λ₯Ό μ •λ³΅ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:08
these machines are products of human ingenuity.
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κ²°κ΅­ 이 기계듀도 μΈκ°„μ˜ μ°½μ˜μ„±μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
이와 같은 μ°½μ˜μ„±μ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 우리λ₯Ό μœ„κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
And perhaps that same ingenuity will guide us out of this apparent checkmate.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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