How women wage conflict without violence | Julia Bacha

翻译人员: Hualin Bai 校对人员: Zifan Meng

Twelve years ago, I picked up a camera for the first time

十二年前，我第一次拿起相机

to film the olive harvest in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.

去拍摄一个位于约旦河西岸的巴勒斯坦村庄的橄榄收割活动

I thought I was there to make a single documentary

我本打算去那里拍一个纪录片

and would then move on to some other part of the world.

然后就会离开去其他地方

But something kept bringing me back.

但有些东西让我一直割舍不开

Now, usually, when international audiences hear about that part of the world,

现如今，当国际上的听众了解世界的那个部分后

they often just want that conflict to go away.

他们只希望冲突早点结束

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is bad, and we wish it could just disappear.

巴以冲突严重，我们只想它能消失

We feel much the same way about other conflicts around the world.

我们对世界上的其他冲突也怀有同样的感受

But every time we turn our attention to the news,

但好像每次我们注意到新闻

it seems like one more country has gone up in flames.

都会有另一个国家陷入战火

So I've been wondering

所以我一直在想

whether we should not start looking at conflict in a different way --

我们是否应该从不同的角度看待冲突

whether instead of simply wishing to end conflict,

是否应该聚焦于冲突是如何发动的

we focus instead on how to wage conflict.

而不是仅仅希望能结束冲突

This has been a big question for me,

这对我而言一直是个大问题

one I've pursued together with my team at the nonprofit Just Vision.

一个我和我在非盈利组织Just Vision的团队一直在追寻的问题

After witnessing several different kinds of struggles in the Middle East,

在目睹了中东地区几种不同的尝试之后

I started noticing some patterns on the more successful ones.

我开始注意到那些更为成功的尝试所具有的方式

I wondered whether these variables held across cases, and if they did,

我想知道这些变量是否存在于其他情况，如果是的话

what lessons we could glean for waging constructive conflict,

我们能从中学到哪些以在巴基斯坦、以色列等

in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere.

开展建设性冲突

There is some science about this.

这背后有其科学道理

In a study of 323 major political conflicts

在一项关于1900年~2006年间的

from 1900 to 2006,

323起政治冲突的研究中

Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth found that nonviolent campaigns

Maria Stephan 和 Erica Chenoweth发现非暴力运动

were almost 100 percent more likely to lead to success than violent campaigns.

相较于暴力运动高出接近一倍的成功率

Nonviolent campaigns are also less likely to cause physical harm

非暴力运动也更不易对运动发起人

to those waging the campaign,

造成身体上的伤害

as well as their opponents.

对其对手而言也是如此

And, critically, they typically lead to more peaceful and democratic societies.

并且，严格说来，也通常会得到更和平和民主的社会

In other words, nonviolent resistance is a more effective and constructive way

换句话说，非暴力抵抗是一个更高效和建设性的

of waging conflict.

发起抗争的方法

But if that's such an easy choice, why don't more groups use it?

但如果这是个显而易见的选择，为什么没有更多的团体运用它？

Political scientist Victor Asal and colleagues

政治学家 Victor Asal 和他的同事

have looked at several factors

调查了影响政治团体策略选择的

that shape a political group's choice of tactics.

几个因素

And it turns out that the greatest predictor

结果表明影响一个运动采取非暴力或是暴力的决定

of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence or violence

的最大影响因素

is not whether that group is more left-wing or right-wing,

不是这个团体是更偏向左翼还是右翼

not whether the group is more or less influenced by religious beliefs,

也不是团体被宗教信仰影响的多少

not whether it's up against a democracy or a dictatorship,

不是它反抗的是民主还是独裁

and not even the levels of repression that that group is facing.

甚至也不是这个团体遭受镇压迫的水平

The greatest predictor of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence

影响一个运动的采用非暴力的决定的最大因素是

is its ideology regarding the role of women in public life.

它关于女人在公共生活中角色的意识形态

(Applause)

[掌声]

When a movement includes in its discourse

当一个运动在其议题中

language around gender equality,

包含性别平等时

it increases dramatically the chances it will adopt nonviolence,

它采取非暴力的几率戏剧性增长

and thus, the likelihood it will succeed.

如此一来，它成功的可能性也相应增长

The research squared up with my own documentation

这项研究和我自己对巴以政治组织的记录

of political organizing in Israel and Palestine.

结论不谋而合

I've noticed that movements which welcome women into leadership positions,

我注意到那些欢迎女性进入领导层的运动

such as the one I documented in a village called Budrus,

比如我在一个叫做Budrus的村子记录的一个例子

were much more likely to achieve their goals.

就非常容易实现他们的目标

This village was under a real threat of being wiped off the map

当以色列开始修建隔离墙的时候

when Israel started building the separation barrier.

这个村子面临这被从地图上抹去的切实危险

The proposed route would require

原定的（隔离墙）路线会

the destruction of this community's olive groves, their cemeteries

摧毁这个社区的橄榄园、他们的墓地

and would ultimately enclose the village from all sides.

还会将这个村子从各个方向上完全隔离开来

Through inspired local leadership,

通过富有灵感的当地领导

they launched a nonviolent resistance campaign to stop that from happening.

他们发起了一项旨在组织毁灭发生的抵抗运动

The odds were massively stacked against them.

形势对他们很不利

But they had a secret weapon:

但他们有一件秘密武器：

a 15-year-old girl

一个15岁的女孩

who courageously jumped in front of a bulldozer

她曾勇敢地跳到一辆推土机前

which was about to uproot an olive tree, stopping it.

阻止了它去推倒一颗橄榄树

In that moment, the community of Budrus realized what was possible

在那一刻，Budrus的居民们意识到是有可能的

if they welcomed and encouraged women to participate in public life.

如果他们欢迎并鼓励女人参与到公共生活中去

And so it was that the women of Budrus went to the front lines day after day,

也正是Budrus的女人们日复一日地到前线

using their creativity and acumen to overcome multiple obstacles they faced

发挥她们的创造性和敏锐性

in a 10-month unarmed struggle.

以克服她们在为期10个月的非武装斗争中面临的众多障碍

And as you can probably tell at this point,

正如你可以想见的那样

they win at the end.

她们最终赢了

The separation barrier was changed completely

隔离墙被完全改道到

to the internationally recognized green line,

国际认可的绿线内

and the women of Budrus came to be known across the West Bank

Budrus的女人们也因她们不屈不挠的活力

for their indomitable energy.

名声响彻西岸地区

(Applause)

[掌声]

Thank you.

谢谢

I want to pause for a second, which you helped me do,

我想暂停片刻，你们也已经帮我实现了

because I do want to tackle two very serious misunderstandings

因为我想解决两个目前可能发生的

that could happen at this point.

两个很严重的误解

The first one is that I don't believe

第一个是我不认为

women are inherently or essentially more peaceful than men.

女人天生比男人更和平

But I do believe that in today's world,

但是我确实相信在当今世界

women experience power differently.

女人执行权利与男人不同

Having had to navigate being in the less powerful position

在生活中的各个方面

in multiple aspects of their lives,

都处于劣势地位的情况下艰难前行

women are often more adept

女人往往更善于

at how to surreptitiously pressure for change

面对强大的行动者时

against large, powerful actors.

隐蔽地施压寻求改变

The term "manipulative," often charged against women in a derogatory way,

‘操纵’这个常被用来指责女人的词

reflects a reality in which women have often had to find ways

反应了这样一个现实，女人为了实现目标

other than direct confrontation to achieve their goals.

必须找到除直接对抗之外的方法

And finding alternatives to direct confrontation

而寻找直接对抗的另一种选择

is at the core of nonviolent resistance.

正是非暴力抵抗的核心

Now to the second potential misunderstanding.

至于第二个可能的误解

I've been talking a lot about my experiences in the Middle East,

我一直在谈论我在中东地区的经历

and some of you might be thinking now

你们有些人可能在想

that the solution then is for us to educate Muslim and Arab societies

问题的解决方案在于教育穆斯林和阿拉伯社会

to be more inclusive of their women.

对女性更加包容

If we were to do that, they would be more successful.

如果我们要那么做，她们可以更加成功

They do not need this kind of help.

她们不需要这种帮助

Women have been part of the most influential movements

女人参与了中东地区的

coming out of the Middle East,

最有影响力的运动

but they tend to be invisible to the international community.

但她们对于国际社会来说是隐形的

Our cameras are largely focused on the men

我们的摄像头大部分都对准了

who often end up involved in the more confrontational scenes

那些在让我们屏息的新闻场景中

that we find so irresistible in our news cycle.

直接对抗的男人们

And we end up with a narrative that not only erases women

我们通常以一种不仅抹平了

from the struggles in the region

地区斗争中的女人

but often misrepresents the struggles themselves.

而且错误描述了运动本身的叙事方法

In the late 1980s, an uprising started in Gaza,

在20世纪80年代后期，一场起义发端于加沙

and quickly spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

迅速传播到西岸地区和东耶路撒冷

It came to be known as the First Intifada,

这场起义后来被称为“巴勒斯坦大起义 ”

and people who have any visual memory of it

任何对这场起义仍有视觉记忆的人

generally conjure up something like this:

一般会想起这样的场景：

Palestinian men throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.

巴基斯坦男人向以色列坦克扔石块

The news coverage at the time

当时的新闻报道

made it seem like stones, Molotov cocktails and burning tires

让它看起来好像石头、燃烧弹和燃烧的轮胎

were the only activities taking place in the Intifada.

是在这场起义中出现的所有东西

This period, though, was also marked by widespread nonviolent organizing

然而，这个时期也同样充斥着非暴力的组织形式

in the forms of strikes, sit-ins and the creation of parallel institutions.

罢工、静坐及平行组织的其他活动

During the First Intifada,

在大起义期间

whole sectors of the Palestinian civilian population mobilized,

所有的巴基斯坦民族都动员起来

cutting across generations, factions and class lines.

跨越了世代、派系和阶级的界限

They did this through networks of popular committees,

他们通过人民委员会网络实现这一切

and their use of direct action and communal self-help projects

他们对直接行动和社区自助项目的运用

challenged Israel's very ability

直接挑战了以色列持续统治西岸和加沙

to continue ruling the West Bank and Gaza.

的能力

According to the Israeli Army itself,

根据以色列军队自己的说法

97 percent of activities during the First Intifada were unarmed.

大起义期间，百分之97的活动是没有武装的

And here's another thing that is not part of our narrative about that time.

还有一件事情是谈论那个世代时没有提到的

For 18 months in the Intifada,

大起义间的18个月

women were the ones calling the shots behind the scenes:

女人们在幕后发号施令

Palestinian women from all walks of life

来自各个阶层的巴基斯坦女人

in charge of mobilizing hundreds of thousands of people

负责动员成千上万的人

in a concerted effort to withdraw consent from the occupation.

共同努力从占领撤回统一

Naela Ayesh, who strived to build a self-sufficient Palestinian economy

Naela Ayyash力求通过鼓励加沙的女人在后院种植蔬菜

by encouraging women in Gaza to grow vegetables in their backyards,

建立一个自足的巴基斯坦经济

an activity deemed illegal by the Israeli authorities at that time;

这项活动被当时的以色列政府视为非法

Rabeha Diab, who took over decision-making authority

Rabeha Diab

for the entire uprising

在负责运行整个起义的男人

when the men who had been running it

被驱逐后

were deported;

扛起了指定决策的大旗

Fatima Al Jaafari, who swallowed leaflets containing the uprising's directives

Fatima AL Jaafari吞下含有起义指令的传单

in order to spread them across the territories

以免在穿越整个领土传递的时候

without getting caught;

被抓到

and Zahira Kamal,

还有Zahira kamal

who ensured the longevity of the uprising

她通过领导一个

by leading an organization

在仅仅一年间人数从25位女人增长到3000的组织

that went from 25 women to 3,000 in a single year.

保证了起义的长期进行

Despite their extraordinary achievements,

尽管有这些非凡的成就

none of these women have made it into our narrative of the First Intifada.

没有一个女人进入了我们关于大起义的描述中

We do this in other parts of the globe, too.

在世界上的其他地方，我们也是如此行事

In our history books, for instance, and in our collective consciousness,

比如在我们的历史教科书和集体意识中

men are the public faces and spokespersons

对于20世纪60年代的运动 对于美国的种族平等

for the 1960s struggle for racial justice in the United States.

公众面孔和发言人的形象都是男人

But women were also a critical driving force,

但是女人也是动员、组织、上街的

mobilizing, organizing, taking to the streets.

一股关键力量

How many of us think of Septima Clark

我们当中有多少人在想到美国民权运动年代时

when we think of the United States Civil Rights era?

会想到Septima Clark?

Remarkably few.

很少有人

But she played a crucial role in every phase of the struggle,

但她在运动的每一个阶段都起到了关键作用

particularly by emphasizing literacy and education.

特别是她对读写教育的强调

She's been omitted, ignored,

她被省略，被忽略

like so many other women who played critical roles

正如其他那些在美国民权运动中

in the United States Civil Rights Movement.

起到关键角色的女人一样

This is not about getting credit.

这不是关于得到功劳

It's more profound than that.

这比那意义深远的多

The stories we tell matter deeply to how we see ourselves,

我们讲述的故事对我们如何看待自己

and to how we believe movements are run

我们认为运动是如何进行的

and how movements are won.

运动是怎样成功的至关重要

The stories we tell about a movement like the First Intifada

我们的关于运动的故事，比如大起义

or the United States Civil Rights era

或者美国民权运动世代

matter deeply and have a critical influence

影响深远

in the choices Palestinians,

并且对巴基斯坦人

Americans

美国人

and people around the world will make

以及第三世界国家的人民在

next time they encounter an injustice

再次遇到不公待遇时采取的抉择

and develop the courage to confront it.

以及获得对抗的勇气都有关键性的影响

If we do not lift up the women who played critical roles in these struggles,

如果我们不表彰那些在斗争中起到关键作用的女人们

we fail to offer up role models to future generations.

我们就不能为后代树立榜样

Without role models, it becomes harder

没有榜样，在公共生活中

for women to take up their rightful space

女人要想取得自己合乎权利的空间

in public life.

会更加困难

And as we saw earlier,

正如我们之前所见

one of the most critical variables

决定一个运动成功与否的

in determining whether a movement will be successful or not

关键因素之一

is a movement's ideology regarding the role of women

是这个运动关于女人在公共生活中角色的

in public life.

意识形态

This is a question of whether we're moving

这是一个我们是否向向

towards more democratic and peaceful societies.

更加民主和和平社会转变的问题

In a world where so much change is happening,

在一个如此多的变化正在发生的世界

and where change is bound to continue at an increasingly faster pace,

变化本身注定要以更快的步伐继续下去

it is not a question of whether we will face conflict,

这不是我们是否会面对冲突的问题

but rather a question

而是哪些故事

of which stories will shape

能影响我们如何选择

how we choose to wage conflict.

发起冲突的问题

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

[掌声]