Is soy bad for you? - Francesca Bot

595,141 views ใƒป 2022-03-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In the 1930s, American industrialist Henry Ford had one overwhelming obsession:
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”:
00:13
soybeans.
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ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื”.
00:14
He extracted their oil to make enamel for painting his cars.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:18
He crushed them into powder to make plastic parts.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืกืง ืื•ืชื ืœืื‘ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
00:21
And he encouraged American farmers to grow as much of the plant as possible.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืžื— ืฉืืคืฉืจื™.
00:25
But he wasnโ€™t just feeding soy to machines.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืกื•ื™ื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:28
At the Chicago Worldโ€™s Fair, he hosted a soy-centric feast.
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ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื”ื•ื ืืจื— ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืกื•ื™ื”.
00:31
The ingredient had been a staple in Asian cuisine for centuries,
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
00:35
but Fordโ€™s dinnerโ€” full of soy substitutes for dairy, meat and wheatโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื“ -- ืžืœืื” ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื” --
00:38
took the integration of soy into food a step further.
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ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื™ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:41
Today, soy is in so many foods that most people consume it every day
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืกื•ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
00:45
without even knowing it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช.
00:47
So what makes soybeans so versatile?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื?
00:49
And is our global obsession healthy or harmful?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื• ืžื–ื™ืงื”?
00:54
Soybeans have been cultivated in Asia as early as 5,500 years ago,
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ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื‘ืชื• ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ 5,500 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:58
but since then theyโ€™ve spread across the globe.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื– ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
01:01
Part of soyโ€™s success is that the crop can be grown easily and cheaply
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื•ืœ
01:04
in variable conditions.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:06
And once theyโ€™re grown,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
01:07
soybeans have an incredibly high density of proteins and fats;
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ืœืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื;
01:11
ingredients which in recent years have been used in everything
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ
01:14
from mayonnaise to biodegradable plastic.
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ืžืžื™ื•ื ื– ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:17
The ideal method for separating these components
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:20
depends on what youโ€™re trying to extract.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช.
01:22
To isolate soy proteins, dehulled beans are sometimes pressed through rollers
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืœืคื™ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจื•ืœืจื™ื
01:27
to create thin flakes, and then steeped in water to draw out the proteins.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืชื™ืชื™ื, ื•ืื– ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:32
Alternatively, whole beans can be simply soaked and ground
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ืื—ืจืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื—ืŸ
01:36
into a whitish, protein rich liquid.
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ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:38
In both cases, the resulting substance can be used to make spongy foods
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื
01:43
like tofu or filtered to produce soymilk.
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ืคื• ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ ืกื•ื™ื”.
01:46
And at the industrial scale,
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ื•ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
01:48
these proteins can be used in various ways to help make processed foods.
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:53
Soy fats may be even more versatile.
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ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:55
In one extraction method,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืื—ืช,
01:57
soybeans are dried, cleaned, and then fed into an extruder.
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ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืžื ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืื– ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ื•ืœืช.
02:00
This machine simultaneously heats and presses the beans,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžื—ืžืžืช ื•ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื,
02:04
producing a liquid containing soy oil and other fatty components.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:08
By adding water and spinning the mixture, components are separated into two parts:
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ื ื•ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื:
02:13
refined soy oil for things like salad dressing, and a substance called lecithin.
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ืฉืžืŸ ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื›ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืกืœื˜, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:19
Lecithin is made of molecules called phospholipids,
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ืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื,
02:22
which have a phosphate head that attracts water and a tail that attracts fats.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกืคื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื.
02:27
These features make phospholipids excellent for blending ingredients
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:31
that naturally separate from each other.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
02:33
This process is called emulsification
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจืื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ืœื™ื‘
02:35
and soy lecithins are used as an emulsifying agent
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ื•ืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ืœื•ื‘
02:38
in a huge variety of foods.
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื.
02:40
For example, during chocolate production
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
02:43
phospholipids attach to both the fatty components of the cocoa butter
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ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืช ื”ืงืงืื•
02:46
and the water-soluble sugar particles,
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ื•ื’ื ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
02:49
making them easier to combine into a smooth mixture.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืœืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื—ืœืงื”.
02:52
A similar process happens in powdered products
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ื™ื
02:55
that need to be instantly rehydrated.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:57
Soy lecithin bonds with the water
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ืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื
02:59
and helps the powder disperse more quickly.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื‘ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:01
While there are other plants we can process for lecithin and proteins,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืœืœืฆื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
03:05
soyโ€™s mild taste and widespread availability
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:08
have earned it a place in thousands of food products.
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืœื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:11
But is it unhealthy to be eating this much soy?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื™ื”?
03:14
Not really.
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช.
03:15
Soybeans contain many of the essential amino acids our bodies need,
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ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš,
03:19
making them one of the best ways to get these proteins without eating meat.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.
03:23
And the beansโ€™ fat content is largely made up of so-called โ€œgoodโ€ fatsโ€”
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ื•ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื โ€œื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€ --
03:28
poly and mono-unsaturated fatty acids,
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:30
which can decrease cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
03:34
There are some compounds in soy
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื™ื”
03:36
that may inhibit our bodyโ€™s absorption of various minerals.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
03:40
And about 0.3% of the general population has a soy allergy,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 0.3% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื•ื™ื”,
03:44
which can be severe in rare cases.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
03:46
But for many people, the biggest complaint about soy consumption
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชืœื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื•ื™ื”
03:50
is the occasional increase in flatulence.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืืงืจืื™ืช ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื.
03:53
Outside our bodies however, soy is much more worrying.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืกื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ื’ื”.
03:55
To accommodate the soy farms needed for heavy industry,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื”,
03:59
processed foods and livestock feed, huge swaths of land have been deforested.
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ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื•ืจืื•.
04:03
Between 2006 and 2017, roughly 22,000 square kilometers of the Amazon
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 2006 ื• 2017, ื‘ืขืจืš 22,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก
04:09
were cleared for soy production.
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ืคื•ื ื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกื•ื™ื”.
04:11
In some regions, this has also led to the displacement of farmers
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื
04:16
and indigenous communities.
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ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:18
So if we want to keep using soy and all its byproducts,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื”,
04:21
weโ€™ll need to find a way to do it humanely and sustainably.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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