Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy

120,483 views ใƒป 2009-11-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:15
I believe that there are new, hidden tensions
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
00:19
that are actually happening between people and institutions --
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
00:22
institutions that are the institutions that people
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
00:24
inhabit in their daily life:
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื:
00:26
schools, hospitals, workplaces,
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:29
factories, offices, etc.
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ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
00:32
And something that I see happening
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
00:35
is something that I would like to call
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืงืจื ืœื•
00:37
a sort of "democratization of intimacy."
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช."
00:39
And what do I mean by that?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช?
00:41
I mean that what people are doing
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
00:43
is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื,
00:47
they are breaking an imposed isolation
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
00:51
that these institutions are imposing on them.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
00:55
How are they doing this? They're doing it
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช? ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
00:57
in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืืžื ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:59
by IMing from their office to their friends,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:03
by texting under the desk.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช SMS ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
01:05
The pictures that you're seeing behind me
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
01:07
are people that I visited in the last few months.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:10
And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:14
And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•.
01:17
One young woman brought her grandfather.
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ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืกื‘ื”.
01:20
For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use
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ื–ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
01:22
channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.
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ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืก.ืื.ืืกื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'.
01:26
What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
01:28
people are communicating on a regular basis
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข
01:31
with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:35
Now, lets take some data. Facebook.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
01:37
Recently some sociologists from Facebook --
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง -
01:39
Facebook is the channel that you would expect
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ
01:41
is the most enlargening of all channels.
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ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
01:44
And an average user,
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:46
said Cameron Marlow,
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ืืžืจ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืืจืœื•,
01:49
from Facebook, has about 120 friends.
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ืžืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ 120 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:52
But he actually talks to,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื,
01:54
has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื
01:57
on a regular base, depending on his gender.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:59
Academic research on instant messaging
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
02:01
also shows 100 people on buddy lists,
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ื’ื ืžืจืื™ื 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:04
but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆ'ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” --
02:07
anyway, less than five.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื”.
02:09
My own research on cellphones and voice calls
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช
02:13
shows that 80 percent of the calls
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ืžืจืื” ืฉ- 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
02:15
are actually made to four people. 80 percent.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื. 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:18
And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกืงื™ื™ืค, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:21
A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื.
02:23
I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
02:26
when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:30
And some sociologists actually feel that
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:32
it's a closure, it's a cocooning,
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
02:37
that we're disengaging from the public.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:39
And I would actually, I would like to show you that
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
02:41
if we actually look at who is doing it,
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ืฉืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
02:43
and from where they're doing it,
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ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:45
actually there is an incredible social transformation.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื“ื™ืจ.
02:48
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:50
The first gentleman, he's a baker.
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ื—
02:52
And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
02:55
And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,
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ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื ื‘ ืžืชื ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
02:58
cleans his hands from the flour
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ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงืžื—,
03:00
and calls his wife.
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ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืืฉืชื•.
03:02
He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื—ืœ ืœื” ื™ื•ื ื ืขื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”.
03:05
And I've heard this story a number of times.
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:08
A young factory worker who works night shifts,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืคืขืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”,
03:11
who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,
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ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ืžืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
03:14
where there is CCTV by the way,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ,
03:16
and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืคื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
03:18
he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:21
Or a mother who, at four o'clock,
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ืื• ืืžื ืฉื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
03:23
suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet
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ืœืคืชืข ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
03:26
to check that her children are safely home.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
03:30
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ื.
03:32
They've lived in Italy for a number of years.
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ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:34
They Skype with their families a few times a week.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืงื™ื™ืค ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
03:37
But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
03:41
pull out the webcam and actually have dinner
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืœืžืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
03:43
with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•, ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:46
And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
03:49
from a very modest family
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ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืžืื“
03:51
of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ.
03:54
They had set up a big screen in their living room,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืžืกืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
03:57
and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื›ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:00
But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื ื™ ืžื™ืœืจ, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“
04:03
who is working on Filipina migrant women
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืช
04:08
who leave their children back in the Philippines,
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ื”ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื,
04:11
was telling me about how much parenting is going on
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ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
04:14
through Skype,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืงื™ื™ืค,
04:16
and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืงื™ื™ืค.
04:20
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:23
They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.
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ื”ื ืžืฆ'ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
04:27
And finally, finally, they've managed to put
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ื•ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ
04:29
instant messaging on their computers at work.
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ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:31
And now, obviously, they have it open.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืืฆืœื”ื.
04:33
Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.
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ืžืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆ'ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
04:35
And this is exactly what we've been seeing
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
04:37
with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,
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ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
04:40
and texting under the table to their friends.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
04:43
So, none of these cases are unique.
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ืื– ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
04:45
I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
04:47
But what is really exceptional is the setting.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:50
So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ:
04:53
factory, migration, office.
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ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉืจื“.
04:56
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™"ืก, ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ,
04:59
it could be a hospital.
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
05:01
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ
05:03
if you just think back 15 years,
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15 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
05:06
when you clocked in,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
05:08
when you clocked in to an office,
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ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืจื“,
05:10
when you clocked in to a factory,
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ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืคืขืœ,
05:12
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
05:15
there was no contact with your private sphere.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
05:18
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
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ืื ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ.
05:22
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื”, ื”ื•, ืื– ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
05:25
Maybe you had a direct line.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืงื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
05:27
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
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ืื ืœื, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื ื™ืช.
05:30
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:33
the private sphere was left behind you.
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ื”ืฉืืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš.
05:36
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:41
such a norm and such an expectation.
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ื ื•ืจืžื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”.
05:43
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
05:46
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช,
05:49
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื”,
05:52
fully to the people around you.
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ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš.
05:55
That was where the focus had to be.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก.
05:57
And this has become such a cultural norm
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื ื•ืจืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
06:00
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
06:04
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื’ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:06
are just dedicated to take away the children,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
06:09
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
06:13
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:15
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
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ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื,
06:18
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
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ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื”,
06:21
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
06:25
things that identify you, team-building activities,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชืš, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ,
06:28
team building that will allow you to basically
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืš
06:31
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:34
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
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ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ.
06:37
And of course, the major thing:
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™:
06:39
learn to pay attention,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘,
06:41
to concentrate and focus your attention.
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ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
06:44
This only started about 150 years ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืจืง 150 ืฉื ื™ื.
06:46
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืง ืขื ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
06:49
and of industrial revolution.
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ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
06:51
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
06:54
and carry out the work.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื.
06:56
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื“ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช,
06:59
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
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ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
07:01
and the public sphere.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
07:03
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
07:07
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ื‘ื“ื•
07:10
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•
07:13
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
07:15
even our cities.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:17
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื,
07:20
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉื’ืจื• ืฉื.
07:23
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื–ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื
07:26
that are well distinct from production areas
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
07:29
and commercial areas.
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ื•ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืกื—ืจ.
07:32
And actually, over these 150 years,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
07:34
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื“.
07:37
So the lower the status of the job
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ืื“ื
07:41
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
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ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:43
he would be from his personal sphere.
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ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•.
07:46
People have taken this amazing possibility
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
07:49
of actually being in contact all through the day
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:51
or in all types of situations.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื,
07:53
And they are doing it massively.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘.
07:55
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ Pew, ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™
07:57
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:00
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
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ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™,
08:02
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
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50% ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
08:06
is actually doing private email from his office.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
08:09
I really think that the number is conservative.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™.
08:13
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™
08:15
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘- 11:00 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
08:19
75 percent of people admit doing private
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75% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข
08:22
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“.
08:25
100 percent are using text.
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100% ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืก.ืื.ืืกื™ื.
08:28
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
08:32
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
08:35
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
08:37
sociologists are discussing of the impact
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ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
08:39
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
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ืขืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง
08:41
having daily contact with their families.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
08:44
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”.
08:50
And every day, every single day,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื
08:52
I read news that makes me cringe,
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
08:54
like a $15 fine
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ื›ืžื• ืงื ืก ื‘ืกืš $15
08:56
to kids in Texas,
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก
08:58
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
09:01
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
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ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
09:05
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
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ืื ื ืชืคืกื• ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
09:07
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
09:13
Behind issues of security and safety,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
09:16
which have always been the arguments for social control,
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
09:19
in fact what is going on is that
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื”
09:21
these institutions are trying to decide
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ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข
09:25
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
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ืžื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•,
09:28
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื• ืœื.
09:32
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื
09:38
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
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ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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