3 tips on how to study effectively

Translator: Jaloliddin Abdumo'minov Reviewer: Sevara Pulatova

O’zlarining tayyorgarlik vaqtlarida,

During their training,

medical residents learn countless techniques, surgeries, and procedures

tibbiy xodimlar keyinchalik inson hayotini saqlab qolish uchun ko’p texnika, yo’l va

which they’ll later use to save lives.

operatsiyalarni o’rganadilar.

Being able to remember these skills

Ushbu narsalarni eslay olish va qo’llash

can quite literally be a matter of life and death.

o’lim va hayot masalasi bo’la oladi.

With this in mind, a 2006 research study took a class of surgical residents

Buni yodda tutib 2006-yil tadqiqot haqida so’zlaylik: arteriyalar tikuvni o’qiyotgan

learning to suture arteries and split them into two groups.

jarroh xodimlar sinfini olib ularni ikki guruhga bo’lishgan.

Each received the same study materials,

Har biriga bir xil o’quv materiallari berilgan.

but one group implemented a small change in how they studied them.

lekin ulardan biri o’rganish metodiga kichik o’zgarish kiritdi.

And when tested one month later,

Va 1 oydan keyin tekshirilganda,

this group performed the surgeries significantly better

O’zgartirish kiritgan guruh operatsiyani narigi guruhga qaraganda

than the other residents.

anchagina yaxshiroq bajardi.

We’ll discuss the secret to that group’s success,

Yuqoridagi guruhning muvaffaqiyatini keyinroq gaplashamiz,

along with two other highly effective study techniques

sinfxona ichida va tashqarisida ishlatsa bo’ladigan ikkita samarali o’rganish

which can be applied both in and out of the classroom.

usullari bilan.

But to understand why these methods work,

Ushbu usullar qanday ishlashini tushunishdan avval

let's first unpack how the brain learns and stores information.

miyamiz axborotni qanday o’rganishi va saqlashini o’rganaylik.

Say you're trying to memorize the anatomy of the heart.

Tasavvur qiling, yurak anatomiyasini yodlashga urinyapsiz.

When you’re introduced to a new concept,

Har yangi o’rganilgan ma’lumot uchun,

the memory is temporarily encoded in groups of neurons

miyaning “hippocampus” deb ataladigan qismida xotira

in a brain area called the hippocampus.

neyronlar holida vaqtinchalik kodlanadi.

As you continue to learn about workings of the heart

Siz yurakning ishlashini o’rganishingiz davomida yoki

in class or study its chambers for an exam,

imtihonga tayyorlanayotgan vaqtingizda

you reactivate these same neurons.

o’sha neyronlarni qayta ishga tushirasiz.

This repeated firing strengthens the connections between the cells,

Ushbu qayta ishga tushirishlar hujayralar o’rtasidagi ulanishni kuchaytiradi

stabilizing the memory.

va xotirani mustahkamlaydi.

Gradually, the knowledge of heart anatomy is stored long-term,

Asta-sekin yurak anatomiyasi uzoq muddatli ma’lumotga aylanib, miyaning

which involves another brain area known as the neocortex.

“neokorteks” deb ataladigan qismiga joylanadi.

Axborotning qanday qilib qisqa muddatlidan uzoq muddatliga

How information is transferred from short-term to long-term storage

o’tishi haligacha to’liq o’rganilmagan.

is still not completely understood,

but it’s thought to happen in between study sessions

Lekin ushbu holat o’quv sessiyalari yoki

and perhaps most crucially during sleep.

uyqu davomida ro’y berishi haqida fikrlash mavjud.

Here the new knowledge is integrated with other related concepts you already know,

Ushbu joyda yangi bilim siz allaqachon bilgan boshqa ma’lumotlar bilan bog’lanadi

such as how to measure heart rate, or the anatomy of other organs.

masalan, yurak urishini o’lchash, yoki boshqa organlar anatomiyasi.

And the process doesn’t end there.

Jarayon bu yerda tugamaydi.

Har safar siz yurak anatomiyasini eslaga- ningizda siz uzoq muddatli xotirani qayta

Each time you recall heart anatomy, you reactivate the long-term memory,

ishga tushirasiz va bu uni o’zgarishlarga ta’sirchan bo’lib qoladi.

which makes it susceptible to change.

The knowledge can be updated, strengthened,

Bilim yangilanishi, kuchaytirilishi va

and reintegrated with other pieces of information.

boshqa ma’lumotlar bilan bog’lanishi mumkin.

This is where our first study technique comes in.

Mana shu nuqtada bizning birinchi o’quv usulimiz kirib keladi.

Testing yourself with flashcards and quizzes

O’zingizni savollar va fleshkartalar bilan sinash sizni

forces you to actively retrieve knowledge,

bilimingizni qaytarishga majbur qiladi va ushbu holat

which updates and strengthens the memory.

sizning xotirangizni kuchaytiradi va yangilaydi

Students often prefer other study methods,

O’quvchilar odatda kitobni qayta o’qish va eslatmalarni

like rereading textbooks and highlighting notes.

takrorlash kabi usullarni ma’qul ko’rishadi.

But these practices can generate a false sense of competence,

Ammo ushbu amaliyotlar noto’g’ri qobiliyat hissini paydo qilishi mumkin,

since the information is right in front of you.

chunki ma’lumot sizning oldingizda turadi.

Testing yourself, however,

O’zingizni sinash esa aslida

allows you to more accurately gauge what you actually know.

qancha bilishingizni aniqroq ko’rsatib beradi.

But what if, while doing this, you can’t remember the answers?

Ammo, shunday qilayotganingizda, javoblarni eslay olmasangizchi?

Not to worry—

Hech qisi yo’q-

making mistakes can actually improve learning in the long term.

xatolar qilish uzoq muddatli xotirani chindan ham yaxshilaydi.

It’s theorized that as you rack your brain for the answer,

Nazariyaga ko’ra javobni uchun miyangizdan qidirayotganingizda

you activate relevant pieces of knowledge.

siz kerakli bilim bo’laklarini ishga tushirasiz.

Then, when the correct answer is later revealed,

Javoblar keyinchalik ochilganda,

the brain can better integrate this information with what you already know.

miyangiz ushbu ma’lumotni o’zingiz bilgan narsalar bilan yaxshiroq bog’laydi.

Our second technique builds on the first.

Bizning ikkinchi usul birinchisining ustiga qurilgan.

When using flashcards to study, it's best to mix the deck with multiple subjects.

Fleshkardlar bilan o’qilganda, boshqa fanlarni ham aralashtirish eng yaxshi yo’l

Interleaving, or mixing the concepts you focus on in a single session,

Aralashtirish, yoki bir darsda e’tibor beradigan narsalarni birlashtirish

can lead to better retention than practicing a single skill

bitta mavzuni uzoq takrorlagandan ko’ra yaxshiroq

or topic at a time.

samara beradi.

One hypothesis of why this works is that, similar to testing,

Ushbu narsaning ishlashini isbotlash uchun yana bir faraz bor:

cycling through different subjects forces your brain to temporarily forget,

Turli xil fanlarni o’rganish miyangizni ma’lumotni vaqtinchalik unutib qayta

then retrieve information, further strengthening the memory.

tiklashga majbur qiladi va bu o’z holida xotirani yanada mustahkamlaydi.

You may also find connections across the topics,

Siz ushbu jarayonda mavzular orasidagi yangi aloqalarni topishingiz

and better understand their differences.

va ularning farqini yaxshiroq tushunishingiz mumkin.

Now that you know how and what to study, our final technique concerns when.

Siz hozir nimani qanday o’qishni bilasiz, endi uni qachon qo’llashni o’rganish kerak

Spacing your review across multiple days

Takrorlash vaqtini bir necha kunlarga ajratish

allows for rest and sleep between sessions.

darslar o’rtasida dam olish va uyquga ham imkoniyat yaratadi.

While “offline,” the brain is actively at work,

“Oflayn” vaqtda, miya aktiv holda ishlayotgan bo’ladi:

storing and integrating knowledge in the neocortex.

Olingan bilimni neokorteksga saqlash va birlashtirish bilan shug’ullanadi.

So while cramming the night before the exam may seem logical—

Shunday qilib, imtihondan oldingi kecha o’qish mantiqli ko’rinishi mumkin-

after all, won’t the material be fresh in your mind?—

oxir oqibat, miyangizdagi ma’lumot yangi bo’lmaydimi?

the information won’t stick around for the long term.

Yangi ma’lumotlar uzoq muddatli xotirada turmaydi.

This brings us back to our medical residents.

Ushbu holat bizni o’zimizning tibbiy xodimlarimizga olib boradi.

Both groups studied the surgery for the same amount of time.

Ikkala guruh ham operatsiya haqida bir xil vaqt davomida o’rgandi.

Yet one group’s training was crammed in a single day,

Lekin bir guruhning tayyorgarligi bir kunga tiqilgan bo’lsa,

while the other more successful group’s training was spread over four weeks.

muvafaqqiyatli guruhning tayyorgarligi 4 haftaga tarqalgan edi.

Uchala o’quv usullarining ishlashiga asosiy sabab shuki, ushbu usullar

The reason all three of these study techniques work

is because they’re designed with the brain in mind.

miyaning ishlashiga qarab tuzilgan.

They complement and reinforce the incredible way the brain works,

Ular bir-birini ma’lumotlarni tartiblash va saqlash orqali xuddi miya

sorting through and storing the abundance of information

ishlagandek to’ldirib va kuchaytirib turadi.

it’s fed day after day.

Ushbu holat kundan kunga ortadi.