3 tips on how to study effectively

5,274,275 views ใƒป 2023-10-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
During their training,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
00:08
medical residents learn countless techniques, surgeries, and procedures
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ืžืชืžื—ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื
00:13
which theyโ€™ll later use to save lives.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:15
Being able to remember these skills
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
00:17
can quite literally be a matter of life and death.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:20
With this in mind, a 2006 research study took a class of surgical residents
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ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืœืงื— ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื—ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”
00:26
learning to suture arteries and split them into two groups.
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ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
00:30
Each received the same study materials,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
00:33
but one group implemented a small change in how they studied them.
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ืืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื.
00:37
And when tested one month later,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:39
this group performed the surgeries significantly better
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
00:43
than the other residents.
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ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื.
00:45
Weโ€™ll discuss the secret to that groupโ€™s success,
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ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
00:48
along with two other highly effective study techniques
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:51
which can be applied both in and out of the classroom.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”.
00:55
But to understand why these methods work,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
00:57
let's first unpack how the brain learns and stores information.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืชื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:02
Say you're trying to memorize the anatomy of the heart.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘.
01:06
When youโ€™re introduced to a new concept,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:08
the memory is temporarily encoded in groups of neurons
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ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:12
in a brain area called the hippocampus.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
01:15
As you continue to learn about workings of the heart
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืœื‘
01:18
in class or study its chambers for an exam,
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื”,
01:21
you reactivate these same neurons.
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ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:24
This repeated firing strengthens the connections between the cells,
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ื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื,
01:28
stabilizing the memory.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:30
Gradually, the knowledge of heart anatomy is stored long-term,
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ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
01:34
which involves another brain area known as the neocortex.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืจื‘ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ื™ืื•ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก.
01:39
How information is transferred from short-term to long-term storage
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš
01:43
is still not completely understood,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:46
but itโ€™s thought to happen in between study sessions
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ืืš ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“
01:49
and perhaps most crucially during sleep.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
01:52
Here the new knowledge is integrated with other related concepts you already know,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
01:57
such as how to measure heart rate, or the anatomy of other organs.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘, ืื• ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:02
And the process doesnโ€™t end there.
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื.
02:04
Each time you recall heart anatomy, you reactivate the long-term memory,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘, ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
02:09
which makes it susceptible to change.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
02:11
The knowledge can be updated, strengthened,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข
02:13
and reintegrated with other pieces of information.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:17
This is where our first study technique comes in.
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ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:20
Testing yourself with flashcards and quizzes
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื
02:24
forces you to actively retrieve knowledge,
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ืฉืžืืœืฆืช ืืชื›ื ืœืื—ื–ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ,
02:26
which updates and strengthens the memory.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
02:29
Students often prefer other study methods,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:32
like rereading textbooks and highlighting notes.
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ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช.
02:35
But these practices can generate a false sense of competence,
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ืืš ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช,
02:39
since the information is right in front of you.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœื›ื.
02:42
Testing yourself, however,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
02:43
allows you to more accurately gauge what you actually know.
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœืืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
02:47
But what if, while doing this, you canโ€™t remember the answers?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช?
02:51
Not to worryโ€”
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ืืœ ื“ืื’ื” -
02:52
making mistakes can actually improve learning in the long term.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
02:57
Itโ€™s theorized that as you rack your brain for the answer,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
03:00
you activate relevant pieces of knowledge.
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ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:03
Then, when the correct answer is later revealed,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:06
the brain can better integrate this information with what you already know.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:10
Our second technique builds on the first.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:13
When using flashcards to study, it's best to mix the deck with multiple subjects.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืจืงื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืกื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
03:18
Interleaving, or mixing the concepts you focus on in a single session,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘, ืื• ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ื“,
03:23
can lead to better retention than practicing a single skill
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืช
03:27
or topic at a time.
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ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:28
One hypothesis of why this works is that, similar to testing,
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ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื”
03:33
cycling through different subjects forces your brain to temporarily forget,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
03:37
then retrieve information, further strengthening the memory.
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ื•ืื– ืœืื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:41
You may also find connections across the topics,
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
03:44
and better understand their differences.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
03:46
Now that you know how and what to study, our final technique concerns when.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื•ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘-ืžืชื™.
03:52
Spacing your review across multiple days
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ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื
03:55
allows for rest and sleep between sessions.
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื.
03:59
While โ€œoffline,โ€ the brain is actively at work,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• โ€œืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸโ€œ, ื”ืžื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ,
04:02
storing and integrating knowledge in the neocortex.
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ืžืื—ืกืŸ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื™ืื•ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก.
04:06
So while cramming the night before the exam may seem logicalโ€”
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช -
04:10
after all, wonโ€™t the material be fresh in your mind?โ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื -
04:13
the information wonโ€™t stick around for the long term.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
04:17
This brings us back to our medical residents.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืชืžื—ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:20
Both groups studied the surgery for the same amount of time.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ.
04:23
Yet one groupโ€™s training was crammed in a single day,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื ื“ื—ืกื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
04:27
while the other more successful groupโ€™s training was spread over four weeks.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:32
The reason all three of these study techniques work
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
04:35
is because theyโ€™re designed with the brain in mind.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:38
They complement and reinforce the incredible way the brain works,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“,
04:42
sorting through and storing the abundance of information
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ืžืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืื—ืกื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืคืข ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
04:45
itโ€™s fed day after day.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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