Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy

翻译人员: Angelia King 校对人员: Chaoran Yu

I believe that there are new, hidden tensions

我相信，有新的，隐藏的紧张关系

that are actually happening between people and institutions --

发生在人们与制度之间，

institutions that are the institutions that people

在人们日常生活中

inhabit in their daily life:

的制度如：

schools, hospitals, workplaces,

学校、医院、工作场所、

factories, offices, etc.

工厂、办公室等等。

And something that I see happening

我看到的这些关系

is something that I would like to call

是被我称之为的

a sort of "democratization of intimacy."

一种“民主化的亲密关系。”

And what do I mean by that?

这是什么意思呢？

I mean that what people are doing

事实上，我指的是人们正在做的

is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,

就是在他们所处的沟通渠道中，

they are breaking an imposed isolation

他们试图打破一种强加的孤立，

that these institutions are imposing on them.

一种由于这些制度对他们所强加的孤立。

How are they doing this? They're doing it

人们怎样才能做到这点？他们正用

in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,

非常简单的方法来做到，例如工作时给妈妈打电话，

by IMing from their office to their friends,

从办公室给朋友们发即时通讯，

by texting under the desk.

在桌子下发短信。

The pictures that you're seeing behind me

你看到我身后的这些照片

are people that I visited in the last few months.

是我过去几个月采访的人们。

And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.

我请求他们带来他们联系最多，最亲密的人。

And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.

有人带来她的男朋友，有人带来父亲。

One young woman brought her grandfather.

一位年轻女人带来她的爷爷。

For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use

20年来，我一直在研究人们如何使用

channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.

如电子邮件、移动电话和短信等的通信渠道。

What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,

从根本上，我们实际上要看到的是，

people are communicating on a regular basis

人们与他们最亲密领域里的

with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.

五，六，七个人定期交流联系。

Now, lets take some data. Facebook.

现在例如一些有关Facebook的数据。

Recently some sociologists from Facebook --

最近一些社会学家从Facebook，

Facebook is the channel that you would expect

Facebook是人们所期望的

is the most enlargening of all channels.

所有社交网络中最庞大的一个。

And an average user,

一位Facebook的普通用户，

said Cameron Marlow,

卡梅伦马洛Cameron Marlow说，

from Facebook, has about 120 friends.

他大约有120个朋友。

But he actually talks to,

但是根据他的性别，他实际上

has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people

只与大约4至6人

on a regular base, depending on his gender.

定期双向交流。

Academic research on instant messaging

在即时通讯学术研究

also shows 100 people on buddy lists,

也显示好友名单上的100个人，

but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --

但基本上人们只和二个，三个，四个人相互交流，

anyway, less than five.

无论如何，不会超过5个人。

My own research on cellphones and voice calls

而由我做的关于手机和语音呼叫研究中

shows that 80 percent of the calls

表明百分之八十的来电

are actually made to four people. 80 percent.

实际上是和4个人对话。百分之八十。

And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.

当你上Skype，就只和两个人聊天。

A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.

很多的社会学家的确对此很失望。

I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes

我的意思是，当我看到这数据和这一切只是和5个人交流

when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.

我也感到失望。

And some sociologists actually feel that

而一些社会学家实际上认为，

it's a closure, it's a cocooning,

这就是一个封闭的区间，这就是一个茧，

that we're disengaging from the public.

以致于我们正与公众脱离开。

And I would actually, I would like to show you that

而我实际上，我想展示给你们的是，

if we actually look at who is doing it,

如果我们实际看看谁在通信，

and from where they're doing it,

他们在哪里交流着，

actually there is an incredible social transformation.

这事实上是一个令人难以置信的社会转变。

There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.

这有三个故事，我认为它们是相当不错的例子。

The first gentleman, he's a baker.

第一位绅士，他是一位面包师。

And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.

他每天在早上四点开始工作。

And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,

大概早上8点左右他就偷偷离开他的烤箱，

cleans his hands from the flour

清洗他和面团的双手，

and calls his wife.

并打电话给他的妻子。

He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.

因为这是她新的一天，他只是想祝福她有美好的一天。

And I've heard this story a number of times.

而且我听说过这种故事很多次。

A young factory worker who works night shifts,

一位年轻的夜班工人

who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,

从工厂车间要偷偷离开一下，

where there is CCTV by the way,

顺便说一下，那有闭路电视，

and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night

他找到一个拐角，在夜里11点钟，

he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.

他给女友电话只是问声晚安。

Or a mother who, at four o'clock,

或者一位母亲，在4点钟，

suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet

突然在厕所的角落里打电话

to check that her children are safely home.

查问她的孩子们是否安全地回家。

Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.

接下来另一个例子，他们是一对巴西夫妇。

They've lived in Italy for a number of years.

他们在意大利生活多年。

They Skype with their families a few times a week.

他们与家人一个星期有几次Skype聊天。

But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,

但是，每两周一次，他们真的把电脑放在他们的餐桌上，

pull out the webcam and actually have dinner

设置好摄像头，竟然就

with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.

与他们在圣保罗的家庭一起晚餐。他们有了一个家宴大活动。

And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago

我第一次听说这种故事是几年前

from a very modest family

从一个非常温馨的在瑞士居住的

of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.

科索沃移民家庭。

They had set up a big screen in their living room,

他们在自己的客厅有一个大屏幕。

and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.

每天清晨，通过屏幕，他们与他们的祖母共进早餐。

But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist

丹尼米勒Danny Miller是一位很好的人类学家，

who is working on Filipina migrant women

他研究菲律宾籍移民妇女，

who leave their children back in the Philippines,

这些妇女离开她们在菲律宾的孩子们，

was telling me about how much parenting is going on

他曾告诉我有父母教育子女是

through Skype,

通过Skype来交流的，

and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.

还有很多这些菲律宾母亲们通过Skype来了解她们的孩子们。

And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.

然后还有第三个例子。他们是两个朋友。

They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.

每天他们互相聊天，甚至一天好几次。

And finally, finally, they've managed to put

最终他们工作时试着在电脑上

instant messaging on their computers at work.

使用即时消息联系。

And now, obviously, they have it open.

现在，显然地，他们公开交流。

Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.

每当他们有空闲，他们就互相交谈。

And this is exactly what we've been seeing

这也正是我们所看到的

with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,

在学校, 在课桌下，青少年和孩子们正这样做，

and texting under the table to their friends.

并给他们的朋友们发短信。

So, none of these cases are unique.

所以，这些例子枚不胜举。

I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.

我意思是，我可以告诉你们数百个类似的例子。

But what is really exceptional is the setting.

但真正特别的是设定背景。

So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:

那么想想这3个我所谈到的背景：

factory, migration, office.

工厂，移民，办公室。

But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,

但这也可能在学校，在政府，

it could be a hospital.

也可能在医院发生。

Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,

这3种背景下，如果我们只追随到15年前，

if you just think back 15 years,

如果你仅回想15年前，

when you clocked in,

当你打卡上班，

when you clocked in to an office,

打卡到办公室上班，

when you clocked in to a factory,

在工厂打卡上班，

there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,

在整个工作期间没有任何联系，

there was no contact with your private sphere.

与你的私人领域没有任何联系。

If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.

你要是很幸运，在走廊处或某处可以用一个公共电话。

If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.

你要是管理层，哦，那就是另一回事。

Maybe you had a direct line.

你可能会有直线电话。

If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.

如果你没有直线电话，或许你必须通过一个操作员打电话。

But basically, when you walked into those buildings,

但基本上，当你进入这些建筑物后，

the private sphere was left behind you.

你就没有了私人领域。

And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,

这已成为我们职业生涯规范，

such a norm and such an expectation.

类似这样的规范，这样的期望。

And it had nothing to do with technical capability.

它与技术能力没有任何关系。

The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there

手机就在那里。但是，一旦你进入到工作领域，所期望的是，

your commitment was fully to the task at hand,

你的义务就是全身心地完成手头的任务，

fully to the people around you.

全身心服务于你身边的人们。

That was where the focus had to be.

这就是要关注的事情。

And this has become such a cultural norm

这已成为一种文化规范，

that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.

它使得我们竟教育孩子们进行这种分离，不亲密的转变。

If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school

如果你想想托儿所，幼儿园，开学第一年

are just dedicated to take away the children,

仅仅一味地带走孩子们，

to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.

让他们习惯远离他们自己的家庭很长的时间。

And then the school enacts perfectly well.

然后学校扮演了非常完美的角色，

It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:

完全模仿所有在办公室要发生的的规范仪式，

rituals of entry, rituals of exit,

进入的仪式，退出的仪式，

the schedules, the uniforms in this country,

时间表，在这个国家的制服，

things that identify you, team-building activities,

确定你身份的东西，团队建设活动，

team building that will allow you to basically

团队建设主要使你可以

be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people

与任何孩子们，或者随机的一群人

that you will have to be with for a number of time.

相处一段时间。

And of course, the major thing:

当然，主要的事情：

learn to pay attention,

学会集中注意力，

to concentrate and focus your attention.

要集中精力，集中你的注意力。

This only started about 150 years ago.

这大概于150年前开始。

It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,

它（这种分离）随着当代官僚

and of industrial revolution.

和工业革命的诞生而开始。

When people basically had to go somewhere else to work

当人们基本上要去别的地方工作

and carry out the work.

并开展工作。

And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,

随着当代官僚，就有一个非常合理的方法，

where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere

那里有一个私人领域

and the public sphere.

和公共领域之间的明确区分。

So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.

所以，到那时，基本上人们生活在他们各自行业。

They were living on top of the land they were laboring.

他们生活在他们耕耘的土地上。

They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.

他们生活在他们工作的车间。

And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,

如果你想想看，它（这种分离）就贯穿我们的整个文化，

even our cities.

甚至我们的城市。

If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs

如果你想想中世纪的城市，中世纪城市的市镇，

all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.

居住在那里的各行各业都有名字。

Now we have sprawling residential suburbias

现在我们有广阔的住宅郊区

that are well distinct from production areas

它很好地与生产区域

and commercial areas.

和商业领域分别开。

And actually, over these 150 years,

实际上，在这150年间，

there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.

有一个非常明确的阶级制度也出现了。

So the lower the status of the job

因此，工作职责越低

and of the person carrying out, the more removed

和执行越低级工作的人，他越被剥夺

he would be from his personal sphere.

他的私人领域空间。

People have taken this amazing possibility

人们一整天或者在任何情况下

of actually being in contact all through the day

使用着这惊人的可以用来

or in all types of situations.

亲密联系的可能性交流。

And they are doing it massively.

然而他们大规模地联系。

The Pew Institute, which produces good data

皮尤研究所，定期提供的良好数据表明，

on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,

例如，在美国，

says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --

我认为这个数据是保守的 -

50 percent of anybody with email access at work

百分之五十的人在工作中通过电子邮件，

is actually doing private email from his office.

实际上是从他的办公室发私人电子邮件。

I really think that the number is conservative.

我的确认为这数据是保守的。

In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email

就我自己的研究，我认为私人电邮的高峰

is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.

实际上是早上的11点，不管什么国家。

75 percent of people admit doing private

百分之七十五的人们承认

conversations from work on their mobile phones.

在工作时用移动电话进行私人聊天。

100 percent are using text.

百分之百地使用短信。

The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere

关键是这种私人领域的再兴起

is not terribly successful with all institutions.

在所有机构并不是十分成功。

I'm always surprised the U.S. Army

我经常吃惊，美国陆军

sociologists are discussing of the impact

社会学家讨论着

for instance, of soldiers in Iraq

例如伊拉克的军人们

having daily contact with their families.

与他们的家人们每天联系的影响。

But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.

但是许多机构实际上正在阻止这样的联系。

And every day, every single day,

每一天，每一日，

I read news that makes me cringe,

我看到的新闻使我害怕，

like a $15 fine

例如

to kids in Texas,

针对于得克萨斯州的孩子们的15美元罚款，

for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.

就因为在学校他们每次拿出和使用他们的移动电话。

Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,

如果纽约的公共汽车司机被看到手拿有移动电话，

if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.

他就被立即解雇。

Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.

公司禁止即时通讯和Facebook。

Behind issues of security and safety,

除了安全保护问题，

which have always been the arguments for social control,

一直有社交控制的舆论，

in fact what is going on is that

事实上要发生的是

these institutions are trying to decide

这些制度正决定着

who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,

到底谁有权自行决定该关注的事情，

to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.

去决定，是否它们应该，或者不应该，被孤立。

And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,

在某种意义上，它们实际中在试图阻止

this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.

这种更有可能的亲密性运动。