Peter Haas: Haiti's disaster of engineering

Prevoditelj: Ilijana Vargovic Radic Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.

Saznao sam za haićanski potres preko Skype-a.

My wife sent me a message,

Žena mi je poslala poruku,

"Whoa, earthquake,"

"Opa, potres",

and then disappeared for 25 minutes.

i onda je nestala na 25 minuta.

It was 25 minutes of absolute terror

Bilo je to 25 minuta potpunog terora

that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.

kojeg su osjetile tisuće ljudi diljem Amerike.

I was afraid of a tsunami;

Bojao sam se tsunamija.

what I didn't realize

Ono što nisam shvatio

was there was a greater terror in Haiti,

je da je postojao veći teror na Haitiju,

and that was building collapse.

i to raspad zgrada.

We've all seen the photos

Svi smo vidjeli slike

of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.

raspadnutih zgrada na Haitiju.

These are shots my wife took

Ovo su fotografije koje je moje žena uslikala

a couple days after the quake,

par dana poslije potresa,

while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.

dok sam putovao kroz Dominikansku Republiku do Haitija.

This is the national palace --

Ovo je nacionalna palača,

the equivalent of the White House.

istoznačna Bijeloj kući.

This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean

Ovo je najveći supremarket na Karibima

at peak shopping time.

na vrhuncu šopingiranja.

This is a nurses' college --

Ovo je koleđ za medicinske sestre.

there are 300 nurses studying.

Tamo je studiralo 300 medicinskih sestara.

The general hospital right next door

Opća bolnica u neposrednoj blizini

emerged largely unscathed.

je izašla uvelike neoštećena.

This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.

Ovo je ministarstvo ekonomije i financija.

We have all heard

Svi smo čuli

about the tremendous human loss

o ogromnom ljudskom gubitku

in the earthquake in Haiti,

potresa na Haitiju,

but we haven't heard enough

ali nismo čuli dovoljno

about why all those lives were lost.

o tome zašto su svi ti životi izgubljeni.

We haven't heard about

Nismo čuli o

why the buildings failed.

razlogu zbog kojeg su se zgrade srušile.

After all, it was the buildings,

U konačnici, bile su to zgrade,

not the earthquake,

a ne potres,

that killed 220,000 people,

koje su ubile 220.000 ljudi,

that injured 330,000,

koje su ozlijedile 330.000,

that displaced 1.3 million people,

koje su raselile 1,3 milijuna ljudi,

that cut off food

koje su odsjekle hranu

and water and supplies

i vodu i potrepštine

for an entire nation.

za cijelu naciju.

This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster

Ovo je najveća katastrofa metropolitanskog područja

in decades,

zadnjih desetljeća.

and it was not a natural disaster --

I to nije bila prirodna nepogoda.

it was a disaster of engineering.

To je bila katastrofa inženjeringa.

AIDG has worked in Haiti

AIDG radi na Haitiju

since 2007,

od 2007. godine,

providing engineering and business support

osiguravajući inženjersku i poslovnu potporu

to small businesses.

malim poduzetništvima.

And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers

I nakon potresa, započeli smo s dovođenjem geoloških inženjera

to figure out why the buildings collapsed,

da bi otkrili zašto su se zgrade srušile,

to examine what was safe and what wasn't.

da bi istražili što je bilo sigurno a što ne.

Working with MINUSTAH,

Radeći sa MINUSTAH-om,

which is the U.N. mission in Haiti,

koji je misija ujedinjenih naroda na Haitiju,

with the Ministry of Public Works,

s mnistarstvom javnih radova,

with different NGOs,

s različitim nevladinim udrugama,

we inspected over 1,500 buildings.

proveli smo inspekciju preko 1.500 zgrada.

We inspected schools

Proveli smo inspekciju škola

and private residencies.

i privatnih rezidencija.

We inspected medical centers

Proveli smo inspekciju medicinskih centara

and food warehouses.

i skladišta hrane.

We inspected government buildings.

Proveli smo inspekciju vladinih zgrada.

This is the Ministry of Justice.

Ovo je ministarstvo pravosuđa.

Behind that door

Iza ovih vrata

is the National Judicial Archives.

su Nacionalni Sudski Arhivi.

The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault --

Momak na vratima, Andre Filitrault,

who's the director

koji je direktor

of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research

centra za istraživanje interdisciplinarnog geološkog inženjerstva

at the University of Buffalo --

na sveučilištu Buffalo,

was examining it to see if it was safe

je provjeravao da li je sigurno

to recover the archives.

povratiti arhive.

Andre told me,

Andre mi je rekao,

after seeing these buildings fail

vidjevši pad ovih zgrada

again and again in the same way,

ponovno i ponovno na isti način,

that there is no new research here.

da ovdje nema novog istraživanja.

There is nothing here that we don't know.

Ovdje nema ničega što nismo znali.

The failure points were the same:

Točke propadanja su bile iste --

walls and slabs not tied properly into columns --

zidovi i ploče koji nisu bili propisno vezani u stupove --

that's a roof slab hanging off the building --

to je krovna ploča koja visi sa zgrade --

cantilevered structures,

gredne strukture,

or structures that were asymmetric,

ili strukture koje su asimetrične,

that shook violently and came down,

koje su se tresle i otpale,

poor building materials,

loši građevinski materijali,

not enough concrete,

nedovoljno cementa,

not enough compression in the blocks,

nedovoljno kompresije na blokovima,

rebar that was smooth,

glatko betonsko željezo,

rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.

betonsko željezo koje je bilo eksponirano vremenu i zahrđalo.

Now there's a solution

Postoji rješenje

to all these problems.

za sve ove probleme.

And we know how to build properly.

I znamo kako propisno graditi.

The proof of this came in Chile,

Dokaz toga je došao u Čileu,

almost a month later,

skoro poslije mjesec dana,

when 8.8 magnitude earthquake

kada je potres magnitude 8,8

hit Chile.

udario Čile.

That is 500 times

To je 500 puta

the power of the 7.0

snage od 7,0

that hit Port-au-Prince --

koje su udarile Port-au-Prince --

500 times the power,

500 puta snage,

yet only under a thousand casualties.

ali s ispod tisuću žrtava.

Adjusted for population density,

Prilagođeno gustoći naseljenosti,

that is less than one percent

to je manje od jedan posto

of the impact of the Haitian quake.

udara haićanskog potresa.

What was the difference

Koje je bila razlika

between Chile and Haiti?

između Čilea i Haitija?

Seismic standards

Seizmički standardi

and confined masonry,

i ograničeno zidarstvo,

where the building acts as a whole --

gdje zgrade postaju cjelina --

walls and columns

zidovi i stupovi

and roofs and slabs

i krovovi i ploče

tied together to support each other --

vezani zajedno da bi se međusobno podupirali,

instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.

umjesto razlomljavanja u različite skupove i otpadanje.

If you look at this building in Chile,

Ukoliko pogledate ovu zgradu u Čileu,

it's ripped in half,

prepolovljena je,

but it's not a pile of rubble.

ali nije pretvorena u hrpu ruševinskog šljunka.

Chileans have been building with confined masonry

Čileanci su gradili ograničenim zidarstvom

for decades.

desetljećima.

Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers,

Trenutačno, AIDG radi s KPFF konzultantskim inženjerima,

Architecture for Humanity,

Arhitekturom za Čovječanstvo,

to bring more confined masonry training

kako bi donijela više treninga ograničenog zidarstva

into Haiti.

na Haiti.

This is Xantus Daniel;

Ovo je Xantus Daniel.

he's a mason,

On je zidar,

just a general construction worker, not a foreman,

samo generalni građevinski radnik, ne nadzornik,

who took one of our trainings.

koji je pohađao jedan od naših treninga.

On his last job he was working with his boss,

Na svom zadnjem poslu je radio sa svojim šefom,

and they started pouring the columns wrong.

i započeli su lijevati stupove pogrešno.

He took his boss aside,

Odveo je svog šefa postrance,

and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.

i pokazao mu materijal o ograničenom zidarstvu.

He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.

Pokazao mu je, "Znate, ne moramo ovo raditi krivo.

It won't cost us any more

Neće nas koštati više

to do it the right way."

ako napravimo posao na pravi način".

And they redid that building.

I ponovno su izgradili zgradu.

They tied the rebar right,

Povezali su armirani beton kako treba.

they poured the columns right,

Lijevali su stupove kako treba.

and that building will be safe.

I ta zgrada će biti sigurna.

And every building

I svaka zgrada

that they build going forward

koju izgrade idući naprijed

will be safe.

će biti sigurna.

To make sure these buildings are safe,

Da bi osigurali ove zgrade,

it's not going to take policy --

nije potreban pravilnik,

it's going to take reaching out

potrebno je pružiti ruku

to the masons on the ground

zidarima na lokaciji

and helping them learn the proper techniques.

i pomoći im naučiti propisne tehnike.

Now there are many groups doing this.

Sada postoje mnoge grupe koje se time bave.

And the fellow in the vest there,

Ovaj momak u odjelu ovdje,

Craig Toten,

Craig Toten,

he has pushed forward

progurao je naprijed

to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.

dostavu dokumentacije svim grupama koje rade na tome.

Through Haiti Rewired,

Kroz Haiti Rewired,

through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,

kroz Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,

AIDG,

AIDG,

there is the possibility

postoji mogućnost

to reach out

posegnuti

to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons

prema 30.000, 40.000 zidara

across the country

diljem zemlje

and create a movement of proper building.

i stvoriti pokret propisne izgradnje.

If you reach out to the people on the ground

Ako pružite ruku ljudima na lokaciji

in this collaborative way

na suradnički način

it's extremely affordable.

to je izuzetno isplativo.

For the billions spent on reconstruction,

Za milijarde potrošene na rekonstrukciju,

you can train masons

možete obučiti zidare

for dollars on every house

za dolare na svakoj kući

that they end up building over their lifetime.

koju u konačnici izgrade tokom svog života.

Ultimately, there are two ways

Na kraju, postoje dva načina

that you can rebuild Haiti;

kako obnoviti Haiti,

the way at the top

način na vrhu

is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.

je način na koji se je Haiti gradio desetljećima.

The way at the top

Način na vrhu

is a poorly constructed building

je loša konstrukcija gradnje

that will fail.

koja će propasti.

The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building,

Način na dnu je ograničena zidarska gradnja,

where the walls are tied together,

gdje su zidovi povezani zajedno,

the building is symmetric,

zgrada je simetrična,

and it will stand up to an earthquake.

i opstat će nakon potresa.

For all the disaster,

Za svu katastrofu,

there is an opportunity here

ovdje je mogućnost

to build better houses

izgradnje boljih kuća

for the next generation,

za sljedeće generacije,

so that when the next earthquake hits,

tako da kad sljedeći potres grune,

it is a disaster --

to će biti katastrofa,

but not a tragedy.

ali ne i tragedija.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)