Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy

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I believe that there are new, hidden tensions

Vjerujem da postoje nove, skrivene napetosti

that are actually happening between people and institutions --

koje se zapravo događaju između ljudi i ustanova -

institutions that are the institutions that people

onih ustanova koje ljudi

inhabit in their daily life:

koriste svaki dan:

schools, hospitals, workplaces,

škole, bolnice, radna mjesta,

factories, offices, etc.

tvornice, uredi i sl.

And something that I see happening

I ono što vidim da se događa je

is something that I would like to call

nešto što bih nazvala

a sort of "democratization of intimacy."

vrstom “demokratizacije privatnosti.”

And what do I mean by that?

I što pod tim mislim?

I mean that what people are doing

Mislim da je ono što ljudi rade,

is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,

zapravo, oni na neki način, preko svojih komunikacijskih kanala

they are breaking an imposed isolation

razbijaju prisilnu izolaciju

that these institutions are imposing on them.

koju im te ustanove nameću.

How are they doing this? They're doing it

Kako oni to čine? Čine to na

in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,

jednostavan način, tako što zovu mamu s posla,

by IMing from their office to their friends,

dopisuju se preko interneta iz ureda s prijateljima,

by texting under the desk.

šalju SMS poruke ispod stola.

The pictures that you're seeing behind me

Slike koje vidite iza mene

are people that I visited in the last few months.

slike su ljudi koje sam posjetila u posljednjih nekoliko mjeseci.

And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.

Zamolila sam ih da dođu s osobom s kojom najviše komuniciraju.

And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.

Netko je poveo dečka, netko oca.

One young woman brought her grandfather.

Jedna mlada žena povela je svoga djeda.

For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use

Već 20 godina proučavam kako ljudi koriste

channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.

komunikacijska sredstva kao što su e-mail, mobiteli, SMS-ovi, i sl.

What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,

Ono što ćemo zapravo vidjeti je da, u biti,

people are communicating on a regular basis

ljudi redovito komuniciraju

with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.

s pet, šest, sedam ljudi iz svoje najbliže okoline.

Now, lets take some data. Facebook.

Pogledajmo sad neke podatke. Facebook.

Recently some sociologists from Facebook --

Nedavno je nekoliko sociologa s Facebooka --

Facebook is the channel that you would expect

Facebook je komunikacijsko sredstvo za koje biste očekivali

is the most enlargening of all channels.

da je najrasprostranjeniji od svih drugih.

And an average user,

Prosječni korisnik,

said Cameron Marlow,

kaže Cameron Marlow

from Facebook, has about 120 friends.

s Facebooka, ima 120 prijatelja.

But he actually talks to,

Ali zapravo razgovara,

has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people

održava redovitu dvosmjernu komunikaciju s otprilike četiri do šest osoba,

on a regular base, depending on his gender.

ovisno o spolu.

Academic research on instant messaging

Znanstvena istraživanja o komunikaciji putem instant poruka

also shows 100 people on buddy lists,

također pokazuju 100 osoba na popisu prijatelja,

but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --

ali se zapravo ljudi dopisuju sa svega dvoje, troje, četvero -

anyway, less than five.

u svakom slučaju manje od pet osoba.

My own research on cellphones and voice calls

Moje istraživanje o mobitelima i telefoniranju

shows that 80 percent of the calls

pokazuje da je 80% svih poziva

are actually made to four people. 80 percent.

bilo upućeno prema četiri osobe. 80 posto.

And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.

A kad je u pitanju Skype, radi se o dvije osobe.

A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.

Mnogo je sociologa prilično razočarano.

I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes

Mislim, ja sam bila pomalo razočarana ponekad

when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.

kada bih vidjela ove podatke i ovakav razvoj situacije, za samo pet ljudi.

And some sociologists actually feel that

Neki sociolozi smatraju da je to

it's a closure, it's a cocooning,

otuđivanje, zatvaranje u čahuru,

that we're disengaging from the public.

da se odvajamo od javnosti.

And I would actually, I would like to show you that

A ja bih vam, zapravo, htjela pokazati da

if we actually look at who is doing it,

ako pogledamo tko to radi

and from where they're doing it,

i odakle se to radi,

actually there is an incredible social transformation.

da je došlo do nevjerojatne društvene promjene.

There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.

Postoje tri priče koje smatram prilično dobrim primjerima.

The first gentleman, he's a baker.

Prvi gospodin je pekar.

And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.

On svako jutro počinje raditi u 4 sata.

And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,

Oko 8 sati nekako se uspije iskrasti,

cleans his hands from the flour

očistiti ruke od brašna

and calls his wife.

i nazvati svoju ženu.

He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.

Samo joj želi poželjeti dobar dan jer to je početak njezina dana.

And I've heard this story a number of times.

A ovakvu sam priču čula nebrojeno puta.

A young factory worker who works night shifts,

Tu je i mladi radnik u tvornici koji radi noćne smjene

who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,

i uspijeva se nakratko išuljati sa svog radnog mjesta

where there is CCTV by the way,

gdje, usput rečeno, postoji i nadzorna kamera,

and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night

te naći kutak odakle će u 23 sata

he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.

nazvati svoju djevojku samo da joj poželi laku noć.

Or a mother who, at four o'clock,

Ili majka dvoje djece, koja u 16 sati

suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet

nađe kutak u WC-u

to check that her children are safely home.

kako bi nazvala djecu i provjerila jesu li kod kuće, na sigurnom.

Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.

Tu je i još jedan par, par iz Brazila.

They've lived in Italy for a number of years.

Puno su godina živjeli u Italiji.

They Skype with their families a few times a week.

Komunicirali su sa svojim obiteljima preko Skype-a nekoliko puta tjedno.

But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,

A svaka dva tjedna doslovno bi stavljali računalo na stol za vrijeme večere,

pull out the webcam and actually have dinner

uključili web-kameru i tako večerali

with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.

sa svojima u Sao Paolu. I to im je uvijek bio važan događaj.

And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago

A takvu sam priču već čula prije nekoliko godina

from a very modest family

od skromne obitelji

of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.

doseljenika iz Kosova u Švicarsku.

They had set up a big screen in their living room,

Postavili su veliki zaslon u svojoj dnevnoj sobi.

and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.

I preko njega su svako jutro doručkovali sa svojom bakom.

But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist

A Danny Miller, izvrstan antropolog

who is working on Filipina migrant women

koji radi sa ženama doseljenicama s Filipina,

who leave their children back in the Philippines,

koje ostavljaju svoju djecu na Filipinima,

was telling me about how much parenting is going on

pričao mi je koliko se puno roditeljskog odgoja odvija

through Skype,

preko Skypea

and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.

i koliko su te žene povezane sa svojom djecom preko istog.

And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.

A tu je i treći par. To su dva prijatelja.

They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.

Dopisuju se međusobno svaki dan, zapravo nekoliko puta dnevno.

And finally, finally, they've managed to put

Napokon su uspjeli staviti

instant messaging on their computers at work.

instant poruke na računala na poslu.

And now, obviously, they have it open.

I sada se otvoreno dopisuju.

Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.

Kad god imaju slobodnog vremena pričaju.

And this is exactly what we've been seeing

To je upravo ono što viđamo

with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,

kod adolescenata i djece u školama, ispod stola

and texting under the table to their friends.

dok se dopisuju sa svojim prijateljima.

So, none of these cases are unique.

Nijedan od tih slučajeva nije poseban.

I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.

Mislim, mogla bih vam govoriti o stotinama.

But what is really exceptional is the setting.

No, ono što je stvarno posebno jest okolina.

So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:

Dakle, sjetite se tri slučaja o kojima sam vam govorila:

factory, migration, office.

tvornica, migracije, ured.

But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,

Ali to može biti škola, ured

it could be a hospital.

pa čak i bolnica.

Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,

Tri okoline; ako se samo vratimo 15 godina unatrag,

if you just think back 15 years,

ako samo pomislite 15 godina unatrag,

when you clocked in,

kada ste zatvoreni,

when you clocked in to an office,

kada ste zatvoreni u uredu,

when you clocked in to a factory,

kada ste zatvoreni u tvornici,

there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,

tijekom cijelog radnog vremena nije bilo

there was no contact with your private sphere.

kontakta s vašom privatnošću.

If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.

Ako ste imali sreće, javni telefon bio je u hodniku ili negdje drugdje.

If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.

Ako ste bili u menadžmentu, oh, to je bila druga priča.

Maybe you had a direct line.

Možda ste imali izravnu liniju.

If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.

Ako niste, morali ste ići preko operatera.

But basically, when you walked into those buildings,

Ali kada biste ušli u te zgrade,

the private sphere was left behind you.

vaš privatni život ostajao je vani.

And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,

I to je postala norma naših profesionalnih života,

such a norm and such an expectation.

kao norma i kao očekivanje.

And it had nothing to do with technical capability.

I to nije imalo nikakve veze s tehničkim mogućnostima.

The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there

Telefoni su bili tamo. No, očekivanje nakon što ste se preselili tamo,

your commitment was fully to the task at hand,

vaša predanost bila je usmjerena na zadatak pred vama

fully to the people around you.

i ljudima oko vas.

That was where the focus had to be.

Tamo je vaš fokus i trebao biti.

And this has become such a cultural norm

I to je postala takva kulturalna norma

that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.

da mi djecu čak školujemo da budu sposobna učiniti to odvajanje.

If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school

To je ako mislite da su jaslice, dječji vrtići, prve godine školovanja

are just dedicated to take away the children,

samo posvećeni oduzimanju djece

to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.

da ih priviknu na višesatne boravke daleko od svojih obitelji.

And then the school enacts perfectly well.

A onda se škola savršeno uklapa,

It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:

oponaša savršeno sve rituale koje ćemo početi u uredima,

rituals of entry, rituals of exit,

rituale ulaska, izlaska,

the schedules, the uniforms in this country,

raspored, uniforme u ovoj zemlji,

things that identify you, team-building activities,

stvari koje vas identificiraju, aktivnosti za timski razvoj,

team building that will allow you to basically

timski razvoj koji će vam dopustiti da budete

be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people

s nasumičnom grupom djece ili nasumičnom grupom ljudi

that you will have to be with for a number of time.

s kojom ćete morati biti nebrojeno puta.

And of course, the major thing:

I naravno, glavna stvar:

learn to pay attention,

naučiti da obraćate pažnju,

to concentrate and focus your attention.

da se koncentrirate i usmjerite pažnju.

This only started about 150 years ago.

Ovo je počelo tek prije 150 godina.

It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,

Počelo je s rođenjem moderne birokracije

and of industrial revolution.

i industrijskom revolucijom.

When people basically had to go somewhere else to work

Kada su ljudi u biti morali ići negdje drugdje na posao

and carry out the work.

i obavljati ga.

And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,

I kada se s modernom birokracijom pojavio vrlo racionalan pristup,

where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere

gdje je bila jasna razdvojenost između privatne

and the public sphere.

i javne sfere života.

So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.

Dakle, do tada su ljudi živjeli iznad svojih zanata.

They were living on top of the land they were laboring.

Živjeli su na imanju na kojem su radili.

They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.

Živjeli su iznad radionica u kojima su radili.

And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,

I, ako razmislite, to se probilo u našu cjelokupnu kulturu,

even our cities.

čak i naše gradove.

If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs

I ako se sjetite srednjovjekovnih gradova i općina,

all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.

svi imaju nazive obrta i zanimanja koja su u njima postojala.

Now we have sprawling residential suburbias

Sada imamo rascjepkana naseljena predgrađa

that are well distinct from production areas

koja su jasno razgraničena od industrijskih zona

and commercial areas.

i komercijalnih područja.

And actually, over these 150 years,

Ustvari, tijekom tih 150 godina,

there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.

postojao je vrlo jasan klasni sustav.

So the lower the status of the job

Dakle, što niži status u poslu osoba ima,

and of the person carrying out, the more removed

to se više udaljava

he would be from his personal sphere.

od svog privatnog života.

People have taken this amazing possibility

Ljudi su iskoristili ovu nevjerojatnu mogućnost

of actually being in contact all through the day

da budu u kontaktu tijekom cijeloga dana

or in all types of situations.

ili u bilo kojoj situaciji.

And they are doing it massively.

I to rade masovno.

The Pew Institute, which produces good data

Institut Pew koji redovito daje dobre podatke,

on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,

npr. u SAD-u,

says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --

kaže da – a ja mislim da je taj broj zastario –

50 percent of anybody with email access at work

50 posto ljudi koji imaju pristup e-mailu na poslu,

is actually doing private email from his office.

šalju privatne e-mailove iz ureda.

I really think that the number is conservative.

Uistinu mislim da je taj broj zastario.

In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email

U vlastitom istraživanju uočili smo da se najveći broj privatne elektronske pošte

is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.

šalje u 11 sati prije podne, bez obzira o kojoj zemlji bila riječ.

75 percent of people admit doing private

75 posto ljudi priznaje da obavljaju privatne

conversations from work on their mobile phones.

razgovore mobitelom dok su na poslu.

100 percent are using text.

100 posto ih šalje SMS-ove.

The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere

Stvar je u tome da miješanje privatnog i poslovnog dijela života

is not terribly successful with all institutions.

nije vrlo uspješno u svim ustanovama.

I'm always surprised the U.S. Army

Uvijek me iznenadi što sociolozi američke vojske

sociologists are discussing of the impact

raspravljaju o npr. utjecaju

for instance, of soldiers in Iraq

svakodnevnih razgovora s obitelji

having daily contact with their families.

na vojnike u Iraku.

But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.

Ali mnoge institucije zabranjuju taj pristup.

And every day, every single day,

Svakodnevno, svaki dan,

I read news that makes me cringe,

čitam u novinama vijesti od kojih se naježim,

like a $15 fine

kao npr. 15 dolara kazne

to kids in Texas,

djeci u Texasu

for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.

svaki puta kada izvade mobitel u školi.

Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,

Automatski otkaz vozačima autobusa u New Yorku

if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.

ako su viđeni sa mobitelom u ruci.

Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.

Tvrtke blokiraju pristup dopisivanju preko interneta ili Facebooku.

Behind issues of security and safety,

Iza problema sigurnosti,

which have always been the arguments for social control,

koja je uvijek bila argument za društvenu kontrolu,

in fact what is going on is that

zapravo ono što se događa je da te

these institutions are trying to decide

tvrtke pokušavaju odrediti

who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,

tko ima pravo na samoopredjeljenje,

to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.

odlučuju tko bi trebao, a tko ne, biti izoliran.

And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,

I zapravo pokušavaju zaustaviti, u nekom smislu,

this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.

taj pokret za veću mogućnost privatnosti.