Why bats don't get sick - Arinjay Banerjee

1,404,014 views ใƒป 2021-01-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
If this bat were a human, she'd be in deep trouble.
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ืื ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
00:12
Sheโ€™s infected with several deadly viruses,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื,
00:14
including ones that cause rabies, SARS, and Ebola.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœื‘ืช, ืกืืจืก ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
00:20
But while her diagnosis would be lethal for other mammals,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:24
this winged wonder is totally unfazed.
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ื”ืคืœื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ืช.
00:27
In fact, she may even spend the next 30 years living
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื‘ืœื” ืืช 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
00:31
as if this were totally normalโ€“ because for bats, it is.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ -- ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:36
So whatโ€™s protecting her from these dangerous infections?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช?
00:41
To answer this question, we first need to understand
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:43
the relationship between viruses and their hosts.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:47
Every virus has evolved to infect specific species within a class of creatures.
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ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
00:53
This is why humans are unlikely to be infected by plant viruses,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
00:57
and why bees donโ€™t catch the flu.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืขืช.
01:01
However, viruses do sometimes jump across closely related species
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:07
And because the new host has no established immune defenses,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžืืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช,
01:11
the unknown virus presents a potentially lethal challenge.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”.
01:15
This is actually bad news for the virus as well.
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ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื’ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
01:19
Their ideal host provides a steady stream of resources
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ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืกืคืง ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
01:22
and comes into contact with new parties to infectโ€”
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” --
01:26
two criteria that are best met by living hosts.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:30
All this to say that successful viruses
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
01:33
donโ€™t typically evolve adaptations that kill their hostsโ€”
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ืœื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื --
01:37
including the viruses that have infected our flying friend.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:41
The deadly effects of these viruses arenโ€™t caused by the pathogens directly,
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื,
01:47
but rather, by their hostโ€™s uncontrolled immune response.
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ืืœื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—.
01:51
Infections like Ebola or certain types of flu have evolved
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ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
01:56
to strain the immune system of their mammalian host
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:59
by sending it into overdrive.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ.
02:01
The body sends hordes of white blood cells,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืœื— ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
02:04
antibodies and inflammatory molecules to kill the foreign invader.
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ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืงืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
02:09
But if the infection has progressed to high enough levels,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:12
an assault by the immune system can lead to serious tissue damage.
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ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช.
02:17
In particularly virulent cases, this damage can be lethal.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื, ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
02:21
And even when itโ€™s not,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื,
02:22
the site is left vulnerable to secondary infection.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืคื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช.
02:26
But unlike other mammals,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:28
bats have been in an evolutionary arms race with these viruses for millennia,
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:33
and theyโ€™ve adapted to limit this kind of self-damage.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง.
02:37
Their immune system has a very low inflammatory response;
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ืžืื•ื“;
02:41
an adaptation likely developed alongside the other trait
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
02:44
that sets them apart from other mammals: self-powered flight.
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ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื: ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
02:49
This energy-intensive process can raise a batโ€™s body temperature to over 40ยบC.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 40 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
02:56
Such a high metabolic rate comes at a cost;
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ื›ื–ื” ืงืฆื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ;
02:59
flight produces waste molecules called Reactive Oxygen Species
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ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื
03:04
that damage and break off fragments of DNA.
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ืฉืคื•ื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ DNA.
03:08
In other mammals, this loose DNA
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื” DNA ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:10
would be attacked by the immune system as a foreign invader.
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ื™ื•ืชืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืœืฉ ื–ื”.
03:14
But if bats produce these molecules as often as researchers believe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:18
they may have evolved a dampened immune response
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช
03:21
to their own damaged DNA.
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ืœ DNA ื”ืคื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
03:23
In fact, certain genes associated with sensing broken DNA
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉืช DNA ืฉื‘ื•ืจ
03:28
and deploying inflammatory molecules are absent from the bat genome.
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ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ.
03:34
The result is a controlled low-level inflammatory response
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื•ื—ืœืฉื”
03:39
that allows bats to coexist with the viruses in their systems.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:44
Even more impressive,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื,
03:45
bats are able to host these viruses for decades
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ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
03:49
without any negative health consequences.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
03:52
According to a 2013 study, bats have evolved efficient repair genes
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ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืž 2013, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
03:57
to counteract the frequent DNA damage they sustain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื ื–ืง ื”ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืฉื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ.
04:01
These repair genes may also contribute to their long lives.
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ื’ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:06
Animal chromosomes end with a DNA sequence called a telomere.
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ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืจืฆืฃ DNA ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ืœื•ืžืจ.
04:11
These sequences shorten over time in a process
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ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
04:14
that many believe contributes to cell aging.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื.
04:17
But bat telomeres shorten much more slowly than their mammalian cousinsโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื˜ ืžืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื --
04:23
granting them lifespans as long as 41 years.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ 41 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:28
Of course, bats arenโ€™t totally invincible to disease,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช,
04:32
whether caused by bacteria, unfamiliar viruses, or even fungi.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:38
Bat populations have been ravaged by a fungal infection
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื ื”ืจืกื• ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™
04:42
called white-nose syndrome,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืฃ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
04:45
which can fatally disrupt hibernation and deteriorate wing tissue.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืจืงืžืช ื”ื›ื ืฃ.
04:50
These conditions prevent bats from performing critical roles
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:54
in their ecosystems, like helping with pollination and seed dispersal,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืื‘ืงื” ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ื–ืจืขื™ื,
04:59
and consuming pests and insects.
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ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื.
05:02
To protect these animals from harm, and ourselves from infection,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืคื’ืข, ื•ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
05:07
humans need to stop encroaching on bat habitats and ecosystems.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
05:12
Hopefully, preserving these populations
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:15
will allow scientists to better understand batsโ€™ unique antiviral defense systems.
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ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
05:22
And maybe one day, this research will help our own viral immunity take flight.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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