The ingredient in almost everything you eat - Francesca Bot

494,105 views ・ 2022-03-03

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Taeyoung Jang κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
In the 1930s, American industrialist Henry Ford had one overwhelming obsession:
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1930λ…„λŒ€, 미ꡭ의 κΈ°μ—…κ°€ 헨리 ν¬λ“œλŠ” κ°•ν•œ 집착이 ν•œ 가지 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
00:13
soybeans.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ½©μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
He extracted their oil to make enamel for painting his cars.
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기름을 λ½‘μ•„μ„œ μžλ™μ°¨ 도색에 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ—λ‚˜λ©œμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
He crushed them into powder to make plastic parts.
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κ°€λ£¨λ‘œ μœΌκΉ¨μ–΄ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λΆ€ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
And he encouraged American farmers to grow as much of the plant as possible.
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농뢀듀이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 콩을 μž¬λ°°ν•˜κ²Œ κ²©λ €ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
But he wasn’t just feeding soy to machines.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 콩을 κΈ°κ³„μ—λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  만ꡭ λ°•λžŒνšŒμ—μ„œ 콩이 쀑심인 식사λ₯Ό λ² ν’€μ—ˆμ£ .
00:28
At the Chicago World’s Fair, he hosted a soy-centric feast.
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00:31
The ingredient had been a staple in Asian cuisine for centuries,
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이 μž¬λ£ŒλŠ” 동양 μŒμ‹μ—μ„  μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œμ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
00:35
but Ford’s dinnerβ€” full of soy substitutes for dairy, meat and wheatβ€”
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μœ μ œν’ˆ, 윑λ₯˜, 밀이 콩으둜 λŒ€μ²΄λœ ν¬λ“œμ˜ 저녁에선
00:38
took the integration of soy into food a step further.
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콩을 μŒμ‹μ— ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν•œ 단계 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Today, soy is in so many foods that most people consume it every day
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 콩은 μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 μŒμ‹μ— 있고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 맀일 μ„­μ·¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
without even knowing it.
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μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦¬μ§€λ„ λͺ»ν•œ μ±„λ‘œμš”.
00:47
So what makes soybeans so versatile?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 무엇이 콩을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€μš©λ„λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κΉŒμš”?
00:49
And is our global obsession healthy or harmful?
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우리의 세계적 집착이 μ΄λ‘œμšΈκΉŒμš”, ν•΄λ‘œμšΈκΉŒμš”?
00:54
Soybeans have been cultivated in Asia as early as 5,500 years ago,
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콩은 5,500λ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ μž¬λ°°λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:58
but since then they’ve spread across the globe.
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κ·Έ ν›„ μ „ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Part of soy’s success is that the crop can be grown easily and cheaply
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콩의 성곡은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 쉽고 μ‹Έκ²Œ ν‚€μšΈ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
in variable conditions.
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01:06
And once they’re grown,
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잘 읡은 콩은 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό 지방을 λ†€λΌμšΈ μ •λ„λ‘œ 많이 ν•¨μœ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€:
01:07
soybeans have an incredibly high density of proteins and fats;
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01:11
ingredients which in recent years have been used in everything
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λ§ˆμš”λ„€μ¦ˆλΆ€ν„° 생뢄해성 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±κΉŒμ§€ μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  곳에 μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
from mayonnaise to biodegradable plastic.
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01:17
The ideal method for separating these components
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ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 이상적인 방법은
01:20
depends on what you’re trying to extract.
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무엇을 μΆ”μΆœν•˜κ³  싢은지에 따라 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
To isolate soy proteins, dehulled beans are sometimes pressed through rollers
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콩 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
κ»μ§ˆμ„ 깐 콩을 둀러둜 μ••μΆ•ν•΄μ„œ 얇은 쑰각으둜 λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
01:27
to create thin flakes, and then steeped in water to draw out the proteins.
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물에 λ‹΄κ°€μ„œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
Alternatively, whole beans can be simply soaked and ground
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ 콩을 ν†΅μ§Έλ‘œ 물에 μ μ‹œκ³  μœΌκΉ¨μ–΄
01:36
into a whitish, protein rich liquid.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ ν’λΆ€ν•˜κ³  ν—ˆμ—¬μŠ€λ¦„ν•œ μ—‘μ²΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
In both cases, the resulting substance can be used to make spongy foods
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두 경우 λͺ¨λ‘, 결과물은 두뢀 같은 ν‘Ήμ‹ ν‘Ήμ‹ ν•œ μŒμ‹μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μ“°κ±°λ‚˜
01:43
like tofu or filtered to produce soymilk.
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체에 걸러 λ‘μœ λ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
And at the industrial scale,
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산업적인 규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ,
01:48
these proteins can be used in various ways to help make processed foods.
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이 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 가곡 μ‹ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μš©λ„λ‘œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
Soy fats may be even more versatile.
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콩 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 더 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
In one extraction method,
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ν•œ μ••μΆœ 방식에선,
01:57
soybeans are dried, cleaned, and then fed into an extruder.
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콩을 말리고 씻은 λ‹€μŒ μ••μΆœκΈ°μ— λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
This machine simultaneously heats and presses the beans,
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κΈ°κ³„λŠ” 콩을 κ°€μ—΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ••μ°©ν•΄μ„œ,
02:04
producing a liquid containing soy oil and other fatty components.
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콩기름과 λ‹€λ₯Έ 지방 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ 엑체λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
By adding water and spinning the mixture, components are separated into two parts:
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물을 넣은 λ‹€μŒ ν˜Όν•©λ¬Όμ„ 돌리면 두 λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ¦¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
refined soy oil for things like salad dressing, and a substance called lecithin.
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μƒλŸ¬λ“œ λ“œλ ˆμ‹± 같은 데 μ“°λŠ” μ •μ œλœ 콩기름과 λ ˆμ‹œν‹΄μ΄λΌλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œμš”.
02:19
Lecithin is made of molecules called phospholipids,
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λ ˆμ‹œν‹΄μ„ μ΄λ£¨λŠ” μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ€,
02:22
which have a phosphate head that attracts water and a tail that attracts fats.
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물을 λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” 인산기 머리와
지방을 λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” 꼬리둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
These features make phospholipids excellent for blending ingredients
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ€ μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ„
μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„žμ΄μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ„ μ„žλŠ” μœ μš©ν•œ 재료둜 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
that naturally separate from each other.
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02:33
This process is called emulsification
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이 과정을 μœ ν™”λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄κ³ 
02:35
and soy lecithins are used as an emulsifying agent
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콩 λ ˆμ‹œν‹΄μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ μŒμ‹μ— μœ ν™”μ œλ‘œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
in a huge variety of foods.
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02:40
For example, during chocolate production
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ΄ˆμ½œλ › μ œμž‘ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
02:43
phospholipids attach to both the fatty components of the cocoa butter
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μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ€ μ½”μ½”μ•„ λ²„ν„°μ˜ 지방 μš”μ†Œμ™€
02:46
and the water-soluble sugar particles,
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μˆ˜μš©μ„± λ‹Ή λΆ„μžμ™€ κ²°ν•©ν•΄
02:49
making them easier to combine into a smooth mixture.
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κ³ λ₯Έ ν˜Όν•©λ¬Όμ΄ 되기 μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
A similar process happens in powdered products
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물에 μ‰½κ²Œ λ…ΉλŠ” 가루 μ œν’ˆμ—μ„œλ„ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
that need to be instantly rehydrated.
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02:57
Soy lecithin bonds with the water
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콩 λ ˆμ‹œν‹΄μ€ λ¬Όκ³Ό κ²°ν•©ν•΄μ„œ
02:59
and helps the powder disperse more quickly.
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가루가 물에 더 빨리 풀어지도둝 λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
While there are other plants we can process for lecithin and proteins,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹λ¬Όμ—μ„œλ„ λ ˆμ‹œν‹΄κ³Ό λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•  수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:05
soy’s mild taste and widespread availability
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콩은 λΆ€λ“œλŸ¬μš΄ 맛과 κ²½μž‘ μš©μ΄μ„±μœΌλ‘œ
03:08
have earned it a place in thousands of food products.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‹μ œν’ˆ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ 쒋은 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
But is it unhealthy to be eating this much soy?
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그런데 콩 μ œν’ˆμ„ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 많이 먹으면 건강에 λ‚˜μ κΉŒμš”?
03:14
Not really.
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그건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Soybeans contain many of the essential amino acids our bodies need,
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콩은 우리 λͺΈμ— ν•„μš”ν•œ ν•„μˆ˜ 아미노산을 많이 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄,
03:19
making them one of the best ways to get these proteins without eating meat.
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윑λ₯˜ λŒ€μ‹  λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ„­μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 방법 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
And the beans’ fat content is largely made up of so-called β€œgood” fatsβ€”
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콩의 지방 성뢄은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ†Œμœ„ β€˜μ’‹μ€β€™ μ§€λ°©μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
poly and mono-unsaturated fatty acids,
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고도 λΆˆν¬ν™”μ§€λ°©μ‚°κ³Ό 단일 λΆˆν¬ν™”μ§€λ°©μ‚°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
which can decrease cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease.
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이것듀은 μ½œλ ˆμŠ€ν…Œλ‘€ 수치λ₯Ό 내리고 심μž₯병에 걸릴 ν™•λ₯ μ„ μ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
There are some compounds in soy
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콩의 일뢀 성뢄은 μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ λ―Έλ„€λž„ 흑수λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
that may inhibit our body’s absorption of various minerals.
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03:40
And about 0.3% of the general population has a soy allergy,
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인ꡬ의 λŒ€λž΅ 0.3%λŠ” 콩에 κ³Όλ―Ό λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이고
03:44
which can be severe in rare cases.
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λ“œλ¬Όμ§€λ§Œ 심각할 λ•Œλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
But for many people, the biggest complaint about soy consumption
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 콩 μ„­μ·¨μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έμ œμ μ€
03:50
is the occasional increase in flatulence.
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μœ„μ˜ νŒ½λ§Œκ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Outside our bodies however, soy is much more worrying.
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λͺΈ λ°–μ—μ„œμ˜ 콩은 훨씬 더 μš°λ €μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
To accommodate the soy farms needed for heavy industry,
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쀑곡업, 가곡 μ‹ν’ˆκ³Ό κ°€μΆ• μ‚¬λ£Œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 콩 농μž₯을 λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:59
processed foods and livestock feed, huge swaths of land have been deforested.
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λ§Žμ€ 삼림이 νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Between 2006 and 2017, roughly 22,000 square kilometers of the Amazon
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2006λ…„μ—μ„œ 2017λ…„ 사이,
μ•„λ§ˆμ‘΄μ—μ„œ λŒ€λž΅ 22,000 μ œκ³±ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€
04:09
were cleared for soy production.
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콩 재배 μš©λ„λ‘œ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
In some regions, this has also led to the displacement of farmers
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μ–΄λ–€ 지역에선
λ†λ―Όμ˜ μ‹€ν–₯κ³Ό ν† μ°© κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ˜ ν—€μ²΄λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
and indigenous communities.
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04:18
So if we want to keep using soy and all its byproducts,
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콩과 λͺ¨λ“  뢀산물을 계속 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
04:21
we’ll need to find a way to do it humanely and sustainably.
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지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  인도적인 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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