Why bats don't get sick - Arinjay Banerjee

1,421,229 views ・ 2021-01-26

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: DK Kim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
If this bat were a human, she'd be in deep trouble.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이 λ°•μ₯κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό 큰일이 났을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
She’s infected with several deadly viruses,
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λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ— κ°μ—Όλ˜μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
00:14
including ones that cause rabies, SARS, and Ebola.
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광견병, μ‚¬μŠ€, 에볼라 같은 κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μš”.
00:20
But while her diagnosis would be lethal for other mammals,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 포유λ₯˜μ˜€λ‹€λ©΄ 치λͺ…μ μ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
00:24
this winged wonder is totally unfazed.
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이 λ‚ κ°œλ‹¬λ¦° μ• μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 아무 일도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
In fact, she may even spend the next 30 years living
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 30λ…„κ°„ 아무 일 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” λ“― 잘 μ‚΄ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
as if this were totally normal– because for bats, it is.
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λ°•μ₯μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 아무 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
00:36
So what’s protecting her from these dangerous infections?
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이런 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ 병에 κ±Έλ ΈλŠ”λ° μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ¬΄μ‚¬ν•œ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:41
To answer this question, we first need to understand
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이 문제의 닡을 μ•Œλ €λ©΄
λ¨Όμ € λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€ μˆ™μ£Ό 관계λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
the relationship between viruses and their hosts.
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00:47
Every virus has evolved to infect specific species within a class of creatures.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ’…λ§Œ κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
This is why humans are unlikely to be infected by plant viruses,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 식물 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 걸리지 μ•Šμ£ .
00:57
and why bees don’t catch the flu.
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κΏ€λ²Œμ€ 독감에 걸리지 μ•Šκ³ μš”.
01:01
However, viruses do sometimes jump across closely related species
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그런데 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μ’…λ“€κ°„μ—λŠ” 가끔 μ „μ—Όλ˜λŠ” μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
And because the new host has no established immune defenses,
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그러면 μƒˆ μˆ™μ£ΌλŠ” 아직 λ©΄μ—­λ ₯이 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ
01:11
the unknown virus presents a potentially lethal challenge.
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μ•„μ£Ό μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μƒνƒœκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
This is actually bad news for the virus as well.
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이건 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—κ²Œλ„ 쒋지 μ•Šμ€ 일이죠.
01:19
Their ideal host provides a steady stream of resources
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졜고의 μˆ™μ£ΌλŠ” κΎΈμ€€νžˆ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜κΈ° μ’‹κ³ 
01:22
and comes into contact with new parties to infectβ€”
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μƒˆ 감염 λŒ€μƒμ„ μ°ΎκΈ° μ‰¬μš΄ μˆ™μ£Όκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:26
two criteria that are best met by living hosts.
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이런 쑰건듀은 μˆ™μ£Όκ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
01:30
All this to say that successful viruses
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  보면 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ”
01:33
don’t typically evolve adaptations that kill their hostsβ€”
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ μˆ™μ£Όλ₯Ό μ£½μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
including the viruses that have infected our flying friend.
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λ‚ μ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 우리 친ꡬλ₯Ό κ°μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€κ³ μš”.
01:41
The deadly effects of these viruses aren’t caused by the pathogens directly,
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이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ˜ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ¦μ„ΈλŠ” 병원체가 직접 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
but rather, by their host’s uncontrolled immune response.
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κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μˆ™μ£Όμ˜ λ©΄μ—­λ ₯이 κ³Όν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
01:51
Infections like Ebola or certain types of flu have evolved
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μ—λ³ΌλΌλ‚˜ 독감 감염은
포유λ₯˜ μˆ™μ£Όμ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό ν˜Ήμ‚¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
to strain the immune system of their mammalian host
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01:59
by sending it into overdrive.
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무리λ₯Ό ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:01
The body sends hordes of white blood cells,
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μ‹ μ²΄λŠ” 백혈ꡬ λΆ€λŒ€μ™€
02:04
antibodies and inflammatory molecules to kill the foreign invader.
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항체, 염증 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄μ„œ μΉ¨μž…μžλ₯Ό μ—†μ• λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
But if the infection has progressed to high enough levels,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 감염이 μ–΄λŠ 선을 λ„˜μœΌλ©΄
02:12
an assault by the immune system can lead to serious tissue damage.
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이런 λ©΄μ—­ μž‘μš©μ΄ 도리어 쑰직에 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 손상을 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
In particularly virulent cases, this damage can be lethal.
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특히 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 치λͺ…적일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
And even when it’s not,
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그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
02:22
the site is left vulnerable to secondary infection.
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2μ°¨ 감염이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ‰½κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
But unlike other mammals,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 포유λ₯˜μ™€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ
02:28
bats have been in an evolutionary arms race with these viruses for millennia,
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λ°•μ₯λŠ” 수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€κ³Ό μ‹Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
and they’ve adapted to limit this kind of self-damage.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό ν•΄μΉ˜λŠ” μž‘μš©μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” 데 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμ£ .
02:37
Their immune system has a very low inflammatory response;
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λ°•μ₯μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” 염증 λ°˜μ‘μ„ 거의 μΌμœΌν‚€μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
an adaptation likely developed alongside the other trait
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λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§•κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ°œμ „ν•΄ 온 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
that sets them apart from other mammals: self-powered flight.
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즉 λ‹€λ₯Έ 포유λ₯˜μ™€ 달리 λ‚  수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
This energy-intensive process can raise a bat’s body temperature to over 40ΒΊC.
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λ‚ κΈ°λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 힘이 λ“œλŠ” 일이고 체온이 40λ„κΉŒμ§€ μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Such a high metabolic rate comes at a cost;
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€μ‚¬κ°€ λΉ λ₯Έ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ
02:59
flight produces waste molecules called Reactive Oxygen Species
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ν™œμ„± μ‚°μ†Œ λΆ„μžλΌλŠ” 게 μƒκΈ°λŠ”λ°
03:04
that damage and break off fragments of DNA.
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DNAλ₯Ό 쑰각내고 λ§κ°€λœ¨λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
In other mammals, this loose DNA
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 포유λ₯˜μ—μ„œλΌλ©΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŠμŠ¨ν•΄μ§„ DNAλŠ”
λ©΄μ—­ μ³¬κ³„μ˜ 곡격을 받을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
would be attacked by the immune system as a foreign invader.
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03:14
But if bats produce these molecules as often as researchers believe,
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λ°•μ₯κ°€ 이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€ μƒκ°λ§ŒνΌ 많이 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄
03:18
they may have evolved a dampened immune response
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λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•΄μ„œ
03:21
to their own damaged DNA.
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DNA 손상을 λ§‰μ•˜μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
In fact, certain genes associated with sensing broken DNA
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사싀 λ°•μ₯λŠ” 망가진 DNAλ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³ 
03:28
and deploying inflammatory molecules are absent from the bat genome.
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염증 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
The result is a controlled low-level inflammatory response
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 잘 쑰절된 염증 λ°˜μ‘μ΄μ£ .
03:39
that allows bats to coexist with the viruses in their systems.
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λ°•μ₯λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 잘 지낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Even more impressive,
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더 λ†€λΌμš΄ 일은
03:45
bats are able to host these viruses for decades
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— κ°μ—Όλœ μ±„λ‘œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
03:49
without any negative health consequences.
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아무 νƒˆ 없이 지낼 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
According to a 2013 study, bats have evolved efficient repair genes
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2013λ…„ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 보면 λ°•μ₯λŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 손상 볡ꡬ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
03:57
to counteract the frequent DNA damage they sustain.
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μž¦μ€ DNA 손상을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
These repair genes may also contribute to their long lives.
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λ°•μ₯λŠ” 이 볡ꡬ μœ μ „μž 덕뢄에 였래 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
Animal chromosomes end with a DNA sequence called a telomere.
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동물 염색체 λμ—λŠ” ν…”λ‘œλ―Έμ–΄λΌλŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
These sequences shorten over time in a process
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 점점 μ§§μ•„μ§€λŠ”λ°
04:14
that many believe contributes to cell aging.
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세포 노화와 관련이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But bat telomeres shorten much more slowly than their mammalian cousinsβ€”
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그런데 λ°•μ₯μ˜ ν…”λ‘œλ―Έμ–΄λŠ” μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•„μ£Ό 천천히 μ§§μ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
granting them lifespans as long as 41 years.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 수λͺ…이 41년에 μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Of course, bats aren’t totally invincible to disease,
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ°•μ₯κ°€ 무적은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
whether caused by bacteria, unfamiliar viruses, or even fungi.
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μ„Έκ· μ΄λ‚˜ μƒμ†Œν•œ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ—λ„ λ‹Ήν•  수 있죠.
04:38
Bat populations have been ravaged by a fungal infection
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λ°•μ₯λŠ” 곰팑이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μˆ˜κ°€ 많이 μ€„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
called white-nose syndrome,
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흰 μ½” 증후ꡰ이라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
04:45
which can fatally disrupt hibernation and deteriorate wing tissue.
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동면을 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  λ‚ κ°œ 쑰직이 λ§κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
These conditions prevent bats from performing critical roles
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°•μ₯λŠ” μƒνƒœκ³„μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 λͺ» ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
in their ecosystems, like helping with pollination and seed dispersal,
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가루받이λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  씨λ₯Ό νΌλœ¨λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜
04:59
and consuming pests and insects.
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해좩을 μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” 일 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
To protect these animals from harm, and ourselves from infection,
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λ°•μ₯λ₯Ό μœ„ν—˜μ—μ„œ κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  인간이 감염을 ν”Όν•˜λ €λ©΄
05:07
humans need to stop encroaching on bat habitats and ecosystems.
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λ°•μ₯μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ΄λ‚˜ μƒνƒœκ³„μ— μΉ¨μž…ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
Hopefully, preserving these populations
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ λ°•μ₯λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•œλ‹€λ©΄
05:15
will allow scientists to better understand bats’ unique antiviral defense systems.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ°•μ₯μ˜ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ λŒ€μ²˜ λŠ₯λ ₯을 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ 연ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„ 것이고
05:22
And maybe one day, this research will help our own viral immunity take flight.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” 우리의 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 면역에 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό 달아 쀄 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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