Everything you hear on film is a lie | Tasos Frantzolas

Prevoditelj: Jasna Matek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

I want to start by doing an experiment.

Želim započeti eksperimentom.

I'm going to play three videos of a rainy day.

Pustit ću vam tri snimke kišnog dana.

But I've replaced the audio of one of the videos,

No, u jednoj snimci je zamijenjen zvuk,

and instead of the sound of rain,

pa sam umjesto zvuka kiše

I've added the sound of bacon frying.

dodao zvuk slanine dok se prži.

So I want you think carefully which one the clip with the bacon is.

Želim da dobro razmislite koja snimka sadrži taj zvuk slanine.

(Rain falls)

(Pada kiša)

(Rain falls)

(Pada kiša)

(Rain falls)

(Pada kiša)

All right.

Dobro.

Actually, I lied.

Zapravo, lagao sam.

They're all bacon.

To je sve zvuk slanine.

(Bacon sizzles)

(Slanina cvrči)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

My point here isn't really to make you hungry

Nije mi cilj da ogladnite

every time you see a rainy scene,

svaki put kad vidite kišnu scenu,

but it's to show that our brains are conditioned to embrace the lies.

nego pokazati da su naši mozgovi uvježbani prihvatiti laži.

We're not looking for accuracy.

Ne tražimo točnost.

So on the subject of deception,

Što se tiče teme zavaravanja,

I wanted to quote one of my favorite authors.

htio bih citirati jednog od mojih omiljenih autora.

In "The Decay of Lying," Oscar Wilde establishes the idea

U "Ocvatu laganja," Oscar Wilde utvrđuje

that all bad art comes from copying nature and being realistic;

da sva loša umjetnost potječe od kopiranja prirode i realizma;

and all great art comes from lying and deceiving,

dok sva velika umjetnost potječe od laganja i zavaravanja,

and telling beautiful, untrue things.

izgovaranja lijepih, nestvarnih stvari.

So when you're watching a movie

Pa, kad gledate film

and a phone rings,

i zazvoni telefon,

it's not actually ringing.

on zapravo ne zvoni.

It's been added later in postproduction in a studio.

Dodan je kasnije u studijskoj postprodukciji.

All of the sounds you hear are fake.

Svi zvukovi koje čujete su lažni.

Everything, apart from the dialogue,

Sve, osim dijaloga,

is fake.

je lažno.

When you watch a movie and you see a bird flapping its wings --

Kada gledate film i vidite pticu koja lepeće svojim krilima --

(Wings flap)

(Lepet krila)

They haven't really recorded the bird.

Zapravo nisu snimili pticu.

It sounds a lot more realistic if you record a sheet

Zvuči mnogo realističnije ako snimite plahtu

or shaking kitchen gloves.

ili tresete kuhinjske rukavice.

(Flaps)

(Lepet)

The burning of a cigarette up close --

Gorenje cigarete izbliza --

(Cigarette burns)

(Cigareta gori)

It actually sounds a lot more authentic

Zapravo zvuči mnogo autentičnije

if you take a small Saran Wrap ball

kad uzmete lopticu Saran folije

and release it.

i otpustite je.

(A Saran Warp ball being released)

(Otpuštanje loptice Saran folije)

Punches?

Udarci?

(Punch)

(Čuje se udarac)

Oops, let me play that again.

Jao, dajte da čujemo ponovno.

(Punch)

(Čuje se udarac)

That's often done by sticking a knife in vegetables,

To se često čini zabadanjem noža u povrće,

usually cabbage.

obično u kupus.

(Cabbage stabbed with a knife)

(Zvuk kupusa probodenog nožem)

The next one -- it's breaking bones.

Sljedeći -- lomljenje kostiju.

(Bones break)

(Lomljenje kostiju)

Well, no one was really harmed.

Nitko nije stvarno ozlijeđen.

It's actually ...

To je zapravo ...

breaking celery or frozen lettuce.

lomljenje celera ili zamrznute salate.

(Breaking frozen lettuce or celery)

(Lomljenje salate ili celera)

(U Brooklynu koriste kelj)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Making the right sounds is not always as easy

Stvaranje pravih zvukova nije uvijek tako jednostavno

as a trip to the supermarket

kao izlet u trgovinu namirnicama

and going to the vegetable section.

i odlazak na odjeljak s povrćem.

But it's often a lot more complicated than that.

Često je puno složenije od toga.

So let's reverse-engineer together

Hajdemo obrnutim inženjeringom

the creation of a sound effect.

objasniti stvaranje zvučnog efekta.

One of my favorite stories comes from Frank Serafine.

Jedna od mojih najdražih priča je ona Franka Serafinea.

He's a contributor to our library,

On je naš suradnik

and a great sound designer for "Tron" and "Star Trek" and others.

i odličan dizajner zvuka za "Tron", "Star Trek" i druge.

He was part of the Paramount team that won the Oscar for best sound

Bio je član tima Paramount koji je osvojio Oscara za najbolji zvuk

for "The Hunt for Red October."

za "Lov na crveni Oktobar".

In this Cold War classic, in the '90s,

Za ovaj klasik o Hladnom ratu, devedesetih godina,

they were asked to produce the sound of the propeller of the submarine.

tražili su ih da proizvedu zvuk propelera podmornice.

So they had a small problem:

Imali su mali problem:

they couldn't really find a submarine in West Hollywood.

nisu baš mogli naći podmornicu u Zapadnom Hollywoodu.

So basically, what they did is,

Pa su, u principu, učinili ovo -

they went to a friend's swimming pool,

otišli su dp bazena svoga prijatelja,

and Frank performed a cannonball, or bomba.

Frank je izveo skok bombe.

They placed an underwater mic

Postavili su podvodni mikrofon

and an overhead mic outside the swimming pool.

i jedan gornji van bazena.

So here's what the underwater mic sounds like.

Evo kako zvuči podvodni mikrofon.

(Underwater plunge)

(Uron)

Adding the overhead mic,

Dodavanjem vanjskog mikrofona

it sounded a bit like this:

zvučalo je ovako:

(Water splashes)

(Prskanje vode)

So now they took the sound and pitched it one octave down,

Zvuk su snizili za jednu oktavu,

sort of like slowing down a record.

kao što se npr. usporava snimka.

(Water splashes at lower octave)

(Prskanje vode na nižoj oktavi)

And then they removed a lot of the high frequencies.

Potom su uklonili mnoge visoke frekvencije.

(Water splashes)

(Prskanje vode)

And pitched it down another octave.

Smanjili za još jednu oktavu.

(Water splashes at lower octave)

(Prskanje vode na nižoj oktavi)

And then they added a little bit of the splash

Potom su dodali malo prskanja

from the overhead microphone.

snimljenog gornjim mikrofonom.

(Water splashes)

(Prskanje vode)

And by looping and repeating that sound,

Ponavljanjem tog zvuka,

they got this:

dobili su ovo

(Propeller churns)

(Bućkanje propelera)

So, creativity and technology put together in order to create the illusion

Kreativnost i tehnologija se ujedine da bi se stvorila iluzija

that we're inside the submarine.

da smo unutar podmornice.

But once you've created your sounds

No, jednom kada ste stvorili zvukove

and you've synced them to the image,

i uskladili ih sa slikom,

you want those sounds to live in the world of the story.

želite da ti zvukovi žive u svijetu priče.

And one the best ways to do that is to add reverb.

Jedan od najboljih načina da se to izvede je dodavanje odjeka.

So this is the first audio tool I want to talk about.

To je prvi zvučni alat o kojem bih htio govoriti.

Reverberation, or reverb, is the persistence of the sound

Dodavanje odjeka je postojanje zvuka

after the original sound has ended.

kada izvorni zvuk završi.

So it's sort of like the --

To je otprilike poput --

all the reflections from the materials,

svih odraza materijala,

the objects and the walls around the sound.

predmeta i zidova oko zvuka.

Take, for example, the sound of a gunshot.

Uzmimo, primjerice, zvuk pucnja.

The original sound is less than half a second long.

Izvorni zvuk traje manje od pola sekunde.

(Gunshot)

(Pucanj)

By adding reverb,

Dodavanjem odjeka,

we can make it sound like it was recorded inside a bathroom.

možemo učiniti da zvuči kao da je snimljen u kupaonici.

(Gunshot reverbs in bathroom)

(Pucanj odjekuje u kupaonici)

Or like it was recorded inside a chapel or a church.

Ili kao da je snimljen u kapelici ili crkvi.

(Gunshot reverbs church)

(Pucanj odjekuje crkvom)

Or in a canyon.

Ili u kanjonu.

(Gunshot reverbs in canyon)

(Pucanj odjekuje kanjonom)

So reverb gives us a lot of information

Odjek nam daje puno informacija

about the space between the listener and the original sound source.

o prostoru između slušatelja i originalnog izvora zvuka.

If the sound is the taste,

Ako je zvuk okus,

then reverb is sort of like the smell of the sound.

tada je odjek otprilike kao miris zvuka.

But reverb can do a lot more.

No, odjek može mnogo više od toga.

Listening to a sound with a lot less reverberation

Slušanje zvuka s puno manje odjeka

than the on-screen action

nego što ima ekranske radnje

is going to immediately signify to us

odmah će nam značiti

that we're listening to a commentator,

da slušamo komentatora,

to an objective narrator that's not participating in the on-screen action.

objektivnog pripovjedača koji ne sudjeluje u ekranskoj radnji.

Also, emotionally intimate moments in cinema

Također, emocionalno intimni trenuci u kinu

are often heard with zero reverb,

često se ne čuju s ikakvim odjekom,

because that's how it would sound if someone was speaking inside our ear.

jer, tako bi zvučalo da nam netko govori u uhu.

On the completely other side,

S druge strane,

adding a lot of reverb to a voice

dodavanjem puno odjeka glasu

is going to make us think that we're listening to a flashback,

pomislit ćemo da slušamo flashback,

or perhaps that we're inside the head of a character

ili da smo u glavi lika

or that we're listening to the voice of God.

ili da slušamo Božji glas.

Or, even more powerful in film,

Ili, još snažnije na filmu,

Morgan Freeman.

Morgana Freemana.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So --

Pa --

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

But what are some other tools or hacks

Koji su neki drugi alati ili trikovi

that sound designers use?

koje koriste zvučni dizajneri?

Well, here's a really big one.

Evo jedan važni.

It's silence.

To je tišina.

A few moments of silence is going to make us pay attention.

Par trenutaka tišine će nas prisiliti da pozorno pratimo.

And in the Western world,

U zapadnom svijetu,

we're not really used to verbal silences.

nismo baš navikli na verbalne tišine.

They're considered awkward or rude.

Smatraju se neugodnima ili bezobraznima.

So silence preceding verbal communication

Tišina koja prethodi verbalnoj komunikaciji

can create a lot of tension.

može stvoriti veliku napetost.

But imagine a really big Hollywood movie,

No, zamislite veliki holivudski film,

where it's full of explosions and automatic guns.

pun eksplozija i pucnjeva.

Loud stops being loud anymore, after a while.

Glasno prestane biti glasno nakon nekog vremena.

So in a yin-yang way,

Na neki yin-yang način,

silence needs loudness and loudness needs silence

tišina treba galamu i galama treba tišinu

for either of them to have any effect.

da bi ijedno od njih imalo učinka.

But what does silence mean?

Ali, što znači tišina?

Well, it depends how it's used in each film.

Pa, ovisi kako se koristi u filmu.

Silence can place us inside the head of a character

Tišina nas može smjestiti u glavu nekog lika

or provoke thought.

ili nagnati na razmišljanje.

We often relate silences with ...

Često poistovjećujemo tišinu s ...

contemplation,

mozganjem,

meditation,

meditacijom,

being deep in thought.

dubokim razmišljanjem.

But apart from having one meaning,

No, osim što ima jedno značenje,

silence becomes a blank canvas

tišina postane prazno platno

upon which the viewer is invited to the paint their own thoughts.

kojim se gledatelja poziva da slika vlastite misli.

But I want to make it clear: there is no such thing as silence.

Da pojasnim: tišina ne postoji.

And I know this sounds like the most pretentious TED Talk statement ever.

Znam da ovo zvuči kao najpretencioznija izjava na TED govoru ikad.

But even if you were to enter a room with zero reverberation

Ali, da uđete u prostoriju bez odjeka

and zero external sounds,

i bez vanjskih zvukova,

you would still be able to hear the pumping of your own blood.

svejedno biste mogli čuti pumpanje vlastite krvi.

And in cinema, traditionally, there was never a silent moment

U kinu, tradicionalno, nikad nije bilo nijemih trenutaka

because of the sound of the projector.

zbog zvuka projektora.

And even in today's Dolby world,

Čak i danas u svijetu Dolby-ja,

there's not really any moment of silence if you listen around you.

ako poslušate oko sebe, ne postoji nijedan trenutak tišine.

There's always some sort of noise.

Uvijek postoji neka vrsta buke.

Now, since there's no such thing as silence,

Kako tišina ne postoji,

what do filmmakers and sound designers use?

što koriste filmski snimatelji i zvučni dizajneri?

Well, as a synonym, they often use ambiences.

Često koriste ambijente kao sinonim.

Ambiences are the unique background sounds

Ambijenti su jedinstveni pozadinski zvukovi

that are specific to each location.

koji su specifični za svaku lokaciju.

Each location has a unique sound,

Svaka lokacija ima jedinstven zvuk,

and each room has a unique sound,

i svaka prostorija ima jedinstven zvuk,

which is called room tone.

koji se zove prostorski ton.

So here's a recording of a market in Morocco.

Pa, evo snimke tržnice u Maroku.

(Voices, music)

(Glasovi, glazba)

And here's a recording of Times Square in New York.

Evo i snimke Times Squarea u New Yorku.

(Traffic sounds, car horns, voices)

(Zvukovi prometa, automobilskih truba i glasova)

Room tone is the addition of all the noises inside the room:

Prostorni zvuk je dodavanje svih glasova unutar prostorije:

the ventilation, the heating, the fridge.

ventilacija, grijanje, hladnjak.

Here's a recording of my apartment in Brooklyn.

Evo snimke moga stana u Brooklynu.

(You can hear the ventilation, the boiler, the fridge and street traffic)

(Možete čuti ventilaciju, bojler, hladnjak, ulični promet)

Ambiences work in a most primal way.

Ambijenti funkcioniraju na najprimitivniji način.

They can speak directly to our brain subconsciously.

Direktno i podsvjesno obraćaju se našem mozgu.

So, birds chirping outside your window may indicate normality,

Ptice koje cvrkuću na vašem prozoru mogu biti znak normale,

perhaps because, as a species,

možda zato što smo, kao vrsta,

we've been used to that sound every morning for millions of years.

naviknuti čuti taj zvuk svako jutro već milijunima godina.

(Birds chirp)

(Cvrkut ptica)

On the other hand, industrial sounds have been introduced to us

S druge strane, industrijske zvukove smo upoznali tek nedavno.

a little more recently.

Even though I really like them personally --

Iako ih osobno stvarno volim --

they've been used by one of my heroes, David Lynch,

koristili su ih neki od mojih junaka, David Lynch,

and his sound designer, Alan Splet --

i njegov tonski dizajner, Alan Splet --

industrial sounds often carry negative connotations.

industrijski zvukovi često nose negativne konotacije.

(Machine noises)

(Zvukovi mašina)

Now, sound effects can tap into our emotional memory.

Zvučni efekti mogu posegnuti u naše emocionalno pamćenje.

Occasionally, they can be so significant

Povremeno mogu biti tako važni

that they become a character in a movie.

da postanu filmski lik.

The sound of thunder may indicate divine intervention or anger.

Zvuk groma može označavati božansku intervenciju ili ljutnju.

(Thunder)

(Grmljavina)

Church bells can remind us of the passing of time,

Crkvena zvona nas mogu podsjetiti na prolaznost vremena

or perhaps our own mortality.

ili možda na našu vlastitu smrtnost.

(Bells ring)

(Zvonjava crkvenih zvona)

And breaking of glass can indicate the end of a relationship

Lomljenje stakla može označavati kraj veze

or a friendship.

ili prijateljstva.

(Glass breaks)

(Lom stakla)

Scientists believe that dissonant sounds,

Znanstvenici vjeruju da disonantni zvukovi

for example, brass or wind instruments played very loud,

npr., limeni ili puhački instrumenti kada se glasno sviraju,

may remind us of animal howls in nature

mogu podsjetiti na zvukove zavijanja životinja u prirodi

and therefore create a sense of irritation or fear.

i stoga stvoriti osjećaj nelagode ili straha.

(Brass and wind instruments play)

(Sviraju limeni i puhački instrumenti)

So now we've spoken about on-screen sounds.

To je što se tiče zvukova s platna.

But occasionally, the source of a sound cannot be seen.

Ali ponekad ne možemo vidjeti izvor zvuka.

That's what we call offscreen sounds,

To zovemo off-screen zvukovima (zvukovima van platna)

or "acousmatic."

ili "akuzmatikom".

Acousmatic sounds --

Akuzmatični zvukovi --

well, the term "acousmatic" comes from Pythagoras in ancient Greece,

pa, termin dolazi od Pitagore iz drevne Grčke,

who used to teach behind a veil or curtain for years,

koji je godinama podučavao iza zastora,

not revealing himself to his disciples.

neotkrivajući se svojim sljedbenicima.

I think the mathematician and philosopher thought that,

Mislim da je taj matematičar i filozof mislio da se tako

in that way,

his students might focus more on the voice,

njegovi učenici mogu više usredotočiti na glas,

and his words and its meaning,

njegove riječi i njihovo značenje

rather than the visual of him speaking.

nego na prizor njega dok govori.

So sort of like the Wizard of Oz,

Slično kao Čarobnjak iz Oza

or "1984's" Big Brother,

ili Veliki Brat iz "1984"

separating the voice from its source,

odvajajući zvuk od svoga izvora,

separating cause and effect

odvajajući uzrok i ishod,

sort of creates a sense of ubiquity or panopticism,

stvara se osjećaj sveprisutnosti ili panopticizma

and therefore, authority.

i, stoga, autoriteta.

There's a strong tradition of acousmatic sound.

Postoji velika tradicija akuzmatičnog zvuka.

Nuns in monasteries in Rome and Venice used to sing in rooms

Časne sestre u rimskim i venecijanskim samostanima

običavale su pjevati u galerijskim prostorijama blizu stropa

up in galleries close to the ceiling,

creating the illusion that we're listening to angels up in the sky.

stvarajući iluziju da slušamo anđele na nebu.

Richard Wagner famously created the hidden orchestra

Richard Wagner je slavno stvorio skriveni orkestar

that was placed in a pit between the stage and the audience.

koji je bio smješten u prostoru između pozornice i publike.

And one of my heroes, Aphex Twin, famously hid in dark corners of clubs.

Jedan od mojih junaka, Aphex Twin, sakrivao se u tamnim kutevima klubova.

I think what all these masters knew is that by hiding the source,

Mislim da su svi ovi majstori znali da skrivanjem izvora

you create a sense of mystery.

stvarate osjećaj misterije.

This has been seen in cinema over and over,

To je viđeno na filmu nebrojeno puta

with Hitchcock, and Ridley Scott in "Alien."

s Hitchcockom, i Ridley Scottom u filmu "Alien".

Hearing a sound without knowing its source

Čuti zvuk bez znanja o njegovom izvoru

is going to create some sort of tension.

stvorit će nekakvu napetost.

Also, it can minimize certain visual restrictions that directors have

Smanjit će neka vizualna ograničenja s kojima se suočavaju filmski redatelji

and can show something that wasn't there during filming.

i pokazati nam nešto što tamo nije bilo tijekom snimanja.

And if all this sounds a little theoretical,

Sve ovo zvuči možda previše teoretski,

I wanted to play a little video.

pa bih vam pustio video snimku.

(Toy squeaks)

(Cvičanje igračke)

(Typewriter)

(Pisaća mašina)

(Drums)

(Bubnjevi)

(Ping-pong)

(Ping-pong)

(Knives being sharpened)

(Oštrenje noževa)

(Record scratches)

(Grebanje vinil ploče)

(Saw cuts)

(Pilanje)

(Woman screams)

(Ženski vrisak)

What I'm sort of trying to demonstrate with these tools

Ono što želim prikazati ovim alatima

is that sound is a language.

je da je zvuk jezik.

It can trick us by transporting us geographically;

Može nas prevariti prenoseći nas geografski;

it can change the mood;

može promijeniti raspoloženje;

it can set the pace;

može postaviti ritam;

it can make us laugh or it can make us scared.

može nas nasmijati ili uplašiti.

On a personal level, I fell in love with that language

Osobno, zaljubio sam se u taj jezik

a few years ago,

prije nekoliko godina

and somehow managed to make it into some sort of profession.

i nekako uspio to učiniti profesijom.

And I think with our work through the sound library,

Mislim da našim radom u zvučnoj biblioteci

we're trying to kind of expand the vocabulary of that language.

pokušavamo proširiti vokabular toga jezika

And in that way, we want to offer the right tools

i, na taj način, ponuditi prave alate

to sound designers,

toncima,

filmmakers,

filmskim snimateljima

and video game and app designers,

i dizajnerima video igrica i aplikacija

to keep telling even better stories

kako bismo nastavili pričati još bolje priče

and creating even more beautiful lies.

i stvarati još ljepše laži.

So thanks for listening.

Pa, hvala vam na slušanju.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)