How do vitamins work? - Ginnie Trinh Nguyen

6,332,485 views ใƒป 2014-10-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
A, C, E, D, B, K.
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A, C, E, D, B, K.
00:11
No, this isn't some random, out of order alphabet.
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ืœื ื–ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
00:14
These are vitamins, and just like letters build words,
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ืืœื” ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื,
00:18
they're the building blocks that keep the body running.
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ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืฅ.
00:21
Vitamins are organic compounds we need to ingest in small amounts
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
00:25
to keep functioning.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคืงื“.
00:27
They're the body's builders, defenders and maintenance workers,
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”,
00:31
helping it to build muscle and bone, make use of nutrients,
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฆื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
00:34
capture and use energy and heal wounds.
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ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืจืคืื™ื ืคืฆืขื™ื.
00:37
If you need convincing about vitamin value,
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ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื,
00:40
just consider the plight of olden day sailors,
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ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืžืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•,
00:43
who had no access to vitamin-rich fresh produce.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฆืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื.
00:46
They got scurvy.
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ื”ื ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื“ืช.
00:48
But vitamin C, abundant in fruits and vegetables,
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C, ืฉื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช,
00:50
was the simple antidote to this disease.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:53
While bacteria, fungi and plants produce their own vitamins,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
00:57
our bodies can't, so we have to get them from other sources.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:01
So how does the body get vitamins from out there into here?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื?
01:05
That's dependent on the form these compounds take.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:08
Vitamins come in two types:
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื:
01:09
lipid-soluble and water-soluble,
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ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
01:12
and the difference between them determines how the body
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:14
transports and stores vitamins, and gets rid of the excess.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืื—ืกืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ.
01:19
The water-solubles are vitamin C
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ื”ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C
01:21
and B Complex vitamins that are made up of eight different types
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ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืช B ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:25
that each do something unique.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
01:27
These are dissolved in the watery parts of fruits, vegetables and grains,
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ืืœื” ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื,
01:31
meaning their passage through the body is relatively straightforward.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:35
Once inside the system, these foods are digested
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื•ื›ืœื™ื
01:37
and the vitamins within them are taken up directly by the bloodstream.
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ื•ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
01:41
Because blood plasma is water-based,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืœื–ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžื™ื,
01:43
water-soluble vitamins C and B have their transport cut out for them
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื C ื• B ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”
01:48
and can move around freely within the body.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:50
For lipid-soluble vitamins, dissolved in fat
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ
01:53
and found in foods like diary, butter and oils,
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ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘, ื—ืžืื” ื•ืฉืžื ื™ื,
01:56
this trip into the blood is a little more adventurous.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™.
01:59
These vitamins make it through the stomach and the intestine,
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ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืขื™,
02:02
where an acidic substance called bile flows in from the liver,
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ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืจื” ื–ื•ืจื ืžื”ื›ื‘ื“,
02:06
breaking up the fat and preparing it for absorption through the intestinal wall.
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ื•ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกืคื™ื’ื” ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืขื™.
02:11
Because fat-soluble vitamins can't make use of the blood's watery nature,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื,
02:14
they need something else to move them around,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข,
02:17
and that comes from proteins that attach to the vitamins and act like couriers,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื,
02:21
transporting fat-solubles into the blood and around the body.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:26
So, this difference between water- or fat-soluble vitamins
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ืื–, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ
02:29
determines how they get into the blood,
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ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื,
02:31
but also how they're stored or rejected from the body.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืื’ืจื™ื ืื• ื ื“ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:35
The system's ability to circulate water-soluble vitamins
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžืกื™ ืžื™ื
02:38
in the bloodstream so easily
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ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
02:40
means that most of them can be passed out equally easily via the kidneys.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:45
Because of that, most water-soluble vitamins
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื
02:47
need to be replenished on a daily basis through the food we eat.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
02:51
But fat-soluble vitamins have staying power
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช
02:54
because they can be packed into the liver and in fat cells.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืจื– ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืชืื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
02:58
The body treats these parts like a pantry,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื”,
03:00
storing the vitamins there and rationing them out when needed,
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ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืžืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื,
03:04
meaning we shouldn't overload on this type of vitamin
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
03:06
because the body is generally well stocked.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื’ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:09
Once we figured the logistics of transport and storage,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ
03:12
the vitamins are left to do the work they came here to do in the first place.
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ืœื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžืจืืฉ.
03:16
Some, like many of the B Complex vitamins, make up coenzymes,
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ื—ืœืงื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื” B, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•-ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
03:20
whose job it is to help enzymes release the energy from food.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:24
Other B vitamins then help the body to use that energy.
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” B ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:28
From vitamin C, you get the ability to fight infection and make collagen,
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ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
03:32
a kind of tissue that forms bones and teeth and heals wounds.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืฆื ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจืคืืช ืคืฆืขื™ื.
03:37
Vitamin A helps make white blood cells, key in the body's defense,
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:41
helps shape bones and improves vision by keeping the cells of the eye in check.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:47
Vitamin D gathers calcium and phosphorus so we can make bones,
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ืื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช,
03:51
and vitamin E works as an antioxidant,
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ E ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื ื•ื’ื“ ื—ื™ืžืฆื•ืŸ,
03:54
getting rid of elements in the body that can damage cells.
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ื ืคืชืจ ืžืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืชืื™ื.
03:57
Finally, from Vitamin K, we score the ability to clot blood,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืงืจื™ืฉ ื“ื,
04:01
since it helps make the proteins that do this job.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:04
Without this vitamin variety,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:06
humans face deficiencies that cause a range of problems,
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ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:10
like fatigue, nerve damage, heart disorders,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื ื–ืง ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœื‘,
04:13
or diseases like rickets and scurvy.
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื›ืช ื•ืฆืคื“ืช.
04:15
On the other hand, too much of any vitamin can cause toxicity in the body,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:19
so there goes the myth that loading yourself with supplements is a great idea.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉื”ืขืžืกืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
04:23
In reality, it's all about getting the balance right,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
04:26
and hitting that vitamin jackpot.
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ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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