Peter Haas: Haiti's disaster of engineering

譯者: Hermia Tsai 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang

I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.

我是從Skype上得知海地大地震

My wife sent me a message,

我妻子傳了訊息給我：

"Whoa, earthquake,"

「哎呀，地震。」

and then disappeared for 25 minutes.

然後消失了25分鐘

It was 25 minutes of absolute terror

這是極為恐怖的25分鐘

that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.

在美國成千上萬個人有這種感覺

I was afraid of a tsunami;

我很擔心會有海嘯

what I didn't realize

但當時我沒有意識到

was there was a greater terror in Haiti,

在海地所感受到的恐懼是更強烈的

and that was building collapse.

那就是建築物倒塌了

We've all seen the photos

我們都看過

of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.

海地倒塌的建築物照片

These are shots my wife took

這些是我妻子

a couple days after the quake,

在地震之後幾天拍的

while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.

那時我正在穿越邊界進入該國的路上

This is the national palace --

這是皇宮

the equivalent of the White House.

相當於白宮的地位

This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean

這是加勒比最大的超市

at peak shopping time.

是在購物的尖峰時間

This is a nurses' college --

這是一所護士學校

there are 300 nurses studying.

裡面有300個護士正在學習

The general hospital right next door

隔壁的綜合醫院

emerged largely unscathed.

大部份都還完好

This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.

這是財政部

We have all heard

我們都聽說了

about the tremendous human loss

在這場海地的地震中

in the earthquake in Haiti,

喪生的人數之多

but we haven't heard enough

但是我們對於這些人

about why all those lives were lost.

為什麼會喪生的原因卻聽說的不夠多

We haven't heard about

我們沒有聽說過

why the buildings failed.

為何建築物會倒塌

After all, it was the buildings,

追根究底，是建築物

not the earthquake,

而非地震

that killed 220,000 people,

帶走了二十二萬條人命

that injured 330,000,

傷害了三十三萬個人

that displaced 1.3 million people,

讓一千三百萬人流離失所

that cut off food

並且切斷整個國家的

and water and supplies

食物、水源和物資

for an entire nation.

的來源

This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster

這是幾十年來發生在都會區域

in decades,

最大的災難

and it was not a natural disaster --

而這並不是天災

it was a disaster of engineering.

這是工程疏失造成的災難

AIDG has worked in Haiti

「適當基礎建設發展組織（AIDG）」從2007年

since 2007,

開始在海地工作

providing engineering and business support

提供工程和商業協助

to small businesses.

給小型企業

And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers

地震之後我們開始引進地震工程師

to figure out why the buildings collapsed,

來探究為何建築物會倒塌

to examine what was safe and what wasn't.

還有來檢查看看哪些建築物是安全的而哪些不安全

Working with MINUSTAH,

聯合國在海地的任務

which is the U.N. mission in Haiti,

是和聯合國海地穩定特派組織（MINUSTAH）合作

with the Ministry of Public Works,

在工務部

with different NGOs,

及其他非政府組織的合作之下

we inspected over 1,500 buildings.

我們檢查了超過1500棟建築

We inspected schools

我們檢查了學校

and private residencies.

和民宅

We inspected medical centers

我們檢查了醫療中心

and food warehouses.

和糧倉

We inspected government buildings.

我們檢查了政府大樓

This is the Ministry of Justice.

這是法務部

Behind that door

在門後面是

is the National Judicial Archives.

國家司法檔案庫

The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault --

那個在門裡的人Andre Filitrault

who's the director

是巴佛羅大學

of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research

跨學科地震工程研究中心

at the University of Buffalo --

的主任

was examining it to see if it was safe

他為了修復檔案庫

to recover the archives.

正在檢查門是否安全

Andre told me,

Andre告訴我

after seeing these buildings fail

在看見那些建築

again and again in the same way,

一次又一次崩塌後

that there is no new research here.

並沒有出現任何新的研究

There is nothing here that we don't know.

根本沒有什麼是我們不知道的

The failure points were the same:

失敗點都一樣：

walls and slabs not tied properly into columns --

牆和天花板沒有好好的固定在柱子上

that's a roof slab hanging off the building --

那是一片懸在建築物上的屋頂

cantilevered structures,

懸壁構造

or structures that were asymmetric,

或者不對稱的構造

that shook violently and came down,

歷經劇烈的晃動之後倒塌

poor building materials,

糟糕的建築材料、

not enough concrete,

水泥不足、

not enough compression in the blocks,

磚塊砌得不夠密、

rebar that was smooth,

光滑的鋼筋、

rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.

暴露在外鏽蝕的鋼筋

Now there's a solution

所有這些問題

to all these problems.

都有個解決辦法

And we know how to build properly.

我們知道如何把房子蓋好

The proof of this came in Chile,

智利就是一個證明

almost a month later,

約莫一個月之後

when 8.8 magnitude earthquake

智利發生

hit Chile.

規模8.8的地震

That is 500 times

那是規模7.0的

the power of the 7.0

500倍強

that hit Port-au-Prince --

是發生在王子港的地震

500 times the power,

的500倍

yet only under a thousand casualties.

但是只有不到一千的人員傷亡

Adjusted for population density,

以人口密度來看，

that is less than one percent

其影響程度

of the impact of the Haitian quake.

小於海地大地震百分之一

What was the difference

智利和海地的

between Chile and Haiti?

差別何在？

Seismic standards

建築物的抗震標準

and confined masonry,

和「加強磚造」

where the building acts as a whole --

其作用是一體的

walls and columns

牆、柱子、

and roofs and slabs

屋頂和瓦片

tied together to support each other --

結合在一起來彼此支撐

instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.

不會分崩離析而倒塌

If you look at this building in Chile,

來看看智利的建築

it's ripped in half,

它從中間裂開了

but it's not a pile of rubble.

但是它不是一堆斷垣殘壁

Chileans have been building with confined masonry

智利人幾十年來都在建築上運用

for decades.

加強磚造技術

Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers,

現在，「基礎建設發展組織」正與「KPFF工程顧問公司」

Architecture for Humanity,

以及「人性建築組織」合作

to bring more confined masonry training

來引進更多關於加強磚造技術的訓練

into Haiti.

到海地

This is Xantus Daniel;

這位是Xantus Daniel

he's a mason,

他是個泥水匠

just a general construction worker, not a foreman,

只是個普通的建築工人，不是工頭

who took one of our trainings.

他接受了我們的一項訓練

On his last job he was working with his boss,

在他上一份工作，他和他的老闆一起做事

and they started pouring the columns wrong.

他們使用錯的方式灌漿

He took his boss aside,

他把老闆帶到一邊

and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.

並給他看加強磚造的材料

He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.

他說：「我們不需要做錯的事，

It won't cost us any more

用正確的方式，

to do it the right way."

成本也不會比較高。」

And they redid that building.

後來他們就重蓋了那棟房子

They tied the rebar right,

他們用對的方法綁鋼筋

they poured the columns right,

他們用對的方式灌漿

and that building will be safe.

因此那棟房子便會是安全的

And every building

而往後他們

that they build going forward

所造的每棟建築物

will be safe.

都將會是安全的

To make sure these buildings are safe,

為了確保這些建築物的安全

it's not going to take policy --

需要的不是政策

it's going to take reaching out

而是要對在工地工作的泥水匠

to the masons on the ground

伸出援手

and helping them learn the proper techniques.

並幫助他們學習較好的技術

Now there are many groups doing this.

現在有很多組織都在做這件事

And the fellow in the vest there,

那個穿背心的傢伙

Craig Toten,

他叫Craig Toten

he has pushed forward

他更進一步的

to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.

把文件傳送給所有從事這工作的組織

Through Haiti Rewired,

藉由海地發送電報

through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,

及藉由「建造變革組織（Build Change）」、「人性建築組織」、

AIDG,

「適當基礎建設發展組織」

there is the possibility

而有了

to reach out

能接觸到

to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons

全國三、四萬泥水匠

across the country

的機會

and create a movement of proper building.

並且推動使用正確建造方式的運動

If you reach out to the people on the ground

如果用合作的方式

in this collaborative way

和那些工人接觸

it's extremely affordable.

是完完全全負擔得起的

For the billions spent on reconstruction,

花費在重建的數億元經費

you can train masons

可以用來訓練泥水匠

for dollars on every house

來讓每一塊錢都投注到

that they end up building over their lifetime.

他們一生所要建造的每一棟房子上

Ultimately, there are two ways

最後，有兩個方法

that you can rebuild Haiti;

可以重建海地

the way at the top

上面那個方法

is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.

就是海地數十年來所用的建造方式

The way at the top

上面那個方法

is a poorly constructed building

是用糟糕方式建造的

that will fail.

將會倒塌的建築

The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building,

下面那個方法

where the walls are tied together,

牆都被緊緊結合在一起

the building is symmetric,

建築物是對稱的

and it will stand up to an earthquake.

並且能夠抵擋地震

For all the disaster,

對於所有的災難

there is an opportunity here

現在有一個機會

to build better houses

可以建造更好的房子

for the next generation,

給下一個世代

so that when the next earthquake hits,

如此，則當下一次地震發生的時候

it is a disaster --

雖會是一場災難

but not a tragedy.

但不會是悲劇

(Applause)

（鼓掌）