How do cancer cells behave differently from healthy ones? - George Zaidan

Kako se stanice raka ponašaju za razliku od zdravih stanica? - George Zaidan

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevoditelj: Mirjana Zekic Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

We all start life as one single cell.

Svi mi započinjemo život kao jedna stanica.

Then that cell divides and we are two cells,

Onda se ona podijeli i postanemo dvije stanice.

then four,

zatim četiri,

then eight.

nakon toga osam.

Cells form tissues,

Stanice čine tkiva,

tissues form organs,

tkiva formiraju organe,

organs form us.

organi formiraju nas.

These cell divisions, by which we go from a single cell

Ta podjela stanica, po kojoj od jedne

to 100 trillion cells,

nastanu 100 triljuna stanica,

are called growth.

se zove rast.

And growth seems like a simple thing

I rast izgleda jednostavno

because when we think of it,

jer kad o njemu razmišljamo,

we typically think of someone getting taller

uglavnom mislimo kako netko postaje viši

or, later in life, wider,

ili, kasnije u životu, širi,

but to cells, growth isn't simple.

ali kod stanica, rast nije jednostavan.

Cell division is an intricate chemical dance

Podjela stanica je zamršen kemijski ples

that's part individual, part community-driven.

dijelom individualno, dijelom grupno motiviran.

And in a neighborhood of 100 trillion cells,

I u susjedstvu od 100 triljuna stanica,

some times things go wrong.

ponekad stvari krenu loše.

Maybe an individual cell's set of instructions, or DNA,

Možda stančini set instrukcija, ili DNA

gets a typo,

dobije pogrešan zapis,

what we call a mutation.

što nazivamo mutacijom.

Most of the time, the cell senses mistakes

Večinom stanice same pronađu greške

and shuts itself down,

i same umru.

or the system detects a troublemaker

ili sistem otkrije uzrok problema

and eliminates it.

i eliminira ga.

But, enough mutations can bypass the fail-safes,

Ali mutacija može zaobići kontrolni mehanizam,

driving the cell to divide recklessly.

i dovesti do abnormalne podjele stanica.

That one rogue cell becomes two,

Od jedne abnormalne stanice nastanu dvije,

then four,

zatim četiri,

then eight.

zatim osam,

At every stage, the incorrect instructions

U svakoj fazi pogrešan zapis

are passed along to the cells' offspring.

se prenosi na stanične potomke.

Weeks, months, or years

Tjednima, mjesecima ili godinama

after that one rogue cell transformed,

nakon trasformacije te abnormalne stanice

you might see your doctor about a lump in your breast.

otići čete doktoru zbog kvržice u dojci.

Difficulty going to the bathroom could reveal

Vršenje nužde može ukazati

a problem in your intestine,

na problem u vašem stomaku,

prostate,

or bladder.

prostati,

ili mjehuru.

Or, a routine blood test might count too many white cells

Ili previše bijelih krvnih stanica u krvi

or elevated liver enzymes.

ili povišenih jetrenih enzima.

Your doctor delivers the bad news:

Vas doktor će vam saopčiti lošu vijest:

it's cancer.

radi se o raku.

From here your strategy will depend

Vaša će strategija ovisiti

on where the cancer is and

o tome gdje se rak nalazi

how far it's progressed.

i koliko se proširio.

If the tumor is slow-growing and in one place,

Ako se tumor nije proširio

surgery might be all you need, if anything.

usprkos svemu, kirurgija vam može pomoći.

If the tumor is fast-growing or invading nearby tissue,

Ako se brzo širi ili napada obližnja tkiva

your doctor might recommend radiation

doktor vam može preporučiti zračenje

or surgery followed by radiation.

ili operaciju nakon koje slijedi zračenje.

If the cancer has spread,

Ako se tumor proširio,

or if it's inherently everywhere like a leukemia,

ili ako je prisutan svugdje kao kod leukemije,

your doctor will most likely recommend chemotherapy

doktor će vam preporučiti kemijo terapiju

or a combination of radiation and chemo.

ili kombinaciju zračenja i kemijo terapije.

Radiation and most forms of chemo work

Zračenje i već dio kemijo terpija

by physically shredding the cells' DNA

tjelesno uništavaju DNA stanice

or disrupting the copying machinery.

ili narušavaju njihov proces repliciranja.

But neither radiation nor chemotherapeutic drugs target only cancer cells.

No one ne ciljaju samo na stanice raka.

Radiation hits whatever you point it at,

Zračenje udara tamo gdje ga usmjerite,

and your blood stream carries chemo-therapeutics

i vaš krvni tok prenosi kemijo terapiju

all over your body.

po vašem cijelom tijelu.

So, what happens when different cells get hit?

Dakle, što se dogodi pogođenim stanicama?

Let's look at a healthy liver cell,

Pogledajmo stanice jetre,

a healthy hair cell,

and a cancerous cell.

i stanice raka.

The healthy liver cell divides only when it is stressed;

Stanice jetre se dijele samo pod stresom;

the healthy hair cell divides frequently;

zdrave stanice kose se često dijele;

and the cancer cell divides even more frequently and recklessly.

stanice raka se dijele učestalije i abnormalnije.

When you take a chemotherapeutic drug,

Kad koristite kemijo kao lijek,

it will hit all of these cells.

ona će utjecati na sve stanice.

And remember that the drugs work typically by disrupting cell division.

Zapamtite da lijekovi rade tako da prekidaju diobu stanica.

So, every time a cell divides,

Svaki put kad se stanica podijeli,

it opens itself up to attack,

podložna je napadu,

and that means the more frequently a cell divides,

i to znači što se češće dijeli,

the more likely the drug is to kill it.

veća je vjertojatnost da je lijek uništi.

So, remember that hair cell?

Dakle, sjećate li se stanica kose?

It divides frequently and isn't a threat.

Dijele se često i nisu prijetnja.

And, there are other frequently dividing cells in your body

Ima i drugih stanica koje se često dijele

like skin cells, gut cells, and blood cells.

stanice kože, crijevne i krvne stanice.

So the list of unpleasant side effects of cancer treatment

Dakle, popis neugodnih nuspojava liječenja od raka

parallels these tissue types:

usko je vezan s ovim vrstama tkiva:

hair loss,

skin rashes,

gubitak kose,

osip na koži,

nausea,

mučnina,

vomiting,

fatigue,

povračanje,

umor,

weight loss,

gubitak težine,

and pain.

i bol.

That makes sense because these are the cells that get hit the hardest.

To ima smisla zato što se radi o stanicama koje su najviše pogođene.

So, in the end, it is all about growth.

Naposlijetku se radi o rastu stanica.

Cancer hijacks cells' natural division machinery

Rak preuzima kontrolu nad diobenim strojevima

and forces them to put the pedal to the metal,

i prisiljava ih da daju gas do kraja,

growing rapidly and recklessly.

da rastu brzo i abnormalno.

But, using chemotherapeutic drugs,

Ali koristeći kemijoterapiju,

we take advantage of that aggressiveness,

mi iskorištavamo tu agresivnost,

and we turn cancer's main strength

i činimo da glavna prednost raka

into a weakness.

postane njegova glavna slabost.