Peter Haas: Haiti's disaster of engineering

翻译人员: Felix Chen 校对人员: Tony Yet

I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.

我是从Skype上知道海地地震的。

My wife sent me a message,

我妻子给我发了个消息，

"Whoa, earthquake,"

“哇，地震了，”

and then disappeared for 25 minutes.

然后就消失了25分钟。

It was 25 minutes of absolute terror

这是绝对恐怖的25分钟

that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.

数以千计的美国人都感觉到了。

I was afraid of a tsunami;

我曾担心是海啸。

what I didn't realize

我没意识到的是，

was there was a greater terror in Haiti,

更可怕的事在海地发生了，

and that was building collapse.

那就是建筑坍塌。

We've all seen the photos

我们都看到过

of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.

海地建筑坍塌的照片。

These are shots my wife took

这些是我妻子

a couple days after the quake,

在地震后几天拍摄的，

while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.

当时我正从D.R.赶往海地。

This is the national palace --

这是国家宫殿，

the equivalent of the White House.

相当于白宫。

This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean

这是加勒比最大的超市

at peak shopping time.

购物高峰时的场面。

This is a nurses' college --

这是一所护士学校

there are 300 nurses studying.

有三百名护士在此学习。

The general hospital right next door

学校旁边的综合医院

emerged largely unscathed.

基本安然无恙。

This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.

这是经济与金融部。

We have all heard

我们都听说了

about the tremendous human loss

海地地震所造成的

in the earthquake in Haiti,

巨大的人员伤亡，

but we haven't heard enough

但我们并不十分了解

about why all those lives were lost.

造成所有这些生命逝去的原因。

We haven't heard about

我们不了解

why the buildings failed.

为什么这些建筑会坍塌。

After all, it was the buildings,

毕竟，是这些建筑，

not the earthquake,

而不是地震，

that killed 220,000 people,

导致220,000人死亡、

that injured 330,000,

330,000人受伤、

that displaced 1.3 million people,

130万人无家可归、

that cut off food

整个国家

and water and supplies

都缺乏食物、水

for an entire nation.

和补给品。

This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster

这是几十年来大城市地区

in decades,

最大的灾难。

and it was not a natural disaster --

但它不是自然灾难。

it was a disaster of engineering.

它是场工程灾难。

AIDG has worked in Haiti

AIDG从2007年起开始在

since 2007,

海地工作，

providing engineering and business support

为小型企业提供

to small businesses.

工程和商业支持。

And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers

在地震后，我们带领地震工程师进入震区，

to figure out why the buildings collapsed,

以弄清楚什么导致了建筑坍塌，

to examine what was safe and what wasn't.

并检查那些没有坍塌的建筑是否安全。

Working with MINUSTAH,

我们与MINUSTAH（联合国驻海地稳定特派团）一起工作，

which is the U.N. mission in Haiti,

他们是联合国驻海地机构，

with the Ministry of Public Works,

与公共工程部一起工作，

with different NGOs,

还有其他的一些NGO组织，

we inspected over 1,500 buildings.

我们检查了超过1500栋建筑。

We inspected schools

我们检查过的有学校

and private residencies.

和私人住所。

We inspected medical centers

我们还坚持了医疗中心

and food warehouses.

和食品仓库。

We inspected government buildings.

我也检查了政府的建筑。

This is the Ministry of Justice.

这是司法部。

Behind that door

那扇门后

is the National Judicial Archives.

是国家司法档案馆。

The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault --

门旁站着的是安德烈.菲利亚特罗，

who's the director

他是布法罗大学

of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research

跨学科地震工程研究中心

at the University of Buffalo --

的负责人，

was examining it to see if it was safe

他正在检查这栋建筑，以确认是否可以

to recover the archives.

安全的重建档案馆。

Andre told me,

安德烈告诉我，

after seeing these buildings fail

在看到这些建筑

again and again in the same way,

不断的以同种方式倒下后，

that there is no new research here.

这儿没什么新的发现了。

There is nothing here that we don't know.

没什么我们不知道的了。

The failure points were the same:

问题的根源是相同的--

walls and slabs not tied properly into columns --

墙和楼板之间没有用柱子正确的连接起来--

that's a roof slab hanging off the building --

这是挂在建筑上的天台楼板--

cantilevered structures,

悬臂式结构，

or structures that were asymmetric,

或是非对称结构，

that shook violently and came down,

剧烈摇晃并垮塌，

poor building materials,

低劣的建筑材料，

not enough concrete,

没有足够的混凝土，

not enough compression in the blocks,

块与块之间没有足够的压缩空间，

rebar that was smooth,

螺纹钢表面光滑，

rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.

螺纹钢暴露在空气中并已经生锈了。

Now there's a solution

现在对所有这些问题

to all these problems.

有个解决方案。

And we know how to build properly.

我们知道如何进行适当的建设。

The proof of this came in Chile,

证明来自智利，

almost a month later,

大约一个月后，

when 8.8 magnitude earthquake

当时8.8级的地震

hit Chile.

袭击了智利。

That is 500 times

五百倍与7.0级地震

the power of the 7.0

的力量

that hit Port-au-Prince --

袭击了太子港--

500 times the power,

五百倍的能量，

yet only under a thousand casualties.

然而只造成了低于一千的伤亡。

Adjusted for population density,

考虑到人口密度，

that is less than one percent

这次地震造成的影响小于

of the impact of the Haitian quake.

海地地震的百分之一。

What was the difference

智利与海地之间

between Chile and Haiti?

有什么不同？

Seismic standards

抗震标准

and confined masonry,

和砖石结构，

where the building acts as a whole --

建筑物作为一个整体--

walls and columns

墙、柱子

and roofs and slabs

屋顶和楼板

tied together to support each other --

连接在一起，相互支撑，

instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.

以免断裂成块，坠落下来。

If you look at this building in Chile,

你看看智利的这栋建筑，

it's ripped in half,

它裂成两半，

but it's not a pile of rubble.

但并没有变成一堆瓦砾。

Chileans have been building with confined masonry

智利人用砖混结构建筑房屋已经有

for decades.

几十年了。

Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers,

目前，AIDG与KPFF咨询工程师，

Architecture for Humanity,

“人本建筑”协会一起

to bring more confined masonry training

为海地带去更多的

into Haiti.

砖混结构培训。

This is Xantus Daniel;

这是埃克赞塔 丹尼尔。

he's a mason,

他是名泥瓦匠，

just a general construction worker, not a foreman,

他只是名普通工人，不是工头，

who took one of our trainings.

他参加了我们的培训。

On his last job he was working with his boss,

他最近的工作是跟他的老板一起工作，

and they started pouring the columns wrong.

开始他们出现了浇筑柱子的错误。

He took his boss aside,

他让他老板站着旁边，

and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.

向他老板展示砖混结构的材料。

He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.

对他老板说，“你知道，我们可以避免这个错误。

It won't cost us any more

用正确的方式完成这个工序

to do it the right way."

不会增加任何开销。“

And they redid that building.

他们重建了这个建筑。

They tied the rebar right,

他们把螺纹钢正确的绑在一起。

they poured the columns right,

正确的浇筑柱子。

and that building will be safe.

这样的建筑就安全了。

And every building

而且他们以后建筑的

that they build going forward

每一栋建筑都会

will be safe.

是安全的。

To make sure these buildings are safe,

为了确保这些建筑是安全的，

it's not going to take policy --

不用制定政策，

it's going to take reaching out

只要与在场

to the masons on the ground

的泥瓦匠们接触

and helping them learn the proper techniques.

帮助他们学习适合的技术。

Now there are many groups doing this.

现在，在那儿有许多团体在做这类工作。

And the fellow in the vest there,

那儿穿着马甲的家伙，

Craig Toten,

克雷格 图腾，

he has pushed forward

他在推动

to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.

让记录所有参与这项行动的组织。

Through Haiti Rewired,

通过Haiti Rewired，

through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,

通过Build Change，Architecture for Humanity

AIDG,

AIDG，

there is the possibility

就可能

to reach out

使得全国

to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons

三万至四万的泥瓦匠

across the country

接受辅导，

and create a movement of proper building.

并建立一个合格建筑的运动。

If you reach out to the people on the ground

如果通过这种合作的方式

in this collaborative way

对当地人进行培训，

it's extremely affordable.

这非常经济实惠。

For the billions spent on reconstruction,

对于花费数十亿的重建工作来说，

you can train masons

可以用一些钱来为每栋房屋的

for dollars on every house

泥瓦匠进行培训，

that they end up building over their lifetime.

他们会把学到的东西用于今后的建设中。

Ultimately, there are two ways

最终，有两个方法

that you can rebuild Haiti;

来重建海地，

the way at the top

第一个方法

is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.

是海地已经进行了几十年的方法。

The way at the top

这个方法

is a poorly constructed building

建造出易倒塌的

that will fail.

结构不良的建筑，

The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building,

第二个方法是建造砖混结构的建筑，

where the walls are tied together,

这样的建筑中墙壁连接在一起，

the building is symmetric,

建筑是对称的，

and it will stand up to an earthquake.

并且能抵御地震。

For all the disaster,

所有的灾难过后，

there is an opportunity here

都有机会

to build better houses

为下一代建造

for the next generation,

更好的房屋，

so that when the next earthquake hits,

这样，当下一次地震袭来时，

it is a disaster --

它只是灾难，

but not a tragedy.

而不是悲剧。

(Applause)

（掌声）