How women wage conflict without violence | Julia Bacha

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

Twelve years ago, I picked up a camera for the first time

Prije dvanaest godina, prvi put sam podigla kameru

to film the olive harvest in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.

da bih snimala žetvu maslina u Palestinskom selu na Zapadnoj obali.

I thought I was there to make a single documentary

Mislila sam da sam ondje kako bih napravila jedan film

and would then move on to some other part of the world.

i da ću onda ići dalje u neki drugi dio svijeta.

But something kept bringing me back.

Ali nešto me stalno vraćalo.

Now, usually, when international audiences hear about that part of the world,

Sad, kada međunarodna publika čuje za taj dio svijeta,

they often just want that conflict to go away.

često samo žele da sukob ode.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is bad, and we wish it could just disappear.

Sukob Izraela i Palestine je loš, i htjeli bi da samo nestane.

We feel much the same way about other conflicts around the world.

Osjećamo se jednako i za druge sukobe diljem svijeta.

But every time we turn our attention to the news,

Ali svaki put kad gledamo vijesti

it seems like one more country has gone up in flames.

čini se da gori još jedna zemlja.

So I've been wondering

Pitala sam se

whether we should not start looking at conflict in a different way --

trebamo li gledati sukobe drugačije --

whether instead of simply wishing to end conflict,

ne samo kako bismo ga zaustavili,

we focus instead on how to wage conflict.

weć fokusirali se na to kako voditi sukob.

This has been a big question for me,

Ovo je veliko pitanje za mene,

one I've pursued together with my team at the nonprofit Just Vision.

jedno koje sam dugo istraživala zajedno sa timom u organizaciji JustVision.

After witnessing several different kinds of struggles in the Middle East,

Nakon što sam svjedočila nekoliko različitih sukoba na Bliskom Istoku,

I started noticing some patterns on the more successful ones.

počela sam primjećivati neke uzorke na uspješnijima.

I wondered whether these variables held across cases, and if they did,

Zanimalo me vrijede li ove varijable u različitim slučajevima, i ako da,

what lessons we could glean for waging constructive conflict,

što možemo naučiti iz vođenja konstruktivnih sukoba,

in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere.

u Palestini, Izraelu i drugdje.

There is some science about this.

Postoji znanost vezana uz ovo.

In a study of 323 major political conflicts

U proučavanju 323 velika politička sukoba

from 1900 to 2006,

od 1900 do 2006. godine,

Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth found that nonviolent campaigns

Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth utvrdile su da nenasilne kampanje

were almost 100 percent more likely to lead to success than violent campaigns.

imaju 100 posto više izgleda da budu uspješne od nasilnih kampanja.

Nonviolent campaigns are also less likely to cause physical harm

Nenasilne kampanje također imaju manje izgleda da prouzroče fizičku štetu,

to those waging the campaign,

onima koji vode kampanju,

as well as their opponents.

i njihovim protivnicima.

And, critically, they typically lead to more peaceful and democratic societies.

I, kritički, najčešće su vodile do mirnijih i demokratskijih društava.

In other words, nonviolent resistance is a more effective and constructive way

Drugim riječima, nenasilni otpor je učinkovitiji i konstruktivniji način

of waging conflict.

od vođenja sukoba.

But if that's such an easy choice, why don't more groups use it?

Ali ako je to tako jednostavan izbor, zašto ga više grupa ne koristi?

Political scientist Victor Asal and colleagues

Politički znanstvenik Victor Asal i suradnici

have looked at several factors

pogledali su nekoliko čimbenika

that shape a political group's choice of tactics.

koji oblikuju izbore taktike političkih grupacija.

And it turns out that the greatest predictor

I ispada da najveći predviđatelj

of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence or violence

odluka pokreta da prihvati nenasilje ili nasilje

is not whether that group is more left-wing or right-wing,

nije da li je grupa lijevo il, desno orijentirana,

not whether the group is more or less influenced by religious beliefs,

ne da li je grupa manje ili više vjerska,

not whether it's up against a democracy or a dictatorship,

ne to da li se bori protiv demokracije ili diktatora,

and not even the levels of repression that that group is facing.

čak ni razine represije kojima je izložena.

The greatest predictor of a movement's decision to adopt nonviolence

Najveći predviđatelj o tome da li će neki pokret preuzeti nenasilje

is its ideology regarding the role of women in public life.

je ideologija o ulozi žene u javnom životu.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

When a movement includes in its discourse

Kada u svojim raspravama pokret uključuje

language around gender equality,

pričanje o jednakosti spolova,

it increases dramatically the chances it will adopt nonviolence,

to dramatično povećava šanse da će prihvatiti nenasilje,

and thus, the likelihood it will succeed.

i samim time, šanse da će uspjeti.

The research squared up with my own documentation

Istraživanje se složilo s mojom dokumentacijom

of political organizing in Israel and Palestine.

političkog organiziranja u Izraelu i Palestini.

I've noticed that movements which welcome women into leadership positions,

Primjetio sam da pokreti koji prihvaćaju žene na liderskim pozicijama,

such as the one I documented in a village called Budrus,

kao one koje sam dokumentirala u selu imena Budrus,

were much more likely to achieve their goals.

bilo je izglednije da će postići svoje ciljeve.

This village was under a real threat of being wiped off the map

Ovo selo bilo je pod stvarnom prijetnjom da bude izbrisano s karte

when Israel started building the separation barrier.

kada je Izrael počeo graditi Barijeru za odvajanje.

The proposed route would require

Predložena ruta predviđala je

the destruction of this community's olive groves, their cemeteries

uništenje maslinika, groblja

and would ultimately enclose the village from all sides.

i na kraju zatvaranju sela sa svih strana.

Through inspired local leadership,

Kroz nadahnuto lokalno vodstvo,

they launched a nonviolent resistance campaign to stop that from happening.

pokrenuli su kampanju nenasilnog otpora kako bi to zaustavili.

The odds were massively stacked against them.

Izgledi su bili protiv nijh.

But they had a secret weapon:

Ali imali su tajno oružje:

a 15-year-old girl

15-godišnju djevojčicu

who courageously jumped in front of a bulldozer

koja je skočila pred buldožer

which was about to uproot an olive tree, stopping it.

koji je htio izvaditi maslinovo drvo, i zaustavila ga

In that moment, the community of Budrus realized what was possible

U tom trenutku zajednica Budrusa shvatila je što je moguće

if they welcomed and encouraged women to participate in public life.

ako prihvate i ohrabre žene da sudjeluju u javnom životu.

And so it was that the women of Budrus went to the front lines day after day,

I tako su žene Budrusa išle na prvu crtu iz dana u dan,

using their creativity and acumen to overcome multiple obstacles they faced

koristeći svoju kreativnost i utjecaj da nadiđu višestruke prepreke

in a 10-month unarmed struggle.

u 10-mjesečnoj nenaoružanoj borbi.

And as you can probably tell at this point,

I kao što možete pretpostaviti,

they win at the end.

one su pobijedile.

The separation barrier was changed completely

Barijera odvajanja promijenjena je u potpunosti

to the internationally recognized green line,

u međunarodno prepoznatu zelenu liniju,

and the women of Budrus came to be known across the West Bank

i žene Budrusa postale su poznate na Zapadnoj obali

for their indomitable energy.

po svojoj nesvladivoj energiji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

I want to pause for a second, which you helped me do,

Želim stati na trenutak, u čemu ste mi vi pomogli,

because I do want to tackle two very serious misunderstandings

jer se želim uhvatiti u koštac sa nekoliko ozbiljnih nesporazuma

that could happen at this point.

koji se mogu dogoditi u ovoj točci.

The first one is that I don't believe

Prvi je da ne vjerujem

women are inherently or essentially more peaceful than men.

da su žene miroljubivije od muškaraca.

But I do believe that in today's world,

Ali vjerujem da u današnjem svijetu,

women experience power differently.

žene imaju drugačije iskustvo moći.

Having had to navigate being in the less powerful position

Pošto su navigirale da budu nemoćnije

in multiple aspects of their lives,

u više aspekata svog života,

women are often more adept

žene su sposobnije

at how to surreptitiously pressure for change

potajno vršiti pritisak za promjenu

against large, powerful actors.

protiv velikih, moćnih dionika.

The term "manipulative," often charged against women in a derogatory way,

Termin "manipulativne", često usmjeren na žene u lošem smislu,

reflects a reality in which women have often had to find ways

odražava stvarnost u kojoj žene često moraju naći načine

other than direct confrontation to achieve their goals.

koji ne uključuju direktnu konfrontaciju da bi postigle svoje ciljeve.

And finding alternatives to direct confrontation

I pronaći alternative direktnim sukobima

is at the core of nonviolent resistance.

je u osnovi nenasilnog otpora.

Now to the second potential misunderstanding.

Sad do drugog potencijalnog nesporazuma.

I've been talking a lot about my experiences in the Middle East,

Puno sam pričala o svojim iskustvima na Bliskom Istoku,

and some of you might be thinking now

i neki od vas možda sad misle

that the solution then is for us to educate Muslim and Arab societies

da je rješenje problema u educiranju Muslimanskih i Arapskih društava

to be more inclusive of their women.

kako bi više prihvaćali žene.

If we were to do that, they would be more successful.

Ako bismo to učinili, oni bi bili uspješniji.

They do not need this kind of help.

Oni ne trebaju takvu pomoć.

Women have been part of the most influential movements

Žene su bile dio najutjecajnijih pokreta

coming out of the Middle East,

koji dolaze s Bliskog Istoka,

but they tend to be invisible to the international community.

ali one su nevidljive u međunarodnom društvu.

Our cameras are largely focused on the men

Naše kamere su većinom fokusirane na muškarce

who often end up involved in the more confrontational scenes

koji često završavaju uključeni u različite scene sukoba

that we find so irresistible in our news cycle.

koje smatramo neodoljivima za naše vijesti.

And we end up with a narrative that not only erases women

Završavamo sa pričom koja ne samo da briše žene

from the struggles in the region

iz borbi u regiji

but often misrepresents the struggles themselves.

već i krivi interpretira borbe.

In the late 1980s, an uprising started in Gaza,

U kasnim 1980ima, ustanak je započeo u Gazi,

and quickly spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

i brzo se proširio na Zapadnu Obalu i Istočni Jeruzalem.

It came to be known as the First Intifada,

Postalo je poznato kao Prvi ustanak,

and people who have any visual memory of it

i ljudi koji se sjećaju tog događaja

generally conjure up something like this:

većinom u sjećanje prizivaju ovako nešto:

Palestinian men throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.

Palestinci bacaju kamenje na Izraelske tenkove.

The news coverage at the time

Izvještaji u to vrijeme

made it seem like stones, Molotov cocktails and burning tires

prikazivali su kamenje, molotovljeve koktele i goruće gume

were the only activities taking place in the Intifada.

kao jedine aktivnosti koje su se događale u ustanku.

This period, though, was also marked by widespread nonviolent organizing

Ovo razdoblje, ipak, je obilježeno i raširenim nenasilnim organiziranjem

in the forms of strikes, sit-ins and the creation of parallel institutions.

u oblicima štrajkova, sjedenja i stvaranja paralelnih institucija.

During the First Intifada,

Tijekom Prvog ustanka,

whole sectors of the Palestinian civilian population mobilized,

čitavi sektori Palestinske civilne populacije mobilizirale su se,

cutting across generations, factions and class lines.

kroz generacije, fakcije i klasne linije.

They did this through networks of popular committees,

To su učinili kroz mreže popularnih vijeća,

and their use of direct action and communal self-help projects

i njihovo korištenje direktnog djelovanja i društvenih programa samopomoći

challenged Israel's very ability

izazvalo je sposobnost Izraela

to continue ruling the West Bank and Gaza.

da nastavi vladati Zapadnom obalom i Gazom.

According to the Israeli Army itself,

Prema Izraelskoj vojsci,

97 percent of activities during the First Intifada were unarmed.

97 posto aktivnosti tijekom Prvog ustanka bile su nenaoružane.

And here's another thing that is not part of our narrative about that time.

I ovdje je još jedna stvar koja nije dio priče iz tog razdobla.

For 18 months in the Intifada,

U 18 mjeseci Ustanka,

women were the ones calling the shots behind the scenes:

žene su bile one koje su povlačile poteze u pozadini:

Palestinian women from all walks of life

Palestinske žene svih uloga

in charge of mobilizing hundreds of thousands of people

bile su zadužene za mobilizaciju stotina tisuća ljudi

in a concerted effort to withdraw consent from the occupation.

u orkestralnom trudu da se povuče pristanak iz okupacije.

Naela Ayesh, who strived to build a self-sufficient Palestinian economy

Naela Ayesh, koja je težila da izgradi samoodrživu palestinsku ekonomiju

by encouraging women in Gaza to grow vegetables in their backyards,

potičući žene u Gazi da sade povrće u svojim dvorištima,

an activity deemed illegal by the Israeli authorities at that time;

aktivnost koja je bila ilegalna zbog Izraelske vlade u to doba;

Rabeha Diab, who took over decision-making authority

Rabeha Diab, koja je preuzela donošenje odluka

for the entire uprising

za čitav ustanak

when the men who had been running it

kada su muškarci koji su ga vodili

were deported;

bili deportirani.

Fatima Al Jaafari, who swallowed leaflets containing the uprising's directives

Fatima Al Jaafari, koja je progutala letke s naputcima ustanka

in order to spread them across the territories

kako bi ih proširila

without getting caught;

bez da ih uhvate

and Zahira Kamal,

i Zahira Kamal,

who ensured the longevity of the uprising

koja je osigurala dugotrajnost ustanka

by leading an organization

vodeći organizaciju

that went from 25 women to 3,000 in a single year.

koja je narasla od 25 žena do 3000 u jednoj godini.

Despite their extraordinary achievements,

Unatoč nevjerojatnim postignućima,

none of these women have made it into our narrative of the First Intifada.

nijedna od ovih žena nije ušla u priče Prvog Ustanka.

We do this in other parts of the globe, too.

To radimo i u drugim dijelovima svijeta, također.

In our history books, for instance, and in our collective consciousness,

U našim povijesnim knjigama, na primjer, i u našoj kolektivnoj svijesti,

men are the public faces and spokespersons

muškarci su javne osobe i glasnogovornici

for the 1960s struggle for racial justice in the United States.

za borbu za rasnu pravdu u Americi, šezdesetih godina.

But women were also a critical driving force,

Ali žene su također bile kritična pokretačka sila,

mobilizing, organizing, taking to the streets.

mobilizirajući, organizirajući, i izlazeći na ulice.

How many of us think of Septima Clark

Koliko nas misli na Septimu Clark

when we think of the United States Civil Rights era?

kada mislimo na borbu za građanska prava u Americi?

Remarkably few.

Vrlo malo.

But she played a crucial role in every phase of the struggle,

Ali imala je ključnu ulogu u svakoj fazi borbe,

particularly by emphasizing literacy and education.

pogotovo naglašavajući pismenost i obrazovanje.

She's been omitted, ignored,

Gurnuta je po strani, ignorirana,

like so many other women who played critical roles

baš kao i mnoge druge žene koje su imale važne uloge

in the United States Civil Rights Movement.

u pokretu za građanska prava.

This is not about getting credit.

Ovdje se ne radi o zaslugama.

It's more profound than that.

Ovo je promišljenije od toga.

The stories we tell matter deeply to how we see ourselves,

Priče koje pričamo važne su za to kako se vidimo,

and to how we believe movements are run

i kako vjerujemo da su pokreti vođeni

and how movements are won.

i kako pokreti pobjeđuju.

The stories we tell about a movement like the First Intifada

Priče koje pričamo o pokretu kao što je Prvi ustanak,

or the United States Civil Rights era

ili borba za građanska prava

matter deeply and have a critical influence

važnije su i imaju presudan utjecaj

in the choices Palestinians,

u izborima Palestinaca,

Americans

Amerikanaca

and people around the world will make

i ljudi diljem svijeta kada budu

next time they encounter an injustice

donosili odluke suočeni s nepravdom

and develop the courage to confront it.

i ohrabre se suočiti se s njom.

If we do not lift up the women who played critical roles in these struggles,

Ako ne uzdignemo žene koje su imale ključne uloge u tim borbama,

we fail to offer up role models to future generations.

nećemo uspjeti ponuditi uzore budućim generacijama.

Without role models, it becomes harder

Bez uzora, postaje teže

for women to take up their rightful space

da žene zauzmu svoje mjesto

in public life.

u javnom životu.

And as we saw earlier,

I kako smo vidjeli ranije,

one of the most critical variables

jedna od ključnih varijabli

in determining whether a movement will be successful or not

u odlučivanju hoće li pokret biti uspješan ili ne

is a movement's ideology regarding the role of women

je ideologija pokreta po pitanju uloge žena

in public life.

u javnom životu.

This is a question of whether we're moving

Ovo je pitanje o tome da li se krećemo

towards more democratic and peaceful societies.

prema demokratskim i mirnim društvima.

In a world where so much change is happening,

U svijetu gdje se događa tako puno promjena,

and where change is bound to continue at an increasingly faster pace,

i gdje se promjena nastavlja događati sve brže,

it is not a question of whether we will face conflict,

nije pitanje hoćemo li naići na sukobe,

but rather a question

već pitanje

of which stories will shape

koje će priče oblikovati

how we choose to wage conflict.

kako se odlučimo voditi te sukobe.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)