Myriam Sidibe: The simple power of handwashing

譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

So imagine that a plane is about to crash

想像有台飛機快墜了，

with 250 children and babies,

上面有 250 個小孩和嬰兒，

and if you knew how to stop that, would you?

如果你知道怎麼阻止悲劇發生， 你會做嗎？

Now imagine

請想像

that 60 planes full of babies under five

滿載五歲以下小孩的飛機

crash every single day.

每天都有 60 架會墜機，

這數字正是

That's the number of kids

that never make it to their fifth birthday.

無法活過五歲生日的孩童人數。

6.6 million children

660 萬名孩童

never make it to their fifth birthday.

沒能活過五歲生日。

Most of these deaths are preventable,

這些死亡大多能避免，

and that doesn't just make me sad,

這種情況不僅讓我難過、

it makes me angry,

更讓我生氣，

and it makes me determined.

也讓我下定決心。

Diarrhea and pneumonia

腹瀉和肺炎

are among the top two killers

是五歲以下孩童的頭號殺手，

of children under five,

and what we can do to prevent these diseases

我們能預防這些疾病的方法

isn't some smart,

不是那種高明，

new technological innovations.

又新穎的科技發明。

It's one of the world's oldest inventions:

就只是世界上最古老的發明：

a bar of soap.

一塊肥皂。

Washing hands with soap,

用肥皂洗手

a habit we all take for granted,

是我們都視為理所當然的習慣，

can reduce diarrhea by half,

卻能減少一半的腹瀉案例，

can reduce respiratory infections by one third.

也能減少三分之一的呼吸道感染。

Handwashing with soap

用肥皂洗手

can have an impact

可以顯著減少

on reducing flu, trachoma, SARS,

流感、沙眼、 嚴重急性呼吸道症候群 (SARS) ，

and most recently in the case of cholera

和最近爆發的霍亂與伊波拉病毒案例，

and Ebola outbreak,

one of the key interventions

其中一項重要介入措施

is handwashing with soap.

就是用肥皂洗手。

Handwashing with soap keeps kids in school.

用肥皂洗手能讓孩童繼續上學，

It stops babies from dying.

也能讓嬰兒保住一命。

Handwashing with soap

用肥皂洗手

is one of the most cost-effective

是拯救孩童性命

ways of saving children's lives.

最合乎效益的方式之一。

It can save over 600,000 children every year.

每年能拯救超過 60 萬名孩童，

That's the equivalent of stopping

等於每天阻止

10 jumbo jets

10 架滿載嬰兒和孩童的波音 747 墜機。

full of babies and children

from crashing every single day.

I think you'll agree with me that that's a pretty

我想你們都同意

那是很有效的公共衛生干預措施。

useful public health intervention.

So now just take a minute.

現在只要花一分鐘，

I think you need to get to know the person next to you.

我想你們應該認識鄰座的人，

Why don't you just shake their hands.

大家不妨握個手。

Please shake their hands.

請和他們握握手。

All right, get to know each other.

接下來互相認識。

They look really pretty.

他們看起來很棒。

All right.

好了。

So what if I told you

如果我告訴你

that the person whose hands you just shook

剛才和你握手的人

actually didn't wash their hands

其實沒洗手，

when they were coming out of the toilet? (Laughter)

他們才剛從廁所出來，感覺如何？ （笑聲）

They don't look so pretty anymore, right?

他們看起來就沒那麼棒了吧？

Pretty yucky, you would agree with me.

感覺蠻噁的，對吧？

Well, statistics are actually showing

統計顯示，事實上

that four people out of five

有五分之四的人

don't wash their hands when they come out of the toilet,

出了廁所不洗手，

globally.

世界各地都是。

And the same way,

同樣的，

we don't do it when we've got fancy toilets,

我們不會洗手，即使有高級的廁所、

running water, and soap available,

自來水和肥皂，

it's the same thing in the countries

情況完全和兒童死亡率高的國家一樣。

where child mortality is really high.

What is it? Is there no soap?

為什麼會這樣？沒有肥皂嗎？

Actually, soap is available.

其實有肥皂可以用。

In 90 percent of households in India,

90% 的印度家庭、

94 percent of households in Kenya,

94% 的肯亞家庭

you will find soap.

都找得到肥皂。

Even in countries where soap is the lowest,

即使在最窮苦的國家，

like Ethiopia, we are at 50 percent.

像是衣索比亞，都還有一半的家庭有肥皂。

So why is it?

那是為什麼呢？

Why aren't people washing their hands?

為什麼大家不洗手？

Why is it that Mayank,

為什麼馬揚克

this young boy that I met in India,

這位我在印度碰到的男孩

isn't washing his hands?

不洗手？

Well, in Mayank's family,

在馬揚克家，

soap is used for bathing,

肥皂用來洗澡，

soap is used for laundry,

肥皂用來洗衣服，

soap is used for washing dishes.

肥皂用來洗碗。

His parents think sometimes

他家人覺得有時候

it's a precious commodity,

那是珍貴的商品，

so they'll keep it in a cupboard.

所以他們會把肥皂放進櫥櫃。

They'll keep it away from him so he doesn't waste it.

放進櫥子裡才不會被他浪費了。

On average, in Mayank's family,

通常馬揚克的家人

they will use soap for washing hands

會用肥皂來洗手，

once a day

每天一次，

at the very best, and sometimes

那是最好的情況，

但有時候甚至一週才用肥皂洗一次手。

even once a week for washing hands with soap.

What's the result of that?

結果呢？

Children pick up disease

小朋友染病的地方是在

in the place that's supposed to love them

原本應該愛他們、

and protect them the most, in their homes.

無微不至保護他們的家裡。

Think about where you learned to wash your hands.

回想你是在哪學洗手。

Did you learn to wash your hands at home?

你是在家裡學洗手嗎？

Did you learn to wash your hands in school?

你是在學校學洗手嗎？

I think behavioral scientists will tell you

我想行為學家會告訴你

that it's very difficult to change the habits

要改變從小養成的習慣很難。

that you have had early in life.

However, we all copy what everyone else does,

但我們都會模仿其他人的行為，

and local cultural norms are something

而地方的文化規範

是影響我們如何改變行為的關鍵，

that shape how we change our behavior,

and this is where the private sector comes in.

而這就是私部門的切入點。

Every second in Asia and Africa,

在亞洲和非洲，每秒有

111 mothers

111 名母親

will buy this bar to protect their family.

會買這塊肥皂來保護家人。

Many women in India will tell you

很多印度婦女會告訴你

they learned all about hygiene, diseases,

他們會了解衛生、疾病

from this bar of soap from Lifebuoy brand.

都是來自衛健牌的這塊肥皂。

Iconic brands like this one

像這樣的知名品牌

have a responsibility to do good

有責任幫助

in the places where they sell their products.

這些他們銷售商品的地方。

It's that belief, plus the scale of Unilever,

是那份信念，加上聯合利華的規模，

that allows us to keep talking about

讓我們能不斷告訴這些媽媽

handwashing with soap and hygiene to these mothers.

用肥皂洗手和衛生觀念。

Big businesses and brands can change

大型企業和廠牌可以改變、

and shift those social norms

轉化那些社會規範，

and make a difference for those habits

並影響那些食古不化的習慣。

that are so stubborn.

Think about it:

請想想：

Marketeers spend all their time

商人無時無刻都在努力

making us switch from one brand to the other.

讓我們不斷更換廠牌。

And actually, they know how to transform

其實他們知道要怎麼

science and facts into compelling messages.

把科學和事實變成 很有說服力的訊息。

Just for a minute, imagine

只要一分鐘，請想像

when they put all their forces behind

他們火力全開去宣傳一個訊息，

a message as powerful as handwashing with soap.

就和用肥皂洗手一樣有影響力的訊息。

The profit motive is transforming health outcomes

他們的獲利動機就變成

in this world.

全世界的健康。

But it's been happening for centuries:

但這件事已經好幾百年了，

the Lifebuoy brand was launched in 1894

衛健牌從 1894 年

in Victorian England

維多利亞時代

to actually combat cholera.

就開始對抗霍亂了。

Last week, I was in Ghana

上個星期，我在迦納，

with the minister of health,

和衛生部長在一起，

because if you don't know,

你可能不知道

there's a cholera outbreak in Ghana at the moment.

霍亂才剛在迦納爆發。

A hundred and eighteen years later,

118 年後的現在

the solution is exactly the same:

解決方式仍然一樣，

It's about ensuring that they have access

就是確保他們能夠取得

to this bar of soap,

這塊肥皂，

and that they're using it,

並且真的使用肥皂，

because that's the number one way

因為那是最好的方式

to actually stop cholera from spreading.

能夠真正阻止霍亂蔓延。

I think this drive for profit

我想這項追求利益的動機

is extremely powerful,

很有影響力，

sometimes more powerful than

有時候比最願意奉獻的慈善團體

the most committed charity or government.

和政府更有影響力。

Government is doing what they can,

政府只能盡力而為，

especially in terms of the pandemics

尤其是在面對全國流行的疾病，

and epidemics such as cholera,

以及像霍亂這樣的傳染病，

or Ebola at the moment,

或是現在的伊波拉病毒，

but with competing priorities.

但卻有優先順序之分。

The budget is not always there.

我們的預算並非源源不絕，

And when you think about this,

當我們思考這點，

you think about what is required

你思考需要做什麼

to make handwashing a daily habit,

才能讓洗手成為日常習慣，

it requires sustained funding

需要長期的資金

to refine this behavior.

才能改善這個行為。

In short, those that fight for public health

總而言之，那些為公共衛生而戰的人

are actually dependent upon the soap companies

其實要仰賴肥皂公司

to keep promoting handwashing with soap.

才能推廣用肥皂洗手。

We have friends like USAID,

我們有夥伴，像是 美國國際開發總署 (USAID)、

the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap,

全球用肥皂洗手公私合作組織 (PPPHW)、

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,

倫敦衛生及熱帶醫學院、

Plan, WaterAid,

國際培幼會 (Plan)、 水支援 (WaterAid)，

that all believe

這些團體都相信

for a win-win-win partnership.

三贏的夥伴關係。

Win for the public sector,

能創造公部門的勝利，

because we help them reach their targets.

因為我們幫助公部門達成目標。

Win for the private sector,

能創造私部門的勝利，

because we build new generations

因為我們能建立新世代，

of future handwashers.

未來人人都洗手。

And most importantly,

最重要的是

win for the most vulnerable.

能創造最弱勢民眾的勝利。

On October 15,

10 月 15 日當天

we will celebrate Global Handwashing Day.

我們會慶祝「全球洗手日」。

Schools, communities,

學校、社區

our friends in the public sector

和我們在公部門的朋友，

and our friends in the private sector —

以及在私部門的朋友，

yes, on that day even our competitors,

沒錯，那天即使是我們的競爭對手

we all join hands to celebrate

都會與我們一起慶祝

the world's most important

世界上最重要的

public health intervention.

公共衛生介入計畫。

What's required,

真正需要

and again where the private sector can make a huge difference,

且私部門同樣能做出改變的，

is coming up with this big, creative thinking

就是提供這個重要且有創意的點子

that drives advocacy.

來達到宣傳效果。

If you take our Help a Child Reach 5 campaign,

看看「幫孩子活到五歲」活動，

we've created great films

我們拍了很棒的影片，

that bring the message of handwashing with soap

把用肥皂洗手的訊息

to the everyday person

推廣給每一個人，

in a way that can relate to them.

用和人密切相關的方式。

We've had over 30 million views.

至今已經超過三千萬次點閱了。

Most of these discussions are still happening online.

大多數的討論還在線上進行中，

I urge you to take five minutes

我勸你花五分鐘

and look at those films.

看看那些影片。

I come from Mali,

我來自馬利，

one of the world's poorest countries.

是世界上數一數二的窮國。

I grew up in a family where every dinner conversation

我生長的家庭每天晚餐話題

was around social justice.

都繞著社會正義。

I trained in Europe's premier school of public health.

我在歐洲最好的學校學公共衛生。

I think I'm probably one of the only women

我想我大概是唯一一位女性

in my country with this high degree in health,

在國內有這麼高的衛生學歷，

and the only one

也是唯一一位

with a doctorate in handwashing with soap.

研究用肥皂洗手的博士。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Nine years ago, I decided,

九年前，我決定

with a successful public health career in the making,

有成功的公共衛生職業，

that I could make the biggest impact coming,

我就能實現最大的影響，

selling and promoting the world's best invention

販賣、推廣世界上

in public health: soap.

最好的公共衛生發明：肥皂。

We run today the world's largest

現在我們推動世界上最大的

handwashing program

洗手計畫，

by any public health standards.

運用各種公共衛生指標。

We've reached over 183 million people

我們已推廣超過 1 億 8300 萬人，

in 16 countries.

遍及 16 個國家。

My team and I have the ambition

我和團隊的目標

to reach one billion by 2020.

是在 2020 年達到 10 億人。

Over the last four years,

過去四年來

business has grown double digits,

經濟成長了一倍，

whilst child mortality has reduced

同時肥皂用量增加的地方，

in all the places where soap use has increased.

孩童死亡率也減少了。

It may be uncomfortable for some to hear —

也許有些人會覺得刺耳，

business growth and lives saved

經濟成長和拯救人命

somehow equated in the same sentence —

居然會出現在同一個句子裡，

but it is that business growth

但就是因為經濟成長

that allows us to keep doing more.

讓我們能繼續做更多。

Without it, and without talking about it,

沒有經濟成長、不談這件事，

we cannot achieve the change that we need.

我們就不能達成必要的改變。

Last week, my team and I

上個星期我和團隊

spent time visiting mothers

花時間探訪許多母親，

that have all experienced the same thing:

她們都有同樣的經歷：

the death of a newborn.

嬰兒夭折。

I'm a mom. I can't imagine anything more powerful

我是母親，我無法想像 還有什麼比這件事

and more painful.

更讓人痛心。

This one is from Myanmar.

她來自緬甸，

She had the most beautiful smile,

臉上有最美麗的笑容，

the smile, I think, that life gives you

我想只要還有機會， 生命就會給你這個笑容。

when you've had a second chance.

Her son, Myo, is her second one.

這是她兒子明友，排行老二。

She had a daughter

她有個女兒，

who passed away at three weeks,

三週大的時候過世了，

and we know that the majority

我們知道大多數

of children that actually die

死亡的孩童

die in the first month of their life,

其實出生一個月內就過世了，

and we know that if we give a bar of soap

我們知道如果提供肥皂

to every skilled birth attendant,

給每一位熟練的助產士，

and that if soap is used before touching the babies,

如果他們在碰小孩之前就使用肥皂，

we can reduce and make a change

我們就能減少、改變

in terms of those numbers.

那些統計數字。

And that's what inspires me,

這激勵了我，

inspires me to continue in this mission,

激勵我繼續投入這項任務，

to know that I can equip her

並了解我能提供她所需的工具，

with what's needed

so that she can do

如此一來，

她就能做世界上最美的工作：

the most beautiful job in the world:

nurturing her newborn.

為新生兒哺乳。

And next time you think of a gift

下次你考慮要送什麼禮物

for a new mom and her family,

給新手媽媽和她的家人時，

don't look far: buy her soap.

別忘了把目光放遠，送她肥皂。

It's the most beautiful invention in public health.

那是公共衛生界中最美的發明。

I hope you will join us

我希望你加入我們，

and make handwashing part of your daily lives

讓洗手成為 你日常生活的一部分，

and our daily lives

我們日常生活的一部分，

and help more children like Myo

幫助更多像明友的小孩

reach their fifth birthday.

活過五歲生日。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）