Everything you hear on film is a lie | Tasos Frantzolas

譯者: Ruixiao Liu 審譯者: Melody Tang

I want to start by doing an experiment.

我想做一個實驗作為開端

[塔索斯· 繁柔拉斯]

I'm going to play three videos of a rainy day.

我現在要播放三個下雨的短片

But I've replaced the audio of one of the videos,

但我把其中一個短片中

and instead of the sound of rain,

下雨的聲音

I've added the sound of bacon frying.

我把它換成煎培根的聲音

所以請你們認真思考 到底哪個短片是煎培根的聲音

So I want you think carefully which one the clip with the bacon is.

(Rain falls)

（下雨聲）

(Rain falls)

（下雨聲）

(Rain falls)

（下雨聲）

All right.

好了

事實上，我說謊了

Actually, I lied.

They're all bacon.

它們全是煎培根的聲音

(Bacon sizzles)

（煎培根的聲音）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

My point here isn't really to make you hungry

我的重點不是要你每當下雨的時候

every time you see a rainy scene,

感到飢餓

but it's to show that our brains are conditioned to embrace the lies.

而是證明我們的大腦 在一些條件下會接受謊言

We're not looking for accuracy.

我們不是在追尋準確性

So on the subject of deception,

所以在欺騙的主題中

I wanted to quote one of my favorite authors.

我想引用我最喜歡的作者

In "The Decay of Lying," Oscar Wilde establishes the idea

奧斯卡·王爾德在《謊言的衰頹》中

建立了這個觀點

that all bad art comes from copying nature and being realistic;

那就是所有差勁的藝術 都來自抄襲大自然和接近現實

所有好的藝術都來自謊言和矇騙

and all great art comes from lying and deceiving,

以此來述說美好，但是虛假的事情

and telling beautiful, untrue things.

所以當你們看電影時

So when you're watching a movie

and a phone rings,

電話響了

it's not actually ringing.

但其實並不是真的在響

It's been added later in postproduction in a studio.

其實是工作室後製做出來的

All of the sounds you hear are fake.

你聽到的所有聲音都是虛假的

除了人物對話

Everything, apart from the dialogue,

is fake.

其他的都是虛假的

當你們在看電影時 看到一隻鳥在拍打翅膀

When you watch a movie and you see a bird flapping its wings --

(Wings flap)

（拍打翅膀的聲音）

他們並沒有真的為鳥錄音

They haven't really recorded the bird.

It sounds a lot more realistic if you record a sheet

它的聲音更像抖動床單的聲音

or shaking kitchen gloves.

或是搖晃廚房的手套

（搖晃的聲音）

(Flaps)

The burning of a cigarette up close --

近距離看香菸燃燒的聲音

(Cigarette burns)

（香菸燃燒）

It actually sounds a lot more authentic

聽起來比較像

你把一個小的保鮮膜球

if you take a small Saran Wrap ball

and release it.

然後放開來

(A Saran Warp ball being released)

（把保鮮膜球弄開）

Punches?

搥打呢？

(Punch)

（搥打聲）

Oops, let me play that again.

噢，我再放一次

(Punch)

（搥打聲）

That's often done by sticking a knife in vegetables,

通常是用一把刀刺入蔬菜

usually cabbage.

通常是用高麗菜

(Cabbage stabbed with a knife)

（一把刀刺入高麗菜中）

The next one -- it's breaking bones.

下一個是骨頭斷掉的聲音

(Bones break)

（骨折的聲音）

Well, no one was really harmed.

沒有人真的受傷了

事實上是

It's actually ...

把芹菜或是冷凍的生菜折斷的聲音

breaking celery or frozen lettuce.

(Breaking frozen lettuce or celery)

（把冷凍的生菜或芹菜弄斷）

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Making the right sounds is not always as easy

製作適合的聲音

並不像去一趟超市

as a trip to the supermarket

and going to the vegetable section.

去蔬菜區一樣簡單

But it's often a lot more complicated than that.

通常是比那個更加複雜

因此，讓我們一起來

So let's reverse-engineer together

將音效的製作反向操作

the creation of a sound effect.

One of my favorite stories comes from Frank Serafine.

我最喜歡的一個故事 來自法蘭克·沙瑞菲尼

He's a contributor to our library,

他是我們聲音庫的贊助者

and a great sound designer for "Tron" and "Star Trek" and others.

他是《創：光速戰記》 和《星際迷航》等電影的聲效設計師

He was part of the Paramount team that won the Oscar for best sound

他是派拉蒙圑隊的一個成員

因《獵殺紅色十月》 這部電影獲得奧斯卡獎

for "The Hunt for Red October."

In this Cold War classic, in the '90s,

在這部 1990 年代 敍說冷戰時代精典電影裏

they were asked to produce the sound of the propeller of the submarine.

他們被要求製作出潛艇螺旋槳的聲音

So they had a small problem:

他們有一個小問題

就是他們在西好萊塢 找不到一艘潛水艇

they couldn't really find a submarine in West Hollywood.

So basically, what they did is,

所以基本上，他們做的就是

they went to a friend's swimming pool,

去一個朋友家的游泳池

and Frank performed a cannonball, or bomba.

法蘭克發射了一個砲彈或炸彈

他們放置了一個水底麥克風

They placed an underwater mic

and an overhead mic outside the swimming pool.

泳池外再用一個高架麥克風

所以這就是水底麥克風錄到的聲音

So here's what the underwater mic sounds like.

(Underwater plunge)

（掉入水池中）

Adding the overhead mic,

加入高架麥克風的聲音效果

聽起來有點像這個

it sounded a bit like this:

（水花四濺聲）

(Water splashes)

So now they took the sound and pitched it one octave down,

所以他們把聲音調低八度

sort of like slowing down a record.

像是把唱片的聲音調慢

(Water splashes at lower octave)

（低八度下的水花四濺聲）

And then they removed a lot of the high frequencies.

然後他們把很多高音頻拿掉

(Water splashes)

（水花四濺聲）

然後再往下調低八度

And pitched it down another octave.

(Water splashes at lower octave)

（調低八度的水花四濺聲）

And then they added a little bit of the splash

然後他們從高架麥克風錄到的聲音

擷取一點點的水濺聲

from the overhead microphone.

(Water splashes)

（水濺聲）

And by looping and repeating that sound,

然後重覆那個聲音

they got this:

他們得到這個

(Propeller churns)

（螺旋槳轉動）

So, creativity and technology put together in order to create the illusion

因此，把創造力和科技放在一起

創造了我們在濳艇裡的錯覺

that we're inside the submarine.

But once you've created your sounds

一旦你創作出你的聲音

and you've synced them to the image,

和影像同步後

you want those sounds to live in the world of the story.

你要讓那些聲音在故事裡栩栩如生

And one the best ways to do that is to add reverb.

做這件事最好的方法 是加一點殘響效果

So this is the first audio tool I want to talk about.

這是我要談的第一個音頻的工具

Reverberation, or reverb, is the persistence of the sound

殘響或混響是把聲音在原聲結束後

after the original sound has ended.

再做聲音的遲續

So it's sort of like the --

所以這就像是

all the reflections from the materials,

所有環繞在聲音周圍的原材料

the objects and the walls around the sound.

物體和牆的反射

Take, for example, the sound of a gunshot.

舉一個例子來說，槍擊的聲音

原始的聲音不到半秒長

The original sound is less than half a second long.

（槍響聲）

(Gunshot)

By adding reverb,

加上殘響後

we can make it sound like it was recorded inside a bathroom.

我們可以做出 好像在浴室裡錄到的聲音

(Gunshot reverbs in bathroom)

（槍響在房裡迴盪的聲音）

或是像是在禮拜堂 或教堂裡錄製的聲音

Or like it was recorded inside a chapel or a church.

(Gunshot reverbs church)

（槍響迴盪在教堂）

或是在峽谷

Or in a canyon.

(Gunshot reverbs in canyon)

（槍響迴盪在峽谷）

So reverb gives us a lot of information

這個殘響給了我們很多

about the space between the listener and the original sound source.

關於聽者和聲音來源之間的空間資訊

If the sound is the taste,

把聲音當成是口味來說

then reverb is sort of like the smell of the sound.

殘響就像是聲音聞起來的味道

But reverb can do a lot more.

殘響可以做更多的事

Listening to a sound with a lot less reverberation

聽到一個不能配合

than the on-screen action

螢幕上的動作，沒有殘響的聲音

is going to immediately signify to us

比較容易讓我們立刻覺得

that we're listening to a commentator,

我們聽到的是評論員

to an objective narrator that's not participating in the on-screen action.

没有參與到螢幕動作的旁白

Also, emotionally intimate moments in cinema

再者，在電影中情感動人的當下

are often heard with zero reverb,

通常聽不到任何殘響

because that's how it would sound if someone was speaking inside our ear.

因為你應該感覺 好像有人在你耳朵裡說話一般

在完全相反的情況下

On the completely other side,

在聲音裡加入很多殘響

adding a lot of reverb to a voice

is going to make us think that we're listening to a flashback,

會使人想到我們正在聽的 是聲音的倒敘

or perhaps that we're inside the head of a character

或是正在聽演員腦袋裡的聲音

or that we're listening to the voice of God.

還是我們正在聽上帝的聲音

Or, even more powerful in film,

或甚至在電影更強而有力的是

Morgan Freeman.

摩根·費里曼

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So --

因此

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

But what are some other tools or hacks

還有什麼其它工具或是方式

that sound designers use?

是音效師所使用的呢？

Well, here's a really big one.

這裡有一個很重要的

It's silence.

就是無聲

A few moments of silence is going to make us pay attention.

幾秒的無聲使我們專心注意

And in the Western world,

在西方世界裡

we're not really used to verbal silences.

我們不太習慣在講話時靜默下來

They're considered awkward or rude.

人們會覺得是很怪或是無禮的行為

So silence preceding verbal communication

因此， 無聲在一個 正在進行的口頭交談中

可以製造出很多張力

can create a lot of tension.

想像一下在一部好萊塢的大片中

But imagine a really big Hollywood movie,

where it's full of explosions and automatic guns.

有很多爆破和自動槍械

Loud stops being loud anymore, after a while.

吵雜聲音在一段時間後 就不覺得的吵雜了

就像陰陽

So in a yin-yang way,

silence needs loudness and loudness needs silence

安靜需要聲響，聲響需要安靜

才能得到其中的效果

for either of them to have any effect.

But what does silence mean?

無聲在電影裡是什麼意思呢？

Well, it depends how it's used in each film.

這就取決於每一部電影如何使用它

Silence can place us inside the head of a character

無聲可以使我們 像是在角色的腦子裡一樣

or provoke thought.

或是激起一些想法

We often relate silences with ...

我們通常把無聲想成與

contemplation,

沉思

meditation,

冥想

being deep in thought.

陷入沈思有關

But apart from having one meaning,

但是除了有某種意義

silence becomes a blank canvas

無聲變成了一塊空白的畫布

upon which the viewer is invited to the paint their own thoughts.

讓觀看的人把自己的想法畫上去

But I want to make it clear: there is no such thing as silence.

我要說清楚的是 没有一個東西是無聲的

And I know this sounds like the most pretentious TED Talk statement ever.

我知道這個陳敍聽起像是 TED 演講裡最自負的

But even if you were to enter a room with zero reverberation

如果你進到一個 没有任何殘聲的房間裡

没有任何外部的聲音

and zero external sounds,

you would still be able to hear the pumping of your own blood.

你仍然可以聽到自己血液流動的聲音

傳統的電影裡從來没有無聲的時刻

And in cinema, traditionally, there was never a silent moment

because of the sound of the projector.

因為投影機會發出聲音

And even in today's Dolby world,

甚至是在今日的杜比音響世界

如果你聽你的四周 没有任何一個時刻是無聲的

there's not really any moment of silence if you listen around you.

There's always some sort of noise.

總是會有某種聲音

Now, since there's no such thing as silence,

現在， 既然說没有真正的無聲

what do filmmakers and sound designers use?

電影製作者和音效設計師用什麼呢？

Well, as a synonym, they often use ambiences.

他們經常使用環境音聲作為代替

Ambiences are the unique background sounds

環境音聲就是 每個地點獨特的背景聲音

that are specific to each location.

Each location has a unique sound,

每個地點都有特殊的聲音

每個空間也有特殊的聲音

and each room has a unique sound,

這叫做室內環境音

which is called room tone.

So here's a recording of a market in Morocco.

這是一個在摩洛哥的市場錄音

(Voices, music)

（聲音，音樂）

And here's a recording of Times Square in New York.

這是在紐約時代廣場的錄音

(Traffic sounds, car horns, voices)

（交通聲，車子喇叭聲， 聲音）

Room tone is the addition of all the noises inside the room:

室內環境音是一個房間內所有的雜音

通風系統，暖氣，冰箱

the ventilation, the heating, the fridge.

Here's a recording of my apartment in Brooklyn.

這是我在布魯克林區公寓的錄音聲

(You can hear the ventilation, the boiler, the fridge and street traffic)

（你可以聽到通風管聲音， 煮沸聲，冰箱聲和街道的聲音）

Ambiences work in a most primal way.

環境音聲用最原始的方法起著作用

They can speak directly to our brain subconsciously.

它們可以直接與我們的潛意識講話

So, birds chirping outside your window may indicate normality,

所以，鳥在你的窗戶外面叫 也許可以代表常態

perhaps because, as a species,

或許是因為，我們作為一個物種

we've been used to that sound every morning for millions of years.

百萬年來，我們已經太習慣 每天早上聽到那個聲音

(Birds chirp)

（鳥叫聲）

On the other hand, industrial sounds have been introduced to us

在另一方面，我們在近期已經聽過

很多工業的聲音

a little more recently.

Even though I really like them personally --

雖然我個人來說是很喜歡工業聲音

我的英雄之一 ，大衛·林區

they've been used by one of my heroes, David Lynch,

and his sound designer, Alan Splet --

和他的音效師 艾林·斯普萊特曾使用過

industrial sounds often carry negative connotations.

工業聲音時常有著負面的意涵

（機器聲）

(Machine noises)

音效可以進入我們的情感記憶之中

Now, sound effects can tap into our emotional memory.

Occasionally, they can be so significant

偶爾來說，它們可以是很重要的

that they become a character in a movie.

可以變成一個電影的特徵

The sound of thunder may indicate divine intervention or anger.

打雷聲可以是指神的干預或是憤怒

(Thunder)

（打雷聲）

Church bells can remind us of the passing of time,

教堂鐘響聲可以提醒我們時間的消逝

or perhaps our own mortality.

或者是我們自己的死亡

(Bells ring)

（鐘響聲）

And breaking of glass can indicate the end of a relationship

玻璃破掉的聲音可以表示是一段愛情

or a friendship.

或友誼的結束

(Glass breaks)

（玻璃破碎聲）

Scientists believe that dissonant sounds,

科學家相信不合諧的聲音

for example, brass or wind instruments played very loud,

例如，銅管樂器或管樂器 吹奏出非常大的聲音

may remind us of animal howls in nature

讓我們想到在大自然中動物的叫聲

and therefore create a sense of irritation or fear.

因此可以創造出一種令人害怕的氛圍

(Brass and wind instruments play)

（銅管及管樂器演奏聲）

So now we've spoken about on-screen sounds.

我們現在已經說了在螢幕上的聲音

But occasionally, the source of a sound cannot be seen.

但是偶爾這個聲音的源頭會被藏起來

That's what we call offscreen sounds,

我們稱之為螢幕外的聲音

or "acousmatic."

或是「幻覺的聲音」

Acousmatic sounds --

幻覺的音效

well, the term "acousmatic" comes from Pythagoras in ancient Greece,

「幻覺」這個詞是來自於 古代希臘的畢逹哥拉斯

who used to teach behind a veil or curtain for years,

他在紗或是簾子後面教學多年

not revealing himself to his disciples.

没有現身在門徒面前

I think the mathematician and philosopher thought that,

我想數學家和哲學家認為

in that way,

採用那種方法

his students might focus more on the voice,

他的學生可以比較專注在聲音

and his words and its meaning,

和他的話語和意義上

rather than the visual of him speaking.

而不是在他說話的視覺樣子上

So sort of like the Wizard of Oz,

有點像是《綠野仙踪》

or "1984's" Big Brother,

或是《一九八四》裡的 「老大哥」

separating the voice from its source,

把聲音和它的來源分開

separating cause and effect

把原因和結果分開

sort of creates a sense of ubiquity or panopticism,

像是在製迼一種無處不在 或是全景敞視感覺

and therefore, authority.

產生某種意義的權威感

幻覺聲效由來已久

There's a strong tradition of acousmatic sound.

羅馬和威尼斯修道院的修女

Nuns in monasteries in Rome and Venice used to sing in rooms

過去經常在靠近天花板 走廊旁的房間內唱歌

up in galleries close to the ceiling,

creating the illusion that we're listening to angels up in the sky.

製造出一種我們正在聆聽 天空上的天使歌唱的幻象

Richard Wagner famously created the hidden orchestra

理查德·華格納創造出隱藏樂團

他們被安排在一個 在舞台和觀眾之間的小區塊裡

that was placed in a pit between the stage and the audience.

And one of my heroes, Aphex Twin, famously hid in dark corners of clubs.

我的英雄之一：艾夫斯·特文， 以躲藏在酒吧黑暗的角落而聞名

I think what all these masters knew is that by hiding the source,

我認為這些大師都知道 借用隱藏聲音的來源

you create a sense of mystery.

你可以創造一個神秘的場景

This has been seen in cinema over and over,

這種手段你可以在電影院 一遍又一遍的看到

with Hitchcock, and Ridley Scott in "Alien."

希區柯克和雷德利·斯科特 在《外星人》中也用到

在聽到聲音的同時，不知道它的源頭

Hearing a sound without knowing its source

is going to create some sort of tension.

可以產生一種的緊迫感

Also, it can minimize certain visual restrictions that directors have

並且，它也可以盡量減少 導演在視覺上的限制

同時，它也可以表達一些 電影錄製時沒有的東西

and can show something that wasn't there during filming.

And if all this sounds a little theoretical,

如果這些聽上去有些理論化

I wanted to play a little video.

我想播放一段影片

(Toy squeaks)

（玩具的吱吱聲）

(Typewriter)

（打字）

(Drums)

（敲鼓）

（玩乒乓球）

(Ping-pong)

(Knives being sharpened)

（磨刀）

(Record scratches)

（倒碟）

(Saw cuts)

（鋸子聲）

(Woman screams)

（女人尖叫）

What I'm sort of trying to demonstrate with these tools

我嘗試用這些工具想表達的是

is that sound is a language.

聲音是一種語言

It can trick us by transporting us geographically;

它可以通過轉移我們的 地理位置欺騙我們

it can change the mood;

它可以改變心情

it can set the pace;

它可以設置步調

it can make us laugh or it can make us scared.

它可以讓我們大笑或者感到害怕

On a personal level, I fell in love with that language

對於我個人而言

我在幾年前愛上了這種語言

a few years ago,

and somehow managed to make it into some sort of profession.

我不知怎地讓它成為我的專業

And I think with our work through the sound library,

我認為，通過我們使用聲音庫的工作

we're trying to kind of expand the vocabulary of that language.

我們試圖擴張這種語言的詞彙

And in that way, we want to offer the right tools

並且在這種方法下 我們希望提供合適的工具

to sound designers,

給音效設計師

filmmakers,

電影製作人

and video game and app designers,

以及視頻遊戲和應用程式製作人

to keep telling even better stories

讓他們講述更加完好的故事

and creating even more beautiful lies.

並且創造更加美麗的謊言

謝謝大家的聆聽

So thanks for listening.

(Applause)

（鼓掌）