Megan Kamerick: Women should represent women in media

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: Kang Rong SUN 校对人员: Yifan Wu

Like most journalists, I'm an idealist.

正如所有记者一样，我是个理想主义者。

I love unearthing good stories, especially untold stories.

热爱发掘好故事，尤其是那些未曾被讲述过的。

I just didn't think that in 2011,

我只是无法想象即使在2011年

women would still be in that category.

女性仍然处在这一行列（未曾讲述的故事）。

I'm the President of the Journalism and Women Symposium -- JAWS.

我是记者与女性论坛的主席，

我们论坛简称“大白鲨”（JAWS）那是鲨鲨（笑声）

That's Sharky.

(Laughter)

I joined 10 years ago because I wanted female role models,

十年前，我加入这个论坛，因为我期望有女性榜样的诞生，

但是我为此烦透了心，因为从事记者这一职业的女性地位并不受人重视

and I was frustrated by the lagging status of women in our profession

同样的，这也体现在我们在新闻媒体上的不受重视性

and what that meant for our image in the media.

大部分媒体都是这样

We make up half the population of the world,

我们女性占世界一半人口

but we're just 24 percent of the news subjects

作为新闻话题在新闻故事中被提及次数的百分比只有24%

quoted in news stories.

数据引自新闻报道

And we're just 20 percent of the experts quoted in stories.

报道中引用的专家采访中仅有20%是来自女性的，

And now, with today's technology,

而且如今科技这么发达

it's possible to remove women from the picture completely.

女人们完全可能从报道中被踢出来

This is a picture of President Barack Obama and his advisors,

这是一张奥巴马总统

和他的顾问们在追捕本拉登时候的照片，

tracking the killing of Osama bin Laden.

You can see Hillary Clinton on the right.

在照片的右边，您可以看到希拉里-克林顿，

不过，让我们一起来看看这张照片

Let's see how the photo ran

in an Orthodox Jewish newspaper based in Brooklyn.

在布鲁克林一家正统犹太教的报纸上发行的情况，

Hillary's completely gone.

希拉里不见了！（全场笑）

(Laughter)

The paper apologized, but said it never runs photos of women;

这家报纸事后对此表示了歉意，但是他们仍然坚持称

我们就不登女人的照片！

they might be sexually provocative.

可能是因为他们太饥渴了（全场笑）

(Laughter)

This is an extreme case, yes.

是的，或许这是个极端案例，但是事实上，

But the fact is,

只有19%的女性会在

women are only 19 percent of the sources in stories on politics,

政治话题的报道中被采访，

and only 20 percent in stories on the economy.

在经济报道中也仅占20%出镜率。

这些重男轻女的新闻报道不断地描绘出男性的数量

The news continues to give us a picture

在几乎所有职业中都超过女性，

where men outnumber women

in nearly all occupational categories, except two:

除了两项，那就是：学生和家庭主妇。（全场笑）

students and homemakers.

(Laughter)

So we all get a very distorted picture of reality.

于是我们得到了与事实完全不相符的，缺少了我们女性当家做主的新闻报道

当然，问题可能是

The problem is, of course, there aren't enough women in newsrooms.

编辑部里女性太少了。

They report at just 37 percent of stories in print, TV and radio.

仅有37%的新闻是由女性播报的，

无论是在纸媒、还是电视、还是广播中。

Even in stories on gender-based violence,

即便是那些关于与性别相关的暴力事件，

男性在占了绝大多数的报道版面

men get an overwhelming majority of print space and airtime.

和播放时间。

Case in point:

举个例子来说，

This March, the New York Times ran a story by James McKinley

今年3月，纽约时报的

詹姆士-麦金雷报道了一起一群人轮奸一名小女孩的故事，

about a gang rape of a young girl,

11 years old, in a small Texas town.

受害的小女孩年仅11岁，事情发生在德克萨斯的一座小镇。

McKinley writes that the community is wondering,

麦金雷写道：社区的百姓不禁疑惑，

“自家的男孩子怎么会被卷入这种事？”

"How could their boys have been drawn into this?"

“卷入这种事”说得好像他们

"Drawn into this" --

like they were seduced into committing an act of violence.

多无辜多纯洁，是被人引诱迫不得已才出此下策欺负小女孩似的

And the first person he quotes says,

记者引用的第一位受访者如是说：

"These boys will have to live with this the rest of their lives."

“这些男孩恐怕后半辈子都要活在这件事的阴影中了。”

(Groans, laughter)

（全场唏嘘）

You don't hear much about the 11-year-old victim,

大家没有听到与11岁的受害者相关的描述，

except that she wore clothes that were a little old for her

除了写她穿着比较成熟（比她年龄看起来略大一些），

还有就是她化妆了。

and she wore makeup.

The Times was deluged with criticism.

于是，外界对纽约时报指责如潮。

Initially, it defended itself,

起初，纽约时报为自己辩护说：“这些不代表我们的观点，

and said, "These aren't our views.

这是被访者说的。”

This is what we found in our reporting."

Now, here's a secret you probably know already:

但是，您或许知道，

Your stories are constructed.

故事是记者写的，

As reporters, we research, we interview.

我们作为记者，会做调研、进行采访，

从而还原事情的真相。

We try to give a good picture of reality.

We also have our own unconscious biases.

我们也会带有一些无意识的偏见，

But The Times makes it sound like anyone would have reported this story

但是纽约时报的回答听起来就像

任何人报道这件事都会这么说。

the same way.

I disagree with that.

我认为不然。

三周后，纽约时报重新报道了这起事件。

So three weeks later,

The Times revisits the story.

This time, it adds another byline to it with McKinley's:

这次，麦金雷旁边还有一个署名：

艾丽卡-古德。

Erica Goode.

What emerges is a truly sad, horrific tale

这对一个年轻姑娘和她的家庭来说无疑是悲恸、可怕的，

of a young girl and her family trapped in poverty.

何况她的家还处于贫困之中。

She was raped numerous times by many men.

她被很多男人奸污了很多次。

She had been a bright, easygoing girl.

她聪明可爱，与人为善，

She was maturing quickly, physically,

成熟、发育得比较早，

but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals.

但她的床上还放满了毛绒玩具。

It's a very different picture.

大家可以看到，报道完全是另一派景象了。

Perhaps the addition of Ms. Goode is what made this story more complete.

或许出自古德女士之手，

这样一描绘，故事才得以完整地还原出真实面貌。

The Global Media Monitoring Project has found that stories by female reporters

全球媒体监测项目发现

女性记者的报道更可能

are more likely to challenge stereotypes than those by male reporters.

挑战男记者报道的思维定势。

At KUNM here in Albuquerque,

在阿尔伯克基，研究生伊莱恩鲍姆加特尔

Elaine Baumgartel did some graduate research

做了一些调研，关于女性受害者

on the coverage of violence against women.

在暴力事件中的报道与曝光。

What she found was many of these stories tend to blame victims

她发现，许多类似故事

都有指责女性被害者，并贬低他们生命之嫌。

and devalue their lives.

They tend to sensationalize, and they lack context.

他们倾向于炒作，但又缺乏事件的背景。

So for her graduate work,

因此，在她的研究生毕业论文中，她做了一个系列报道，内容包含3个部分，

she did a three-part series on the murder of 11 women,

报道是关于11位女性被谋杀

found buried on Albuquerque's West Mesa.

后被发现埋尸于阿尔伯克基的西台地。

她尝试挑战那些陈词滥调，

She tried to challenge those patterns and stereotypes in her work

在她的作品中，她展现了

and she tried to show the challenges that journalists face

记者面临的诸多挑战，包括外部信息来源的，

from external sources, their own internal biases

他们自己内部的偏见，以及文化规范等等，

and cultural norms.

And she worked with an editor at National Public Radio

她与一位国家公共电台的编导合作，

to try to get a story aired nationally.

尝试把故事在全国范围内播出。

She's not sure that would have happened if the editor had not been a female.

她难以想象结果会是怎样，

如果那位编导不是女性的话。

Stories in the news

新闻被曝光的可能性会提高一倍，

are more than twice as likely to present women as victims than men,

如果受害者是女性的话，

and women are more likely to be defined by their body parts.

女性也更易被

自身身体特征所界定。

Wired magazine, November 2010.

连线杂志，2010年11月。

Yes, the issue was about breast-tissue engineering.

是的，这期杂志是关于乳房组织工程的。

Now I know you're all distracted, so I'll take that off.

我知道现在各位的注意力都被此吸引了，所以我决定把它关掉。（全场笑）

(Laughter)

Eyes up here.

请看这边。（全场笑）

(Laughter)

So --

所以。（鼓掌）

(Applause)

事情是这样的。

Here's the thing:

Wired almost never puts women on its cover.

连线杂志几乎从来不把女性用于杂志封面。

Oh, there have been some gimmicky ones --

对了，曾经有过一些小小的把戏。

在办公室的帕姆。

Pam from "The Office,"

漫画版的女孩。

manga girls,

a voluptuous model covered in synthetic diamonds.

满身合成钻石的妖娆模特。

Texas State University professor Cindy Royal wondered in her blog

德克萨斯州立大学辛迪-罗伊教授

在博客中疑惑地写道：“年轻女性，比如说她自己的学生，

how are young women like her students supposed to feel about their roles

如何能通过连线杂志感觉到自己在科技中的地位？”

in technology, reading Wired.

Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired, defended his choice

连线杂志主编克里斯-安德森捍卫自己的编排，

and said there aren't enough women, prominent women

解释道：没有足够的女性以及知名女性

in technology to sell a cover, to sell an issue.

在科技领域，无法有足够选择用作封面，也很难让杂志畅销。

Part of that is true,

这句话说对了一部分。确实没有很多

there aren't as many prominent women in technology.

知名的女性在科技领域。

Here's my problem with that argument:

我认为问题是

Media tells us every day what's important,

媒体天天都告诉我们什么是重要的，

by the stories they choose and where they place them;

通过他们编选的故事和排版的位置。

it's called agenda setting.

这称之为日程设置。

How many people knew the founders of Facebook and Google

有多少人知道Facebook网的创始人

还有谷歌的创始人？在他们没有登上杂志封面之前？

before their faces were on a magazine cover?

Putting them there made them more recognizable.

在杂志上曝光后，他们受到更多认可。

Now, Fast Company Magazine embraces that idea.

如今，快速公司杂志采纳了这个想法。

This is its cover from November 15, 2010.

这是它们2010年11月15日的杂志封面。

The issue is about the most prominent and influential women in technology.

这期杂志是关于最有名、最具影响力的

科技界女性。

Editor Robert Safian told the Poynter Institute,

编辑罗伯特-萨凡告诉波因特研究所，

"Silicon Valley is very white and very male.

“硅谷是白人和男人的天下，

但是快速公司杂志不这么认为，快速公司杂志认为商务世界

But that's not what Fast Company thinks

the business world will look like in the future,

是未来，因此它们会尝试

so it tries to give a picture of where the globalized world is moving."

呈现未来全球化世界的发展图景。”

By the way, apparently, Wired took all this to heart.

顺便说一下，连线杂志似乎也明显意识到这一点了。

这是它们四月份的杂志。（全场笑）

This was its issue in April.

(Laughter)

That's Limor Fried, the founder of Adafruit Industries,

这是李默弗雷德，艾达福特工业公司创始人，

in the Rosie the Riveter pose.

摆了个二战时期美国女性的标志性动作。

It would help to have more women in positions of leadership in media.

女性在媒体行业领导层占据的席位将更多。

近期，一项全球性的调研发现

A recent global survey

found that 73 percent of the top media-management jobs

73%顶尖媒体企业的管理层

都是男性。

are still held by men.

But this is also about something far more complex:

但是这也表现了另一件更为复杂的事：

our own unconscious biases and blind spots.

那就是我们自己潜意识的偏见和盲点。

Shankar Vedantam is the author

尚卡尔沃单谭，著有《隐藏的大脑：

of "The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents,

我们的潜意识是如何选举总统，

Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives."

控制市场，打响价格战，拯救自己的？》一书。

He told the former ombudsman at National Public Radio,

他告诉一位

国家公共广播电台（NPR）的前监督员，那位监督员当时正在

who was doing a report on how women fare in NPR coverage,

报道女性在NPR中的身影，

unconscious bias flows throughout most of our lives.

他说道：潜意识几乎无时不在、无处不在，

It's really difficult to disentangle those strands.

要想解开这团迷线非常困难。

但他提出一项建议。

But he did have one suggestion.

He used to work for two editors

他曾经与两位编辑共事，他们说过

who said every story had to have at least one female source.

每个故事至少得有一个信息来源是来自女性的。

一开始他有些犹豫，但最后，他

He balked at first,

but said he eventually followed the directive happily,

还是按照这一原则做了，效果很喜人，他的故事越写越好，

because his stories got better

工作也变得容易了许多。

and his job got easier.

Now, I don't know if one of the editors was a woman,

我不知道是否其中一位是女编辑，

but that can make the biggest difference.

但是那确实产生了很大的影响。

The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994

达拉斯早报在1994年曾荣获过普利策新闻奖，

获奖的系列是关于全球女性的。

for a series it did on women around the world,

but one of the reporters told me

但是其中一位记者告诉我，她很确信

she's convinced it never would have happened

他们不会成功，如果不是

if they had not had a female assistant foreign editor,

没有一位女性境外记者的帮助，

and they would not have gotten some of those stories

他们根本无法获得那些故事，

without female reporters and editors on the ground,

如果没有那些在一线的女记者和女编辑，

particularly one on female genital mutilation --

尤其是一篇关于切割女性生殖器官的报道。

men would just not be allowed into those situations.

男性是无法接近那些场合的。

This is an important point to consider,

这也是很重要的一点考虑因素，

because much of our foreign policy now revolves around countries

因为如今很多外国政策都

在女性问题上有一定的回旋余地，

where the treatment of women is an issue,

例如阿富汗。

such as Afghanistan.

What we're told in terms of arguments against leaving this country

我们所知道的关于撤境的说法是

女性可以优先撤离，

is that the fate of the women is primary.

Now, I'm sure a male reporter in Kabul can find women to interview.

所有我确定男性记者在坎布尔能找到女性

做采访。但不确定农村或传统地域也是如此，

Not so sure about rural, traditional areas,

那些地方恐怕女性是无法跟陌生男子说话的。

where I'm guessing women can't talk to strange men.

It's important to keep talking about this, in light of Lara Logan.

这件事的持续报道很重要，

想想拉腊洛根，

She was the CBS News correspondent

她曾是CBS新闻记者，

who was brutally sexually assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square,

但是在埃及解放广场残忍地受到性侵犯

right after this photo was taken.

这张照片拍摄之际

资深媒体人几乎同时都一拥而入

Almost immediately, pundits weighed in,

blaming her and saying things like,

批评她，说她：“你知道吗，

女性不应该被派遣到这种地方做播报”

"You know, maybe women shouldn't be sent to cover those stories."

I never heard anyone say this about Anderson Cooper and his crew,

我从未听到任何人如此评论安德森库伯

who were attacked covering the same story.

和他的新闻团队，他们也播报了同样的新闻。

One way to get more women into leadership

让女性更容易进入领导阶层的一个方法是

is to have other women mentor them.

让其他女性指导她们。

One of my board members is an editor at a major global media company,

我的一位董事局成员是一家

全球媒体公司的一位编辑，她从未想过

but she never thought about this as a career path,

自己能迈入这条职业发展轨迹，直到她遇见了一位犹太的女榜样。

until she met female role models at JAWS.

But this is not just a job for super-journalists

但这对于一名杰出记者或我的公司来说不只是一份工作。

or my organization.

你们所有人都拥有权利在强势、

You all have a stake in a strong, vibrant media.

多变的媒体里。

Analyze your news.

分析你所看到的新闻，如果发现有差异，尽管说出自己的看法

And speak up when there are gaps missing in coverage,

把自己当做纽约时报的记者，

like people at The New York Times did.

Suggest female sources to reporters and editors.

向记者和编辑朋友推荐女性信息来源。

Remember -- a complete picture of reality may depend upon it.

请记住：事实的完整真相

就建筑在这些之上。

And I'll leave you with a video clip

我将请大家看一段视频，2007年的时候我首次看到这段视频，

that I first saw in [1987] when I was a student in London.

当时我还在伦敦读书。

视频关于卫报

It's for The Guardian newspaper.

It's actually long before I ever thought about becoming a journalist,

那是我还远没有想到自己

会从事记者事业，尽管我对此很感兴趣

but I was very interested in how we learn to perceive our world.

感兴趣于如何认知这世界。

Narrator: An event seen from one point of view gives one impression.

旁白：当我们从自己角度出发观察一件事情的时候

这件事留给我们深刻印象。

Seen from another point of view,

当从另一个角度去看时，

it gives quite a different impression.

又是另一番样子。

But it's only when you get the whole picture,

但是，仅仅当你看到全貌时

you can fully understand what's going on.

你才能完全理解事情的真相。

[The Guardian]

《卫报》

Megan Kamerick: I think you'll all agree

梅根麦克理科：我认为大家都会同意

如果我们看到事情的全貌，世界将变得更美好。

that we'd be better off if we all had the whole picture.