Why should you read Charles Dickens? - Iseult Gillespie

1,884,375 views ใƒป 2017-12-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
The starving orphan seeking a second helping of gruel.
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ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ื“.
00:11
The spinster wasting away in her tattered wedding dress.
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ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืงื ื” ืงืžืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžืจื•ืคื˜ืช.
00:15
The stone-hearted miser plagued by the ghost of Christmas past.
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ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขืœ ืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืจื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื— ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
00:20
More than a century after his death,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•,
00:22
these remain recognizable figures from the work of Charles Dickens.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ื™ืงื ืก.
00:27
So striking is his body of work that it gave rise to its own adjective.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
00:32
But what are the features of Dickens's writing that make it so special?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช?
00:36
Dickensโ€™s fiction brims with anticipation
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื”
00:39
through brooding settings, plot twists, and mysteries.
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ื“ืจืš ืจืงืขื™ื ืžืจื—ืคื™ื, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
00:43
These features of his work kept his audience wanting more.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”.
00:46
When first published, his stories were serialized,
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ื›ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื”,
00:50
meaning they were released a few chapters at a time in affordable literary journals
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื—ืจืจื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื™ื
00:55
and only later reprinted as books.
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ื•ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื›ืกืคืจื™ื.
00:58
This prompted fevered speculation over the cliffhangers
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื’ืข ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื—ื•ืช
01:01
and revelations he devised.
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ื•ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•.
01:04
Serialization not only made fiction available to a wider audience
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ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:08
and kept them reading,
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ื•ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:09
but increased the hype around the author himself.
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ืืœื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื™ืค ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:13
Dickens became particularly popular for his wit,
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ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:16
which he poured into quirky characters and satiric scenarios.
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ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคืš ืœืชื•ืš ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ื™ื.
01:21
His characters exhibit the sheer absurdity of human behavior,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:24
and their names often personify traits or social positions,
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
01:29
like the downtrodden Bob Cratchit,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงืจืืฆื™'ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืคื—,
01:31
the groveling Uriah Heep,
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ืื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืค ื”ืžืชืจืคืก,
01:33
and the cheery Septimus Crisparkle.
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ื•ืกืคื˜ื™ืžื•ืก ื›ืจื™ืกืคืจืงืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื–.
01:37
Dickens set these colorful characters against intricate social backdrops,
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ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืœ ืจืงืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:42
which mimic the society he lived in.
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ืฉื—ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™.
01:44
For instance, he often considered
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
01:46
the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
01:49
During this period,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:50
the lower classes experienced sordid working and living conditions.
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ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื• ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื.
01:55
Dickens himself experienced this hardship as a child
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ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ืœื“
01:58
when he was forced to work in a boot blacking factory
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื—ื™ืจ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื
02:01
after his father was sent to debtors' prison.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘.
02:05
This influenced his depiction of the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit,
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœื ืžืจืฉืœืกื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
02:09
where the titular character cares for her convict father.
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ืฉื ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืข.
02:13
Prisons, orphanages, or slums may seem grim settings for a story,
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ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื, ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ืื• ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื›ืจืงืข ืขื’ื•ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
02:18
but they allowed Dickens to shed light
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื“ื™ืงื ืก ืœื”ืื™ืจ
02:20
on how his society's most invisible people lived.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื•.
02:24
In Nicholas Nickleby,
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ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื ื™ืงืœื‘ื™,
02:25
Nicholas takes a job with the schoolmaster Wackford Squeers.
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ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ื•ื•ืงืคื•ืจื“ ืกืงื•ื•ื™ืจืก.
02:29
He soon realizes that Squeers is running a scam
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืกืงื•ื•ื™ืจืก ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืชืจืžื™ืช
02:33
where he takes unwanted children from their parents for a fee
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ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื›ื•ื
02:36
and subjects them to violence and deprivation.
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ.
02:39
Oliver Twist also deals with the plight of children in the care of the state,
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ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื’ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:43
illustrating the brutal conditions of the workhouse
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ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:46
in which Oliver pleads with Mr. Bumble for food.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ืœืžืจ ื‘ืืžื‘ืœ ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
02:50
When he flees to London, he becomes ensnared in a criminal underworld.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข.
02:55
These stories frequently portray Victorian life
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื
02:57
as grimy, corrupt, and cruel.
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ื›ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื, ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื.
03:00
But Dickens also saw his time as one in which old traditions
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื’ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช
03:03
were fading away.
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ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ื•.
03:05
London was becoming the incubator of the modern world
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
03:08
through new patterns in industry, trade, and social mobility.
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ื“ืจืš ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:12
Dickens's London is therefore a dualistic space:
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื“ื• ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš:
03:16
a harsh world that is simultaneously filled with wonder and possibility.
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ืขื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืคืœื™ืื” ื•ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:21
For instance, the enigma of Great Expectations
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
03:24
centers around the potential of Pip,
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ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืค,
03:26
an orphan plucked from obscurity by an anonymous benefactor
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ื™ืชื•ื ืฉื ืงื˜ืฃ ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™
03:30
and propelled into high society.
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ื•ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
03:32
In his search for purpose,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:34
Pip becomes the victim of other peopleโ€™s ambitions for him
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ืคื™ืค ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•
03:37
and must negotiate with a shadowy cast of characters.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืง.
03:40
Like many of Dickensโ€™s protagonists,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก,
03:43
poor Pip's position is constantly destabilized,
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ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืค ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืžืชืขืจืขืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:46
just one of the reasons why reading Dickens
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก
03:49
is the best of times for the reader,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ืจื,
03:51
while being the worst of times for his characters.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:54
Dickens typically offered clear resolution by the end of his novels,
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ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื•,
03:58
โ€“ with the exception of The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื“.
04:02
The novel details the disappearance of the orphan Edwin under puzzling circumstances.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ื ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช.
04:07
However, Dickens died before the novel was finished
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื
04:10
and left no notes resolving the mystery.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
04:13
Readers continue to passionately debate over who Dickens intended as the murderer,
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื—,
04:18
and whether Edwin Drood was even murdered in the first place.
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ื•ืื ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:23
Throughout many adaptations,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชืืžื•ืช,
04:25
literary homages,
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ื”ื•ืžืื’'ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
04:26
and the pages of his novels,
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ื•ื“ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
04:27
Dickensโ€™s sparkling language and panoramic worldview
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื•ืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•
04:31
continue to resonate.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื“.
04:33
Today, the adjective Dickensian
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื™ืงื ืกื™
04:35
often implies squalid working or living conditions.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื.
04:38
But to describe a novel as Dickensian is typically high praise,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ืงื ื–ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ืžืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:43
as it suggests a story in which true adventure and discovery
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื
04:46
occur in the most unexpected places.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
04:49
Although he often explored bleak material,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:52
Dickensโ€™s piercing wit never failed to find light in the darkest corners.
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ืคืงื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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