What is the universe made of? - Dennis Wildfogel

501,122 views ใƒป 2014-02-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
All the material objects around you
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื
00:08
are composed of submicroscopic units
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช
00:10
we call molecules.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:12
And molecules in turn are composed
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:13
of individual atoms.
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ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
00:15
Molecules frequently break apart
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืง
00:16
and then form new molecules.
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ื•ืื– ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:19
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
00:20
virtually all the atoms you come in to contact with
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื
00:22
through the course of your life,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
00:23
the ones in the ground beneath you,
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ืืœื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ืชื™ื›ื,
00:25
the air you breath, the food you eat,
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ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
00:27
those that make up every living thing, including you,
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ืืœื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืชื›ื,
00:29
have existed for billions of years
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ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:31
and were created in places very unlike our planet.
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ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:34
How those atoms came about is what I want to share with you.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื.
00:38
It all started 14 billion years ago
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
00:39
with an event we call The Big Bang,
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ืขื ืืจื•ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:41
which resulted in a universe consisting of gas alone.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืจืง ื’ื–.
00:44
There were no stars and no planets.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
00:46
The gas was made up only of atoms
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ื”ื’ื– ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืจืง ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
00:48
belonging to the simplest elements.
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ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:50
It was about 75 percent hydrogen
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ
00:52
and almost all the rest was helium.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
00:54
No elements like carbon, oxygen or nitrogen existed.
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ื—ื ืงืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:57
No iron, silver or gold.
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ืœื ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื–ื”ื‘.
00:59
In some places, the density of this gas was slightly higher than in others.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
01:03
Due to gravity, those places attracted even more gas,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ื’ื–,
01:05
which further strengthened the pull of gravity,
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
01:07
which then drew more gas in, and so on.
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ืฉืื– ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื’ื–, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
01:10
Eventually, large dense gas balls formed,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–,
01:13
shrinking under their own gravity
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ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื
01:15
and consequently heating up on the inside.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:18
At some point, the core of such a ball
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
01:19
gets hot enough that nuclear fusion occurs.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
01:22
Hydrogen atoms smash together to form helium,
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
01:24
accompanied by a great release of energy,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:27
strong enough to counteract the shrinking force of the gravity.
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ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:30
When the energy pushing out from the fusion reactions
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื“ื—ืคื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
01:32
matches the gravity pulling all the gas inwards,
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ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ื’ื– ืคื ื™ืžื”,
01:35
an equilibrium occurs.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
01:37
From this a star is born.
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ืžื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:39
Over its lifetime,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•,
01:40
the fusion reactions in the core of a massive star
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ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™
01:42
will produce not only helium,
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ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
01:44
but also carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
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ืืœื ื’ื ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื ืงืŸ
01:46
and all the other elements in the periodic table up to iron.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื“ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:50
But eventually, the core's fuel runs out,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ืžืจ,
01:52
leaving it to collapse completely.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื•ืก ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:54
That causes an unbelievably powerful explosion
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืืžืŸ
01:56
we call a supernova.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
01:58
Now there are two things to note
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื
01:59
about how supernovas create elements.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ืฉืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
02:01
First, this explosion releases so much energy
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:04
that fusion goes wild
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ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœ
02:05
forming elements with atoms even heavier than iron
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ
02:08
like silver, gold and uranium.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ, ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
02:10
Second, all the elements that had been accumulating
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•
02:12
in the core of the star,
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ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
02:14
like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื—ื ืงืŸ, ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
02:16
as well as all of those formed in the supernova explosion,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
02:19
are ejected in to interstellar space
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™
02:21
where they mix with the gas that's already there.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื– ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
02:24
History then repeats itself.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื– ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
02:26
Gas clouds, now containing many elements
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ื‘ืขื ื ื™ ื’ื–, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
02:28
besides the original hydrogen and helium,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:31
have higher density areas
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ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:32
that attract more matter, and so on.
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ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
02:34
As before, new stars result.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:37
Our sun was born this way about 5 billion years ago.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
02:40
That means that the gas it arose from
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื– ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื”
02:42
had itself been enriched with many elements
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ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
02:44
from supernova explosions since the universe began.
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ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ.
02:47
So that's how the sun wound up with all the elements.
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ืื– ื›ืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืžืฉ.
02:50
It's still mostly hydrogen at 71 percent,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ 71 ืื—ื•ื–,
02:52
with most of the rest being helium at 27 percent.
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ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ 27 ืื—ื•ื–.
02:55
But bear in mind
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
02:56
that while the first stars were made up
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
02:57
of hydrogen and helium alone,
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ืจืง ืžืžื™ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
02:59
the remaining elements in the periodic table
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช
03:01
make up two percent of the sun.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ 2 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:03
And what about Earth?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
03:05
Planets form as an incidental process to star formation
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ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
03:07
out of the same gas cloud as the star itself.
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ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื ืŸ ื’ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:11
Small planets like ours don't have enough gravity
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ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
03:13
to hold on to much hydrogen or helium gas
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื
03:15
since both of those are very light.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื.
03:17
So, even though carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and so on
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ืื–, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”
03:20
made up only two percent of the gas cloud from which Earth was formed,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขื ืŸ ื”ื’ื– ืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:23
these heavier elements form the bulk of our planet
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:26
and everything on it.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”.
03:28
Think about this:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
03:29
with the exception of hydrogen and some helium,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืงืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
03:31
the ground you walk on,
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื,
03:33
the air you breath, you,
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืืชื,
03:35
everything is made of atoms
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
03:36
that were created inside stars.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:38
When scientists first worked this out
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:40
over the first half of the 20th Century,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
03:42
the famous astronomer Harlow Shapley commented,
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืืจืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืคืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
03:45
"We are brothers of the boulders, cousins of the clouds."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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