Mark Plotkin: What the people of the Amazon know that you don’t

240,690 views ・ 2014-11-24

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Yixiong Zhu 校对人员: Wei Wu
00:12
Now, I'm an ethnobotanist.
0
12000
1876
我是名民族植物学家。
00:13
That's a scientist who works in the rainforest
1
13876
2245
我在热带雨林工作,
00:16
to document how people use local plants.
2
16121
3431
记录人们如何使用当地植物。
00:19
I've been doing this for a long time,
3
19552
3056
我做这项工作很久了,
00:22
and I want to tell you,
4
22608
1769
我可以告诉大家,
00:24
these people know these forests and these medicinal treasures
5
24377
2967
这些人对当地森林和里面医药珍宝的了解
00:27
better than we do and better than we ever will.
6
27344
3149
比我们多得多,永远多得多。
00:30
But also, these cultures,
7
30493
2308
但是,这些文化,
00:32
these indigenous cultures,
8
32801
1544
这些土著文化,
00:34
are disappearing much faster than the forests themselves.
9
34345
4679
消失得比森林还快。
00:39
And the greatest and most endangered species
10
39024
2950
在亚马逊热带雨林中,
00:41
in the Amazon Rainforest
11
41974
1804
最伟大而最濒危的物种
00:43
is not the jaguar,
12
43778
1840
不是美洲豹,
00:45
it's not the harpy eagle,
13
45618
1725
也不是美洲角雕,
00:47
it's the isolated and uncontacted tribes.
14
47343
3821
而是与世隔绝的人类部落。
00:51
Now four years ago, I injured my foot in a climbing accident
15
51164
3449
四年前,我在爬山时伤了脚,
00:54
and I went to the doctor.
16
54613
1534
我去看医生。
00:56
She gave me heat,
17
56147
1594
她给我进行热疗,
00:57
she gave me cold, aspirin,
18
57741
2704
进行冰疗,用阿司匹林,
01:00
narcotic painkillers, anti-inflammatories,
19
60445
3230
用麻醉止痛剂,抗炎药,
01:03
cortisone shots.
20
63675
1867
注射可的松。
01:05
It didn't work.
21
65542
2017
没有疗效。
01:07
Several months later,
22
67559
1837
几个月后,
01:09
I was in the northeast Amazon,
23
69396
2217
我在亚马逊东北部,
01:11
walked into a village,
24
71613
1993
我走进一个村落,
01:13
and the shaman said, "You're limping."
25
73606
2467
萨满说,“你跛了。”
01:16
And I'll never forget this as long as I live.
26
76073
2559
这一幕我一生都不会忘记。
01:18
He looked me in the face and he said,
27
78632
1834
他看着我的脸,对我说,
01:20
"Take off your shoe and give me your machete."
28
80466
3916
“脱鞋,把你的砍刀给我。”
01:24
(Laughter)
29
84382
2205
(笑声)
01:26
He walked over to a palm tree
30
86587
1984
他走向一棵棕榈树,
01:28
and carved off a fern,
31
88571
1546
切下来一片蕨,
01:30
threw it in the fire,
32
90117
1312
扔到火里,
01:31
applied it to my foot,
33
91429
1692
然后敷在我脚上,
01:33
threw it in a pot of water,
34
93121
1829
然后又扔进了一壶水中,
01:34
and had me drink the tea.
35
94950
2126
让我把那个当茶喝了。
01:37
The pain disappeared for seven months.
36
97076
3442
整整七个月,我再也没疼过。
01:40
When it came back, I went to see the shaman again.
37
100518
1926
复发后,我又去见萨满。
01:42
He gave me the same treatment,
38
102444
1805
他对我进行同样的疗法,
01:44
and I've been cured for three years now.
39
104249
3750
现在我已经痊愈三年了。
01:47
Who would you rather be treated by?
40
107999
2672
你想让谁给你治病?
01:50
(Applause)
41
110671
2886
(鼓掌)
01:53
Now, make no mistake — Western medicine
42
113557
2228
别误会 — 西医
01:55
is the most successful system of healing ever devised,
43
115785
3110
是人类发明的最成功的医疗体系,
01:58
but there's plenty of holes in it.
44
118895
2575
但它也有缺陷。
02:01
Where's the cure for breast cancer?
45
121470
2038
乳腺癌的疗法在哪里?
02:03
Where's the cure for schizophrenia?
46
123508
1870
神经分裂症的疗法在哪里?
02:05
Where's the cure for acid reflux?
47
125378
2394
胃酸倒流的疗法在哪里?
02:07
Where's the cure for insomnia?
48
127772
2197
失眠症的疗法在哪里?
02:09
The fact is that these people
49
129969
1919
事实是,这些土著人
02:11
can sometimes, sometimes, sometimes
50
131888
2036
在有些时候,能治疗
02:13
cure things we cannot.
51
133924
1646
我们治不了的病。
02:15
Here you see a medicine man in the northeast Amazon
52
135570
2382
这是一位亚马逊东北部的药师
02:17
treating leishmaniasis,
53
137952
1580
在治疗利什曼病。
02:19
a really nasty protozoal disease
54
139532
2331
利什曼病是一种非常恶心的原虫疾病,
02:21
that afflicts 12 million people around the world.
55
141863
2961
全世界超过一千两百万人受其困扰。
02:24
Western treatment are injections of antimony.
56
144824
2703
西医的疗法是进行锑注射。
02:27
They're painful, they're expensive,
57
147527
2501
这种疗法让人很痛苦,也很昂贵,
02:30
and they're probably not good for your heart;
58
150028
2111
而且这种疗法对病人的心脏也可能有副作用。
02:32
it's a heavy metal.
59
152139
1640
锑是重金属。
02:33
This man cures it with three plants from the Amazon Rainforest.
60
153779
3618
这名药师能用三种亚马逊雨林的草药来进行治疗。
02:37
This is the magic frog.
61
157397
2315
这个是魔蛙。
02:39
My colleague, the late great Loren McIntyre,
62
159712
2736
我已故的同事洛伦·麦金太尔,
02:42
discoverer of the source lake of the Amazon,
63
162448
2164
他发现了亚马逊的河源湖,
02:44
Laguna McIntyre in the Peruvian Andes,
64
164612
2444
秘鲁安第斯的麦金太尔湖,
02:47
was lost on the Peru-Brazil border about 30 years ago.
65
167056
3105
他30年前在秘鲁巴西边境迷路了。
02:50
He was rescued by a group of isolated Indians called the Matsés.
66
170161
4595
他被一群叫做Matsés的与世隔绝的印第安人救了下来。
02:54
They beckoned for him to follow them into the forest, which he did.
67
174756
3779
他们示意他跟随他们进入丛林,他照做了。
02:58
There, they took out palm leaf baskets.
68
178535
2424
在那里,他们拿出了棕榈树叶筐,
03:00
There, they took out these green monkey frogs —
69
180959
2482
里面他们拿出了这种绿色的猴蛙 —
03:03
these are big suckers, they're like this —
70
183441
1998
个头都是大家伙,有这么 —
03:05
and they began licking them.
71
185439
2523
然后他们开始舔这种蛙。
03:07
It turns out, they're highly hallucinogenic.
72
187962
2968
这种蛙有高度的致幻作用。
03:10
McIntyre wrote about this and it was read by the editor of High Times magazine.
73
190930
4902
麦金太尔把这个写了出来,《鼎盛时期》杂志的编辑看了。
03:15
You see that ethnobotanists have friends in all sorts of strange cultures.
74
195832
4351
从中你可以看出民族植物学家在各种奇怪的圈子都有朋友。
03:20
This guy decided he would go down to the Amazon and give it a whirl,
75
200183
3430
这名编辑决定自己去亚马逊爽一下,
03:23
or give it a lick, and he did, and he wrote,
76
203616
3734
舔一下,他真这样做了,他写到,
03:27
"My blood pressure went through the roof,
77
207350
2485
“我的血压爆表了,
03:29
I lost full control of my bodily functions,
78
209835
2190
我对我的身体机能完全失去了控制。
03:32
I passed out in a heap,
79
212025
1830
我昏厥了,
03:33
I woke up in a hammock six hours later,
80
213855
2526
六个小时后我在一张吊床里醒来,
03:36
felt like God for two days."
81
216381
2174
两天内都觉得自己跟神仙似的。”
03:38
(Laughter)
82
218555
1309
(笑声)
03:39
An Italian chemist read this and said,
83
219864
1883
一位意大利化学家读后说,
03:41
"I'm not really interested in the theological aspects of the green monkey frog.
84
221747
3836
“我对这种绿猴蛙魔幻的一面没太大兴趣,
03:45
What's this about the change in blood pressure?"
85
225583
2585
可这个血压变化是怎么回事?”
03:48
Now, this is an Italian chemist
86
228168
2404
现在,这名意大利化学家
03:50
who's working on a new treatment for high blood pressure
87
230572
2615
正在研究新的治疗高血压的方法,
03:53
based on peptides in the skin of the green monkey frog,
88
233187
2850
用的就是绿猴蛙皮肤中的肽,
03:56
and other scientists are looking
89
236037
2282
而其他科学家也正在研究用这个肽来
03:58
at a cure for drug-resistant Staph aureus.
90
238319
3841
治疗耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌。
04:02
How ironic if these isolated Indians and their magic frog
91
242160
3589
如果这些隔绝的印第安人和他们的魔蛙
04:05
prove to be one of the cures.
92
245749
2109
是答案的话,那该有多讽刺。
04:07
Here's an ayahuasca shaman
93
247858
2189
这里是一位亚马逊西北部的死藤水萨满,
04:10
in the northwest Amazon, in the middle of a yage ceremony.
94
250047
2913
在卡皮木仪式中。
04:12
I took him to Los Angeles to meet a foundation officer
95
252960
3014
我带他去洛杉矶见一位基金会工作人员,
04:15
looking for support for monies to protect their culture.
96
255974
3488
寻求资金来保护他们的文化。
04:19
This fellow looked at the medicine man, and he said,
97
259462
2598
这个工作人员看了看这位药师,说,
04:22
"You didn't go to medical school, did you?"
98
262060
3147
“你没上过医学院吧?”
04:25
The shaman said, "No, I did not."
99
265207
1830
萨满回答,“没有。”
04:27
He said, "Well, then what can you know about healing?"
100
267037
2631
他说,“那么,对治病你能懂什么?”
04:29
The shaman looked at him and he said,
101
269668
1764
萨满看着他,说,
04:31
"You know what? If you have an infection, go to a doctor.
102
271432
3816
“你知道么?如果你有感染,那你去看医生。
04:35
But many human afflictions are diseases of the heart, the mind and the spirit.
103
275248
6561
但很多人类疾病是心灵,头脑,和灵魂的病。
04:41
Western medicine can't touch those. I cure them."
104
281809
4552
西医治不了。我能。”
04:46
(Applause)
105
286361
4189
(掌声)
04:50
But all is not rosy in learning from nature about new medicines.
106
290550
3508
但是从自然中提炼新药物也并不是那么美好。
04:54
This is a viper from Brazil,
107
294058
2287
这是条巴西毒蛇,
04:56
the venom of which was studied at the Universidade de São Paulo here.
108
296345
3258
毒液经圣保罗大学研究,
04:59
It was later developed into ACE inhibitors.
109
299603
3451
后来发展成ACE抑制剂。
05:03
This is a frontline treatment for hypertension.
110
303054
2396
治疗高血压的尖端药物。
05:05
Hypertension causes over 10 percent
111
305450
2634
地球上人类每天超过10%的死亡
05:08
of all deaths on the planet every day.
112
308084
2374
是因为高血压。
05:10
This is a $4 billion industry
113
310458
2084
这是个价值40亿美元的行业,
05:12
based on venom from a Brazilian snake,
114
312542
2192
用的就是巴西蛇的毒液,
05:14
and the Brazilians did not get a nickel.
115
314734
3334
但巴西人却一分钱也没得到。
05:18
This is not an acceptable way of doing business.
116
318068
4988
这样的做法是不可接受的。
05:23
The rainforest has been called the greatest expression of life on Earth.
117
323056
3614
热带雨林被称作地球上最伟大的生态体系。
05:26
There's a saying in Suriname that I dearly love:
118
326670
2666
苏里南有一句谚语我很喜欢:
05:29
"The rainforests hold answers to questions we have yet to ask."
119
329336
5609
“热带雨林中有我们还未知晓的问题的答案。”
05:34
But as you all know, it's rapidly disappearing.
120
334945
2877
但是正如大家都知道的,热带雨林正在快速消失。
05:37
Here in Brazil, in the Amazon,
121
337822
2116
在巴西是这样,在亚马逊是这样,
05:39
around the world.
122
339938
1397
在全世界也是。
05:41
I took this picture from a small plane
123
341335
2170
我从一架小飞机上拍了这张照片,
05:43
flying over the eastern border of the Xingu indigenous reserve
124
343505
2948
当时正在飞过Xingu土著保护区的东部边境,
05:46
in the state of Mato Grosso to the northwest of here.
125
346453
3049
是从马托格罗索州到这里的西北部。
05:49
The top half of the picture,
126
349502
1653
照片的上半部分,
05:51
you see where the Indians live.
127
351155
1702
你能看到是印第安人的居住地。
05:52
The line through the middle
128
352857
1557
中间的线
05:54
is the eastern border of the reserve.
129
354414
2347
是保护区的东部边界。
05:56
Top half Indians, bottom half white guys.
130
356761
3478
上半部分印第安人,下半部分白人。
06:00
Top half wonder drugs,
131
360239
2172
上半部分是奇妙的医药,
06:02
bottom half just a bunch of skinny-ass cows.
132
362411
3585
下半部分就是一群脑残。
06:05
Top half carbon sequestered in the forest where it belongs,
133
365996
3473
上半部分碳被储存在他们所属的森林中,
06:09
bottom half carbon in the atmosphere
134
369469
2674
下半部分碳排放到大气中,
06:12
where it's driving climate change.
135
372143
2403
导致气候变化。
06:14
In fact, the number two cause
136
374546
2488
事实上,大气碳排放的
06:17
of carbon being released into the atmosphere
137
377034
2539
第二个原因就是
06:19
is forest destruction.
138
379573
2838
森林破坏。
06:22
But in talking about destruction,
139
382411
1816
说到破坏,
06:24
it's important to keep in mind
140
384227
1944
很重要的是要记得
06:26
that the Amazon is the mightiest landscape of all.
141
386171
4003
亚马逊是最神奇的景观。
06:30
It's a place of beauty and wonder.
142
390174
2452
壮丽的地方,神奇的地方。
06:32
The biggest anteater in the world
143
392626
2491
世界上最大的食蚁兽
06:35
lives in the rain forest,
144
395117
1948
就生活在热带雨林,
06:37
tips the scale at 90 pounds.
145
397065
2403
重达90磅。
06:39
The goliath bird-eating spider
146
399468
2051
巨型的捕鸟蛛,
06:41
is the world's largest spider.
147
401519
1948
世界上最大的蜘蛛,
06:43
It's found in the Amazon as well.
148
403467
2301
也是在亚马逊。
06:45
The harpy eagle wingspan is over seven feet.
149
405768
3888
美洲角雕翼展超过7英尺,
06:49
And the black cayman —
150
409656
2797
还有黑鳄鱼 —
06:52
these monsters can tip the scale at over half a ton.
151
412453
3056
这些巨兽体重超过半吨。
06:55
They're known to be man-eaters.
152
415509
3349
他们据称能食人。
06:58
The anaconda, the largest snake,
153
418858
2790
还有水蟒,最大的蛇类,
07:01
the capybara, the largest rodent.
154
421648
2727
水豚,最大的啮齿类。
07:04
A specimen from here in Brazil
155
424375
1662
巴西的一个标本
07:06
tipped the scale at 201 pounds.
156
426037
3696
重达201磅。
07:09
Let's visit where these creatures live,
157
429733
2295
让我们来看看这些生物的家园,
07:12
the northeast Amazon,
158
432028
1836
亚马逊东北部,
07:13
home to the Akuriyo tribe.
159
433864
1699
Akuriyo部落的所在地。
07:15
Uncontacted peoples hold a mystical and iconic role
160
435563
5513
与世隔绝的部落在我们的想象中
07:21
in our imagination.
161
441076
2135
是神秘而有代表性的。
07:23
These are the people who know nature best.
162
443211
2337
他们是最了解自然的人。
07:25
These are the people who truly live
163
445548
1851
他们是真正与自然
07:27
in total harmony with nature.
164
447399
3058
和谐相处的人。
07:30
By our standards, some would dismiss these people as primitive.
165
450457
2964
用我们的标准来看,有人会觉得他们原始。
07:33
"They don't know how to make fire,
166
453421
1641
“他们不会生火。
07:35
or they didn't when they were first contacted."
167
455062
2252
起码刚跟外界接触时,他们不会。”
07:37
But they know the forest far better than we do.
168
457314
3144
但他们对森林的了解远远多于我们。
07:40
The Akuriyos have 35 words for honey,
169
460458
2994
Akuriyos人有35种词汇形容蜂蜜,
07:43
and other Indians look up to them
170
463452
2050
其他印第安人将他们视为
07:45
as being the true masters of the emerald realm.
171
465502
4255
热带雨林中真正的大师。
07:49
Here you see the face of my friend Pohnay.
172
469757
2315
这是我的朋友博奈。
07:52
When I was a teenager rocking out
173
472072
1743
当我还年轻,在家乡新奥尔良
07:53
to the Rolling Stones in my hometown of New Orleans,
174
473815
2444
听滚石乐队的歌时,
07:56
Pohnay was a forest nomad
175
476259
2535
博奈就已经在森林游牧,
07:58
roaming the jungles of the northeast Amazon
176
478794
2497
漫步在亚马逊东北部的丛林中,
08:01
in a small band, looking for game,
177
481291
3230
和小群落一起,打猎,
08:04
looking for medicinal plants,
178
484531
2095
寻找草药,
08:06
looking for a wife,
179
486626
1397
从别的小游牧群落中
08:08
in other small nomadic bands.
180
488023
2278
寻找配偶。
08:10
But it's people like these
181
490301
2478
正是他们这种人有
08:12
that know things that we don't,
182
492779
1933
我们不知道的智慧,
08:14
and they have lots of lessons to teach us.
183
494712
4110
他们有很多东西能教给我们。
08:18
However, if you go into most of the forests of the Amazon,
184
498832
3398
但是,如果你去亚马逊森林的大多数地方,
08:22
there are no indigenous peoples.
185
502230
1807
你见不到土著部落。
08:24
This is what you find:
186
504037
1934
你能看到的是,
08:25
rock carvings which indigenous peoples,
187
505971
3149
与世隔绝的土著部落磨斧头时
08:29
uncontacted peoples, used to sharpen the edge of the stone axe.
188
509120
4430
在石头上留下的痕迹。
08:33
These cultures that once danced,
189
513550
2072
这些曾经跳舞,
08:35
made love, sang to the gods,
190
515622
2581
繁衍,赞颂神明,
08:38
worshipped the forest,
191
518203
1583
崇拜森林的群落,
08:39
all that's left is an imprint in stone, as you see here.
192
519786
3648
现在只留在岩石的痕迹中,就像这张图里的这样。
08:43
Let's move to the western Amazon,
193
523434
2570
我们再去看看西亚马逊,
08:46
which is really the epicenter of isolated peoples.
194
526004
3087
那里是与世隔绝的部落的中心。
08:49
Each of these dots represents
195
529091
2038
这里每一个点都代表着
08:51
a small, uncontacted tribe,
196
531129
2293
一个小的,未曾联系过的部落,
08:53
and the big reveal today is we believe there are 14 or 15 isolated groups
197
533422
4958
现在我们认为单单在哥伦比亚亚马逊
08:58
in the Colombian Amazon alone.
198
538381
3381
就有14或15个隔绝部落。
09:01
Why are these people isolated?
199
541762
2242
为什么这些人与世隔绝?
09:04
They know we exist, they know there's an outside world.
200
544004
2707
他们知道我们存在,他们知道有外界世界。
09:06
This is a form of resistance.
201
546711
2020
这是一种反抗。
09:08
They have chosen to remain isolated,
202
548731
2135
他们选择保持隔绝,
09:10
and I think it is their human right to remain so.
203
550866
3573
我觉得他们有权利这样做。
09:14
Why are these the tribes that hide from man?
204
554439
2423
为什么这些部落会躲着人?
09:16
Here's why.
205
556862
1105
这是为什么。
09:17
Obviously, some of this was set off in 1492.
206
557967
3258
很显然,部分是起源于1492年。
09:21
But at the turn of the last century
207
561225
2022
但是在上世纪开始出现
09:23
was the rubber trade.
208
563247
1825
橡胶贸易。
09:25
The demand for natural rubber,
209
565072
1650
对天然橡胶的需求,
09:26
which came from the Amazon,
210
566722
1906
而天然橡胶来自亚马逊,
09:28
set off the botanical equivalent of a gold rush.
211
568628
3174
促成了植物界的淘金热潮。
09:31
Rubber for bicycle tires,
212
571802
1876
橡胶用于自行车胎,
09:33
rubber for automobile tires,
213
573678
1618
橡胶用于汽车轮胎,
09:35
rubber for zeppelins.
214
575296
1751
橡胶用于齐柏林飞艇。
09:37
It was a mad race to get that rubber,
215
577047
3007
橡胶被人们疯抢,
09:40
and the man on the left, Julio Arana,
216
580054
2678
而左边这个人,朱利奥·阿拉纳,
09:42
is one of the true thugs of the story.
217
582732
3067
是这个故事中最混蛋的恶棍。
09:45
His people, his company,
218
585799
1693
他的人,他的公司,
09:47
and other companies like them
219
587492
2102
还有其他的类似公司,
09:49
killed, massacred, tortured, butchered Indians
220
589594
3155
谋杀,屠杀,虐待,屠宰了Witoto等印第安部落,
09:52
like the Witotos you see on the right hand side of the slide.
221
592749
4907
幻灯片右边就是。
09:57
Even today, when people come out of the forest,
222
597656
2425
即便在今天,当土著部落走出丛林,
10:00
the story seldom has a happy ending.
223
600081
2705
故事也往往没有好的结局。
10:02
These are Nukaks. They were contacted in the '80s.
224
602786
3120
这些是Nukak人。外界80年代时与他们联络。
10:05
Within a year, everybody over 40 was dead.
225
605906
3957
1年之内,40岁以上的都死了。
10:09
And remember, these are preliterate societies.
226
609863
2232
要记得,他们是尚无文字的社会。
10:12
The elders are the libraries.
227
612095
1780
长者就是图书馆。
10:13
Every time a shaman dies,
228
613875
1778
每次一位萨满死去,
10:15
it's as if a library has burned down.
229
615653
3389
就好像一个图书馆被烧毁。
10:19
They have been forced off their lands.
230
619042
2496
他们被逼迫离开自己的土地。
10:21
The drug traffickers have taken over the Nukak lands,
231
621538
4223
毒贩们霸占了Nukak部落的土地。
10:25
and the Nukaks live as beggars
232
625761
1978
他们在哥伦比亚东部的公园中
10:27
in public parks in eastern Colombia.
233
627739
3242
当起了乞丐。
10:30
From the Nukak lands, I want to take you to the southwest,
234
630981
2900
从Nukak部落的土地,我带你去西南部,
10:33
to the most spectacular landscape in the world:
235
633881
2647
来到世界最壮丽的景观:
10:36
Chiribiquete National Park.
236
636528
2073
奇里维克特国家公园。
10:38
It was surrounded by three isolated tribes
237
638601
2139
它四周环绕着三个与世隔绝的部落,
10:40
and thanks to the Colombian government and Colombian colleagues,
238
640740
3031
在哥伦比亚政府和哥伦比亚同僚的努力下,
10:43
it has now expanded.
239
643771
1946
国家公园范围现在扩大了。
10:45
It's bigger than the state of Maryland.
240
645717
1977
它比马里兰州的面积还大。
10:47
It is a treasure trove of botanical diversity.
241
647694
3441
它是植物多样化的宝库。
10:51
It was first explored botanically in 1943
242
651135
2955
奇里维克特山最早在1943年进行了植物学探索,
10:54
by my mentor, Richard Schultes,
243
654090
1790
探索由我的导师,理查德·舒尔特斯进行。
10:55
seen here atop the Bell Mountain,
244
655880
2870
这里看到的是他在贝尔山的顶端,
10:58
the sacred mountains of the Karijonas.
245
658750
2435
贝尔山是Karijona部落的圣山。
11:01
And let me show you what it looks like today.
246
661185
2291
让我带你看看现在那里是什么样。
11:03
Flying over Chiribiquete,
247
663476
1929
飞跃奇里维克特山,
11:05
realize that these lost world mountains are still lost.
248
665405
2578
这些与世隔绝的山仍旧是与世隔绝的。
11:07
No scientist has been atop them.
249
667983
1805
没有科学家登顶过。
11:09
In fact, nobody has been atop the Bell Mountain
250
669788
2193
事实上,自舒尔特斯1943年以来,
11:11
since Schultes in '43.
251
671981
1959
再也没有人登顶过贝尔山。
11:13
And we'll end up here with the Bell Mountain
252
673940
2872
我们前面就是贝尔山,
11:16
just to the east of the picture.
253
676812
2258
就在画面东部。
11:19
Let me show you what it looks like today.
254
679070
2690
让我带你们看看它现在的样子。
11:21
Not only is this a treasure trove of botanical diversity,
255
681760
3177
它不仅仅是植物多样化的宝库,
11:24
not only is it home to three isolated tribes,
256
684937
2778
也不仅仅是三个与世隔绝部落的家园,
11:27
but it's the greatest treasure trove
257
687715
1788
它还是世界上最伟大的
11:29
of pre-Colombian art in the world:
258
689503
3325
前哥伦布时期的艺术宝库,
11:32
over 200,000 paintings.
259
692828
2539
拥有超过20万幅画作。
11:35
The Dutch scientist Thomas van der Hammen
260
695367
2644
荷兰科学家托马斯·范德哈门
11:38
described this as the Sistine Chapel of the Amazon Rainforest.
261
698011
5686
称其为亚马逊热带雨林的西斯廷圣母院。
11:43
But move from Chiribiquete down to the southeast,
262
703697
2574
从奇里维克特山向东南方去,
11:46
again in the Colombian Amazon.
263
706271
1811
回到哥伦比亚亚马逊。
11:48
Remember, the Colombian Amazon is bigger than New England.
264
708082
2882
请记得,哥伦比亚亚马逊比新英格兰面积还广。
11:50
The Amazon's a big forest,
265
710964
1617
亚马逊是一大片森林,
11:52
and Brazil's got a big part of it,
266
712581
1631
巴西有很大一部分,
11:54
but not all of it.
267
714212
1486
但不是全部。
11:55
Moving down to these two national parks,
268
715698
1588
来到这两个国家公园,
11:57
Cahuinari and Puré
269
717286
2149
位于哥伦比亚亚马逊的
11:59
in the Colombian Amazon —
270
719435
1346
卡维纳里河国家公园和普伦国家公园 —
12:00
that's the Brazilian border to the right —
271
720781
2688
右边是巴西边境 —
12:03
it's home to several groups
272
723469
2374
是许多与世隔绝的部落
12:05
of isolated and uncontacted peoples.
273
725843
1744
的家园。
12:07
To the trained eye, you can look at the roofs
274
727587
2129
如果你有能力,你能看出
12:09
of these malocas, these longhouses,
275
729716
2091
这些是长屋的房顶,
12:11
and see that there's cultural diversity.
276
731807
1921
看出那里的文化多样性。
12:13
These are, in fact, different tribes.
277
733728
2048
这些其实是不同的部落。
12:15
As isolated as these areas are,
278
735776
2564
尽管这些地方如此隔绝,
12:18
let me show you how the outside world is crowding in.
279
738340
4253
我来给你们看外界是如何进行侵蚀的。
12:22
Here we see trade and transport increased in Putumayo.
280
742595
2721
这里,我们能看到普图马约河的贸易和运输增长。
12:25
With the diminishment of the Civil War in Colombia,
281
745316
2440
随着哥伦比亚内战的结束,
12:27
the outside world is showing up.
282
747756
2612
外界开始侵入。
12:30
To the north, we have illegal gold mining,
283
750368
2752
北边,有非法的金矿,
12:33
also from the east, from Brazil.
284
753120
1692
东边来自巴西的也有。
12:34
There's increased hunting and fishing for commercial purposes.
285
754812
3640
商业目的的狩猎和捕鱼活动也越来越多。
12:38
We see illegal logging coming from the south,
286
758452
3057
南边我们能看到非法采木,
12:41
and drug runners are trying to move through the park
287
761509
2655
毒贩子也想穿过国家公园
12:44
and get into Brazil.
288
764164
2206
去巴西。
12:46
This, in the past, is why you didn't mess
289
766370
2758
这就是为什么在过去,你别惹
12:49
with isolated Indians.
290
769128
1621
与世隔绝的印第安人。
12:50
And if it looks like this picture is out of focus
291
770749
1864
如果这张照片看起来有点失焦,
12:52
because it was taken in a hurry, here's why.
292
772613
3286
因为拍摄的时候匆匆忙忙,而这就是为什么。
12:55
(Laughter)
293
775899
2517
(笑声)
12:58
This looks like — (Applause)
294
778416
5887
这看起来像 — (掌声)
13:04
This looks like a hangar from the Brazilian Amazon.
295
784303
2520
这看起来像是在巴西亚马逊的机库。
13:06
This is an art exhibit in Havana, Cuba.
296
786823
2743
这其实是古巴哈瓦那的艺术展,
13:09
A group called Los Carpinteros.
297
789566
1657
创作自一个叫做“Los Carpinteros”的组织。
13:11
This is their perception of why you shouldn't mess with uncontacted Indians.
298
791223
4351
这是他们想象中的你为什么别惹与世隔绝的的印第安人。
13:15
But the world is changing.
299
795574
1977
但是世界在变化。
13:17
These are Mashco-Piros on the Brazil-Peru border
300
797551
2768
这些是Mashco-Piro人在巴西秘鲁边境,
13:20
who stumbled out of the jungle
301
800319
2141
他们逃出丛林
13:22
because they were essentially chased out
302
802460
1954
因为他们被驱赶出来,
13:24
by drug runners and timber people.
303
804414
2378
被毒贩和采木的人。
13:26
And in Peru, there's a very nasty business.
304
806792
2633
在秘鲁,有个很邪恶的行业
13:29
It's called human safaris.
305
809425
1820
叫人类游猎。
13:31
They will take you in to isolated groups to take their picture.
306
811245
3032
他们带你去隔绝部落照相。
13:34
Of course, when you give them clothes, when you give them tools,
307
814277
3046
当然,你给他们衣服,给他们工具,
13:37
you also give them diseases.
308
817323
1898
你也带给他们疾病。
13:39
We call these "inhuman safaris."
309
819221
2847
我们管这个叫“反人类游猎”。
13:42
These are Indians again on the Peru border,
310
822068
2098
这又是印第安人,在秘鲁边境,
13:44
who were overflown by flights sponsored by missionaries.
311
824166
3218
被传教士带着飞到这里。
13:47
They want to get in there and turn them into Christians.
312
827384
2931
传教士想把他们变成基督徒。
13:50
We know how that turns out.
313
830315
2195
我们都知道这样做的结果。
13:52
What's to be done?
314
832510
1774
能做些什么?
13:54
Introduce technology to the contacted tribes,
315
834284
2426
传播科技给已经有联系的部落,
13:56
not the uncontacted tribes,
316
836710
1902
不是隔绝的部落,
13:58
in a culturally sensitive way.
317
838612
3133
并在传播过程中照顾到他们的文化。
14:01
This is the perfect marriage of ancient shamanic wisdom
318
841745
4146
这是古老的萨满智慧与
14:05
and 21st century technology.
319
845891
2826
21世纪科技的完美联姻。
14:08
We've done this now with over 30 tribes,
320
848717
3011
我们已经跟超过30个部落合作了。
14:11
mapped, managed and increased protection
321
851728
2924
我们测绘了,管理了,并加强保护了
14:14
of over 70 million acres of ancestral rainforest.
322
854652
3903
超过七千万英亩的古老热带雨林。
14:18
(Applause)
323
858555
5273
(掌声)
14:23
So this allows the Indians to take control
324
863828
3222
这能让印第安人掌控
14:27
of their environmental and cultural destiny.
325
867050
3527
他们的环境和文化未来。
14:30
They also then set up guard houses
326
870577
1989
他们还设立了岗哨房,
14:32
to keep outsiders out.
327
872566
2006
不让外人进入。
14:34
These are Indians, trained as indigenous park rangers,
328
874572
2639
这些是印第安人,经过受训成为巡山人,
14:37
patrolling the borders
329
877211
1656
在边境巡逻,
14:38
and keeping the outside world at bay.
330
878867
3081
防止外部世界进入。
14:41
This is a picture of actual contact.
331
881948
2759
这是与部落接触时的照片。
14:44
These are Chitonahua Indians
332
884707
1907
他们是Chitonahua印第安部落,
14:46
on the Brazil-Peru border.
333
886614
2003
位于巴西秘鲁边境。
14:48
They've come out of the jungle
334
888617
1704
他们从丛林中走出,
14:50
asking for help.
335
890321
1741
寻求帮助。
14:52
They were shot at,
336
892062
1406
他们遭到枪击,
14:53
their malocas, their longhouses, were burned.
337
893468
2737
他们的长屋被焚毁。
14:56
Some of them were massacred.
338
896205
2503
他们有的人被屠杀。
14:58
Using automatic weapons to slaughter uncontacted peoples
339
898708
5786
使用自动化武器对付这些与世隔绝的部落
15:04
is the single most despicable and disgusting human rights abuse
340
904494
4232
是我们地球上如今最可耻最可恶的
15:08
on our planet today, and it has to stop.
341
908726
2945
反人类行径,这一行径必须停止。
15:11
(Applause)
342
911671
6534
(掌声)
15:18
But let me conclude by saying,
343
918205
2723
在结尾,请让我说,
15:20
this work can be spiritually rewarding,
344
920928
2864
这一工作对心灵是很有好处的,
15:23
but it's difficult and it can be dangerous.
345
923792
2844
但也是困难的,还会是很危险的。
15:26
Two colleagues of mine passed away recently
346
926636
2902
我的两个同事最近刚刚去世,
15:29
in the crash of a small plane.
347
929538
2365
死于小型飞机坠毁。
15:31
They were serving the forest
348
931903
1778
他们在保护森林,
15:33
to protect those uncontacted tribes.
349
933681
2748
保卫这些隔绝的部落。
15:36
So the question is, in conclusion,
350
936429
1937
那么在结尾,问题是,
15:38
is what the future holds.
351
938366
1825
未来会怎么样。
15:40
These are the Uray people in Brazil.
352
940191
2097
这些是巴西的Uray部落。
15:42
What does the future hold for them,
353
942288
1681
他们的未来会怎样。
15:43
and what does the future hold for us?
354
943969
2671
我们的未来会怎样?
15:46
Let's think differently.
355
946640
2481
让我们换个想法。
15:49
Let's make a better world.
356
949121
1797
让我们一起建立一个更好的世界。
15:50
If the climate's going to change,
357
950918
1918
如果气候变化一定要发生,
15:52
let's have a climate that changes for the better rather than the worse.
358
952836
4081
那就让气候变好,而不是变坏。
15:56
Let's live on a planet
359
956919
3165
让我们所生活的星球上
16:00
full of luxuriant vegetation,
360
960084
2820
充满丰富的植被,
16:02
in which isolated peoples
361
962904
2106
而隔绝的部落
16:05
can remain in isolation,
362
965010
1859
能够保持隔绝,
16:06
can maintain that mystery
363
966869
1973
能够继续那份神秘,
16:08
and that knowledge
364
968842
1526
还有那些智慧,
16:10
if they so choose.
365
970368
1645
如果他们愿意这样。
16:12
Let's live in a world
366
972013
2115
让我们所生活的世界里,
16:14
where the shamans live in these forests
367
974128
2369
萨满生活在树林中,
16:16
and heal themselves and us
368
976497
2944
用他们神秘的植物
16:19
with their mystical plants
369
979441
2737
和神圣的猴蛙,
16:22
and their sacred frogs.
370
982178
2057
治疗他们,还有我们。
16:24
Thanks again.
371
984235
1847
谢谢。
16:26
(Applause)
372
986082
3919
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7