How women wage conflict without violence | Julia Bacha

72,485 views ใƒป 2016-09-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Twelve years ago, I picked up a camera for the first time
0
12920
4136
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆืœืžื”,
00:17
to film the olive harvest in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.
1
17080
4120
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ืžืกื™ืง ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
00:21
I thought I was there to make a single documentary
2
21880
2416
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
00:24
and would then move on to some other part of the world.
3
24320
2856
ื•ืื—ืจ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:27
But something kept bringing me back.
4
27200
2280
ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื.
00:30
Now, usually, when international audiences hear about that part of the world,
5
30320
3976
ื‘ื“"ื›, ื›ืฉืงื”ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื,
00:34
they often just want that conflict to go away.
6
34320
3536
ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืœื.
00:37
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is bad, and we wish it could just disappear.
7
37880
3640
ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืข ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื™ืขืœื.
00:42
We feel much the same way about other conflicts around the world.
8
42280
3200
ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:46
But every time we turn our attention to the news,
9
46360
2936
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:49
it seems like one more country has gone up in flames.
10
49320
2960
ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืืจืฅ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช.
00:53
So I've been wondering
11
53800
1216
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื”ื™ืชื™
ืฉืžื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื—ืจืช ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื --
00:55
whether we should not start looking at conflict in a different way --
12
55040
3320
00:59
whether instead of simply wishing to end conflict,
13
59200
3936
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืชื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš,
01:03
we focus instead on how to wage conflict.
14
63160
4016
ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš.
01:07
This has been a big question for me,
15
67200
2056
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
01:09
one I've pursued together with my team at the nonprofit Just Vision.
16
69280
3640
ืฉืืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื›"ืจ "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง".
01:14
After witnessing several different kinds of struggles in the Middle East,
17
74320
4096
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:18
I started noticing some patterns on the more successful ones.
18
78440
4216
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.
01:22
I wondered whether these variables held across cases, and if they did,
19
82680
4136
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืืœื” ืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ,
01:26
what lessons we could glean for waging constructive conflict,
20
86840
4896
ืžื”ื ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš,
01:31
in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere.
21
91760
2840
ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:36
There is some science about this.
22
96200
1720
ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
01:38
In a study of 323 major political conflicts
23
98760
4176
ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ 323 ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
01:42
from 1900 to 2006,
24
102960
2976
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1900 ืœ-2006,
01:45
Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth found that nonviolent campaigns
25
105960
5296
ืžืจื™ื” ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื•ืืจื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื ื•ื•ืช' ืžืฆืื• ืฉืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื™ื
01:51
were almost 100 percent more likely to lead to success than violent campaigns.
26
111280
6240
ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 100% ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืืœื™ืžื™ื.
01:58
Nonviolent campaigns are also less likely to cause physical harm
27
118080
4296
ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™
02:02
to those waging the campaign,
28
122400
1936
ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš
02:04
as well as their opponents.
29
124360
2136
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื.
02:06
And, critically, they typically lead to more peaceful and democratic societies.
30
126520
5880
ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช:
ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจื•ืช-ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:13
In other words, nonviolent resistance is a more effective and constructive way
31
133320
4816
ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:18
of waging conflict.
32
138160
1200
ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš.
02:20
But if that's such an easy choice, why don't more groups use it?
33
140720
3200
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื›ื” ืงืœื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:25
Political scientist Victor Asal and colleagues
34
145240
2656
ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืืกืœ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•
02:27
have looked at several factors
35
147920
1776
ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
02:29
that shape a political group's choice of tactics.
36
149720
2560
ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:33
And it turns out that the greatest predictor
37
153200
2960
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื ื‘ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:37
of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence or violence
38
157040
4296
ืื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื,
02:41
is not whether that group is more left-wing or right-wing,
39
161360
4336
ืื™ื ื ื• ืื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืืœ ืื• ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ,
02:45
not whether the group is more or less influenced by religious beliefs,
40
165720
5096
ืœื ืื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:50
not whether it's up against a democracy or a dictatorship,
41
170840
3056
ืœื ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืžืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื• ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช
02:53
and not even the levels of repression that that group is facing.
42
173920
3600
ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื™ืชื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช.
02:58
The greatest predictor of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence
43
178640
4680
ื”ืžื ื‘ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
03:04
is its ideology regarding the role of women in public life.
44
184120
4440
ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:09
(Applause)
45
189160
3440
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:15
When a movement includes in its discourse
46
195000
3096
ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื”
03:18
language around gender equality,
47
198120
1736
ืื•ืฆืจ-ืžืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™,
03:19
it increases dramatically the chances it will adopt nonviolence,
48
199880
3336
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
03:23
and thus, the likelihood it will succeed.
49
203240
2320
ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื”.
03:26
The research squared up with my own documentation
50
206280
2776
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
03:29
of political organizing in Israel and Palestine.
51
209080
3336
ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:32
I've noticed that movements which welcome women into leadership positions,
52
212440
4416
ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช,
03:36
such as the one I documented in a village called Budrus,
53
216880
3296
ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ืขื“ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื•ื“ืจื•ืก,
03:40
were much more likely to achieve their goals.
54
220200
2600
ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
03:43
This village was under a real threat of being wiped off the map
55
223920
4016
ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืงืชื• ืžื”ืžืคื”
03:47
when Israel started building the separation barrier.
56
227960
2840
ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”.
03:51
The proposed route would require
57
231560
1856
ื”ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘
03:53
the destruction of this community's olive groves, their cemeteries
58
233440
4496
ืืช ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:57
and would ultimately enclose the village from all sides.
59
237960
2840
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื•.
04:01
Through inspired local leadership,
60
241880
1656
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืฉืจืื”
04:03
they launched a nonviolent resistance campaign to stop that from happening.
61
243560
3640
ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ืืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืืช.
04:08
The odds were massively stacked against them.
62
248400
3120
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืœืจืขืชื.
04:12
But they had a secret weapon:
63
252920
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื ืฉืง ืกื•ื“ื™:
04:17
a 15-year-old girl
64
257880
1776
ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 15
04:19
who courageously jumped in front of a bulldozer
65
259680
2736
ืฉืงืคืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื—ืคื•ืจ
04:22
which was about to uproot an olive tree, stopping it.
66
262440
3480
ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืช, ื•ืขืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื•.
04:26
In that moment, the community of Budrus realized what was possible
67
266640
3576
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื•ื“ืจื•ืก ืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
04:30
if they welcomed and encouraged women to participate in public life.
68
270240
4600
ืื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
04:35
And so it was that the women of Budrus went to the front lines day after day,
69
275560
3856
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืจื•ืก ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื,
04:39
using their creativity and acumen to overcome multiple obstacles they faced
70
279440
4456
ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืงื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
04:43
in a 10-month unarmed struggle.
71
283920
2080
ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื-ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:47
And as you can probably tell at this point,
72
287000
2000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•.
04:49
they win at the end.
73
289024
1200
04:51
The separation barrier was changed completely
74
291760
2936
ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืชืื ื›ื•ืœื•
04:54
to the internationally recognized green line,
75
294720
2736
ืœืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
04:57
and the women of Budrus came to be known across the West Bank
76
297480
3736
ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืจื•ืก ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
05:01
for their indomitable energy.
77
301240
2000
ื‘ืจื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืœื-ื—ืช.
05:04
(Applause)
78
304560
2736
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:07
Thank you.
79
307320
1360
ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:12
I want to pause for a second, which you helped me do,
80
312560
2696
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืคืงืชื ืœื™,
05:15
because I do want to tackle two very serious misunderstandings
81
315280
3936
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:19
that could happen at this point.
82
319240
1600
ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœืข ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช.
05:21
The first one is that I don't believe
83
321840
3416
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื”
05:25
women are inherently or essentially more peaceful than men.
84
325280
5040
ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื—ืจื•ืช-ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:31
But I do believe that in today's world,
85
331800
3376
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
05:35
women experience power differently.
86
335200
2880
ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ื• ื›ื•ื—.
05:39
Having had to navigate being in the less powerful position
87
339280
3176
ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืืœืฆื•ืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช
05:42
in multiple aspects of their lives,
88
342480
2736
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:45
women are often more adept
89
345240
2336
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:47
at how to surreptitiously pressure for change
90
347600
3256
ื‘ื”ืคืขืœื” ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
05:50
against large, powerful actors.
91
350880
2736
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
05:53
The term "manipulative," often charged against women in a derogatory way,
92
353640
4176
ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืœ,
05:57
reflects a reality in which women have often had to find ways
93
357840
3976
ืžืฉืงืฃ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
06:01
other than direct confrontation to achieve their goals.
94
361840
3400
ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
06:06
And finding alternatives to direct confrontation
95
366440
3536
ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ
ื”ื•ื ืœื‘-ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”.
06:10
is at the core of nonviolent resistance.
96
370000
3080
06:14
Now to the second potential misunderstanding.
97
374360
2496
ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœืื™-ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:16
I've been talking a lot about my experiences in the Middle East,
98
376880
3016
ืื ื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:19
and some of you might be thinking now
99
379920
1816
ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
06:21
that the solution then is for us to educate Muslim and Arab societies
100
381760
3776
ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
06:25
to be more inclusive of their women.
101
385560
1720
ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
06:27
If we were to do that, they would be more successful.
102
387960
2880
ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:33
They do not need this kind of help.
103
393200
2920
ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช.
06:36
Women have been part of the most influential movements
104
396880
3416
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช
06:40
coming out of the Middle East,
105
400320
1520
ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:43
but they tend to be invisible to the international community.
106
403160
4896
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
06:48
Our cameras are largely focused on the men
107
408080
2736
ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
06:50
who often end up involved in the more confrontational scenes
108
410840
3056
ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:53
that we find so irresistible in our news cycle.
109
413920
3520
ืฉืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ.
06:58
And we end up with a narrative that not only erases women
110
418160
3776
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžื•ื—ืง ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
07:01
from the struggles in the region
111
421960
1936
ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
07:03
but often misrepresents the struggles themselves.
112
423920
4640
ืืœื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
07:10
In the late 1980s, an uprising started in Gaza,
113
430120
5136
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื–ื” ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
07:15
and quickly spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
114
435280
3080
ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืžื–ืจื—-ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
07:19
It came to be known as the First Intifada,
115
439560
4056
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”",
07:23
and people who have any visual memory of it
116
443640
2336
ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžืžื ื”
ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš:
07:26
generally conjure up something like this:
117
446000
2800
07:29
Palestinian men throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.
118
449680
3960
ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื.
07:34
The news coverage at the time
119
454800
1496
ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื–
07:36
made it seem like stones, Molotov cocktails and burning tires
120
456320
4736
ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื
07:41
were the only activities taking place in the Intifada.
121
461080
3040
ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”.
07:45
This period, though, was also marked by widespread nonviolent organizing
122
465960
6376
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื”
07:52
in the forms of strikes, sit-ins and the creation of parallel institutions.
123
472360
4720
ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื.
07:57
During the First Intifada,
124
477880
1376
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:59
whole sectors of the Palestinian civilian population mobilized,
125
479280
3336
ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
08:02
cutting across generations, factions and class lines.
126
482640
3760
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืกื™ืขืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืขืžื“ื™.
08:07
They did this through networks of popular committees,
127
487200
2696
ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช,
08:09
and their use of direct action and communal self-help projects
128
489920
3496
ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื”-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื
08:13
challenged Israel's very ability
129
493440
2416
ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
08:15
to continue ruling the West Bank and Gaza.
130
495880
2680
ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื–ื”.
08:19
According to the Israeli Army itself,
131
499600
2336
ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืฆืžื•,
08:21
97 percent of activities during the First Intifada were unarmed.
132
501960
5560
97% ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื-ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช.
08:28
And here's another thing that is not part of our narrative about that time.
133
508840
3800
ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”:
08:33
For 18 months in the Intifada,
134
513320
2456
ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”
08:35
women were the ones calling the shots behind the scenes:
135
515800
3816
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื:
08:39
Palestinian women from all walks of life
136
519640
2496
ื ืฉื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
08:42
in charge of mobilizing hundreds of thousands of people
137
522160
3416
ืคื™ืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:45
in a concerted effort to withdraw consent from the occupation.
138
525600
3880
ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืชื•ืื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ.
08:50
Naela Ayesh, who strived to build a self-sufficient Palestinian economy
139
530760
5296
ื ืื™ืœื” ืขื™ืืฉ, ืฉื ืื‘ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
08:56
by encouraging women in Gaza to grow vegetables in their backyards,
140
536080
5216
ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
09:01
an activity deemed illegal by the Israeli authorities at that time;
141
541320
3560
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื– ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช;
09:06
Rabeha Diab, who took over decision-making authority
142
546320
3456
ืจืื‘ื™ื—ื” ื“ื™ืื‘, ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
09:09
for the entire uprising
143
549800
1416
ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
09:11
when the men who had been running it
144
551240
1776
ื›ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื’ืœื•;
09:13
were deported;
145
553040
1200
09:15
Fatima Al Jaafari, who swallowed leaflets containing the uprising's directives
146
555440
5496
ืคื˜ื™ืžื” ืืœ ื’'ืขืคืจื™, ืฉื‘ืœืขื” ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
09:20
in order to spread them across the territories
147
560960
2776
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื
09:23
without getting caught;
148
563760
1560
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก;
09:26
and Zahira Kamal,
149
566720
1656
ื•ื–ืื”ื™ืจื” ื›ืžืืœ,
09:28
who ensured the longevity of the uprising
150
568400
3296
ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช
09:31
by leading an organization
151
571720
1536
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
09:33
that went from 25 women to 3,000 in a single year.
152
573280
4920
ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืž-25 ืœ-3000 ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
09:40
Despite their extraordinary achievements,
153
580840
2336
ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
09:43
none of these women have made it into our narrative of the First Intifada.
154
583200
5000
ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
09:49
We do this in other parts of the globe, too.
155
589880
2120
ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:52
In our history books, for instance, and in our collective consciousness,
156
592800
4216
ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
09:57
men are the public faces and spokespersons
157
597040
3056
10:00
for the 1960s struggle for racial justice in the United States.
158
600120
4080
ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืœืฆื“ืง ื’ื–ืขื™ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:05
But women were also a critical driving force,
159
605440
3416
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžื›ืจื™ืข
10:08
mobilizing, organizing, taking to the streets.
160
608880
3080
ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก, ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:12
How many of us think of Septima Clark
161
612800
2536
ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคื˜ื™ืžื” ืงืœืืจืง
10:15
when we think of the United States Civil Rights era?
162
615360
2600
ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘?
ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
10:20
Remarkably few.
163
620080
1200
10:22
But she played a crucial role in every phase of the struggle,
164
622800
4416
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง,
10:27
particularly by emphasizing literacy and education.
165
627240
3656
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
10:30
She's been omitted, ignored,
166
630920
2496
ืคืกื—ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื ื”,
10:33
like so many other women who played critical roles
167
633440
3696
ื›ืžื• ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื
10:37
in the United States Civil Rights Movement.
168
637160
2040
ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
10:41
This is not about getting credit.
169
641920
2080
ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื›ืจื”;
10:45
It's more profound than that.
170
645360
1600
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืžื•ืง ืžื–ื”.
10:48
The stories we tell matter deeply to how we see ourselves,
171
648400
4136
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
10:52
and to how we believe movements are run
172
652560
2696
ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช
10:55
and how movements are won.
173
655280
1880
ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช.
10:57
The stories we tell about a movement like the First Intifada
174
657960
2856
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
11:00
or the United States Civil Rights era
175
660840
1936
ืื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
11:02
matter deeply and have a critical influence
176
662800
4096
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช
11:06
in the choices Palestinians,
177
666920
2656
ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื,
11:09
Americans
178
669600
1296
ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื
11:10
and people around the world will make
179
670920
2096
ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืื™-ืฆื“ืง
11:13
next time they encounter an injustice
180
673040
2296
11:15
and develop the courage to confront it.
181
675360
2280
ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื™ืžื•.
11:18
If we do not lift up the women who played critical roles in these struggles,
182
678560
4256
ืื ืœื ื ืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
11:22
we fail to offer up role models to future generations.
183
682840
3960
ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืžื•ืคืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
11:28
Without role models, it becomes harder
184
688200
3056
ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:31
for women to take up their rightful space
185
691280
3016
ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
11:34
in public life.
186
694320
1200
11:37
And as we saw earlier,
187
697320
2136
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
11:39
one of the most critical variables
188
699480
1816
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:41
in determining whether a movement will be successful or not
189
701320
4176
ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืื• ืœื
11:45
is a movement's ideology regarding the role of women
190
705520
4016
ื”ื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
11:49
in public life.
191
709560
1200
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
11:52
This is a question of whether we're moving
192
712320
2056
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื
11:54
towards more democratic and peaceful societies.
193
714400
2880
ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื—ืจื•ืช-ืฉืœื•ื.
11:59
In a world where so much change is happening,
194
719240
2496
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื,
12:01
and where change is bound to continue at an increasingly faster pace,
195
721760
4240
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื•,
12:06
it is not a question of whether we will face conflict,
196
726880
3720
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืื ื ื™ืงืœืข ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš,
12:11
but rather a question
197
731680
1536
ืืœื ืžื”ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฆื‘ื•
12:13
of which stories will shape
198
733240
3376
12:16
how we choose to wage conflict.
199
736640
2920
ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.
12:20
Thank you.
200
740560
1456
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:22
(Applause)
201
742040
4802
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7