Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time

64,323 views ・ 2010-11-03

TED


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翻译人员: Vivien CHANG 校对人员: Xiaoqiao Xie
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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我想,这个故事
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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也许应该从1960年开始说起,
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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当我七八岁的时候,
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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在客厅的地板上看着雅克·库斯托的纪录片,
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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当时还带着潜水面镜和脚蹼呢。
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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每集结束后,我还要走到浴缸前,
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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在浴缸里到处游一游,看一看下水道管,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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因为那是所有能看到的东西。
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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到我十六岁的时候,
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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我开始了海洋科学的研究
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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考察和潜水,
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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甚至住在水下装置里,比如这个,是离佛罗里达群岛不远的地方,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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生活了总共30天。
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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布莱恩·斯凯利拍得这张。谢谢你,布莱恩。
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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我通过潜水器游遍世界各地。
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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这是个世界上可潜最深的潜水艇,
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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由日本政府管理。
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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我和西尔维娅 娥尔丽
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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在的一个考察队的潜水艇里,
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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是20年前,在日本。
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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在我这次潜水中,我到达了水下一万八千英尺(五千四百八十六米)的深度,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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到了一个我以为
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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在海底会是完全原始的,野生的区域。
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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但是当我到了那里,我发现了
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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大量的塑料垃圾和其他碎片残骸。
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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这成为了我人生的一个转折点。
01:21
where I started to realize
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让我意识到
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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我不能单纯地开开心心做科学研究和探险,
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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我需要把它纳入一个行动中,
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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我需要朝着保护环境的目标前行。
01:31
So I began to work
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于是我开始和
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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国家地理学会和其他组织合作,
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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并带领考察队到南极。
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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我带领了三个潜水考察队到南极洲。
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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十年前可以说是一个意义深远的航程,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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让我们发现了B-15这个巨大的冰山,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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历史上最大的,撞毁罗斯冰架的冰山。
01:49
And we developed techniques
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我们还研发了
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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在冰山内部和下面潜水的技术。
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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比如,给我们的肾脏装的
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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带着可拖动电池的热水垫。
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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这样,当血液流过我们的肾脏,
01:59
it would get a little boost of warmth
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会得到一点热量
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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然后再循环到全身。
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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不过,到南极洲的三次航行后,
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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我决定,在稍微温和的水中工作应该会更好。
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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于是同一年,也就是10年前,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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我朝北到达菲尼克斯群岛(也叫凤凰群岛)
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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我稍后会在这告诉大家这个故事,
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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不过在此之前,我只想请大家仔细想想这个图表。
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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你或许已经通过其他形式看过此图,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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位于上面的曲线显示纳入保护的
02:24
on land, globally,
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全球陆地面积总量
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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大约是百分之十二
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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你能看到它像向上的曲棍球棒一样,
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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在二十世纪六十到七十年代迅速爬升
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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它目前已沿着一个良性轨道发展了。
02:35
And that's probably because
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或许是因为
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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那时每个人产生环境意识
02:39
and Earth Day
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倡导地球日,
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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以及六十年代,这个嬉皮士时代发生的所有事情。
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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的确如此,我想,这对全球环境意识有一定影响。
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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可是海洋保护区域(的曲线)
02:48
is basically flat line
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基本维持水平
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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直到现今,才稍微显现上升。
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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而且我深信,我们目前处在海洋保护区域的
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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曲棍球棒效应一样的转折点时刻。
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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我想,我们本来可以在早以前就到达这个时刻,
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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如果我们可以像看到在陆地上发生的事一样
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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看透海洋。
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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可惜不幸的是,海洋是不透明的,
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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我们不能轻易看到里面发生什么事。
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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因此,我们的海洋保护远远落后于陆地。
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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不过,水肺潜水和潜水艇
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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和我们在这准备做的所有工作
03:16
will help rectify that.
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将会帮助我们修正这点。
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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那么,菲尼克斯群岛在哪里呢?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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他们曾是世界最大的海洋保护区域,
03:24
up until last week
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直到上个星期,
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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查戈斯群岛取而代之,宣布成为最大的海洋保护区域。
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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它在中太平洋,到哪里都要差不多五天时间,
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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如果你想去菲尼克斯群岛,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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从斐济岛去要五天时间
03:35
it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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从夏威夷去要五天,从萨摩亚去也是五天。
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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它在太平洋正中,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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离赤道很近的地方。
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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我十年从未听说过该群岛。
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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更别提菲尼克斯群岛的主权国,基里巴斯了。
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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直到我的两个在斐济经营船宿潜水生意的朋友
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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说:“格雷格,你要带头在这些群岛做科学考察吗?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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还从来没人来这里潜过水呢。”
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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接着我说,“好啊。
03:56
But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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告诉我它们在哪里,属于哪个国家吧。“
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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因此,那就是我初次听说菲尼克斯群岛
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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而且我完全不知我要去的到底是什么地方。
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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我当时去纯粹是探险。
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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让我在此给大家略微透漏一下菲尼克斯群岛保护区域。
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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它是地球上一个非常深的水域。
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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平均深度大约一万两千英尺
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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在菲尼克斯群岛,有大量的海底山脉,
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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这些山脉,也是保护区域特别的一部分。
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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海底山脉对于生物多样化至关重要。
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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事实上,海底的山脉比陆地的还要多。
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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这点是一个有趣的事实。
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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而且,菲尼克斯群岛充满海底山脉。
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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因此,它是深邃的-试想一下一个大的三维立体空间,
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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非常深邃的三维立体空间
04:36
with herds of tuna, whales,
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有着成群结对的吞拿鱼,鲸鱼,
04:39
all kinds of deep sea marine life
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以及各种各样的深海海洋生命,
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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就像我们在前面的演讲中见到的一般。
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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这就是我们早期
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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考察时开的船。
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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这是群岛的样子;大家可以从背景中看到。
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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他们出水很低,
04:52
and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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除了一个岛之外都是无人居住的。
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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这个岛也只有大约三十五位护岛者
04:56
And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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他们基本上一直以来都鲜为人知。
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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因为即使在古代,
05:01
these islands were too far away
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这些岛太远了
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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从发着亮光的的斐济,夏威夷和塔希提岛过
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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对于那些古老的波利尼西亚航海者
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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那些远距离横跨太平洋的人来说都太远。
05:11
But we got up there,
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我们抵达那里,
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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拥有这个对于我个人和科学研究都是唯一而且绝佳的机会
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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那就是到一个人类潜水记录空白的地方
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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我到了目的地后说,”好啦,从哪里跳下去呢?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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让我们试试那儿吧。“
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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接着就跳水里了。
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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就这样我的私人生活和职业生涯都发生了改变。
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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突然间,我看到这样一个世界
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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我在海洋中未曾见过的--
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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鱼群密密麻麻
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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它们使从海洋表面照射进来的光变得昏暗,
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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绵延不断的珊瑚礁
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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结实又色彩斑斓,
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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巨大的鱼到处都是
05:42
manta rays.
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魔鬼鱼之类的
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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它是一个生态系统 - 比如说鹦嘴鱼产卵
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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大约五千只长鼻鹦嘴鱼在
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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菲尼克斯群岛的一个入口处产卵。
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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你能看到这些鱼群乱作一团
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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然后有个地方模糊不清
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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它们在那里交换卵子和精子完成交配。
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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这本是在大海中稀松平常的事,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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现今在很多地方却变得艰难,
06:04
because of human activity.
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主要是人类的活动造成的。
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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菲尼克斯群岛和地球上其他赤道部分
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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对于吞拿鱼渔业至关重要,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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尤其是你看到的这种黄鳍吞拿鱼。
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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菲尼克斯是一个主要的吞拿鱼聚集地。
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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还有鲨鱼--我们在早期的潜水中见过鲨鱼,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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一次多达150条
06:21
which is an indication
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这说明
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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它是一个非常非常健康,强大的体系。
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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我几乎以为
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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这样生生不息的野生生命的画面
06:30
would go on forever,
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会不断出现,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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但我们最后还是都游遍了。
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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之后我们还考察了岛屿的表面--
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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这是一个很重要的鸟类栖息地,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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在太平洋乃至世界上来说最重要的鸟类栖息地。
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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接着我们的考察结束了。
06:46
And that's the area again.
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这是菲尼克斯保护区域
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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你能看到--有八个岛屿
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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突出水面。
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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顶峰没有浮出水面的是海底山脉。
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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记得,当一个海底山的顶峰高出水面时它就变成一个岛屿。
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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那么,菲尼克斯是什么背景呢?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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它们在哪里呢?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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他们在基里巴斯共和国
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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基里巴斯坐落在太平洋中央
07:10
in three island groups.
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三个群岛体系中。
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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西边是吉尔伯特群岛,
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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中间是菲尼克斯群岛,
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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也是我今天谈论的主题。
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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东边是莱恩群岛。
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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是世界上最大的环状珊瑚岛。
07:24
And they have
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基里巴斯有
07:26
about 110,000 people
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十一万人口
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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散落分布在三十三个多岛上。
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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他们拥有三百四十万立方英里的海洋
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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占百分之一到百分之二
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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的地球海水总量。
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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当我第一次到那里时,
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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也就是十年前,我几乎不晓得这个国家的名字--
07:43
and people would ask me,
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人们问我,
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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”你为什么要去一个叫做基里巴斯的地方呢?“
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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让我想起一个老掉牙的笑话
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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带着手铐的银行抢劫犯从法院出来,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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记者们大声问,”嗨,威利,你为啥抢银行呢?“
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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接着他说,”因为钱都在那儿。“
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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于是,我会告诉他们,”为什么我去基里巴斯?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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因为海都在那儿。“
08:01
They basically are one nation
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他们基本是一个
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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控制着最多赤道水域的
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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太平洋中央的国家。
08:09
They're also a country
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他们也是一个
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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处在极其危险中的国家。
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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海平面在不断上升,
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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基里巴斯,和世界上其他四十二个国家一样,
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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将会在未来五十年到一百年内被海水淹没。
08:20
due to climate change
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由于气候变化,
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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全球海平面由于全球变暖而上升,
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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融化的淡水进入海洋
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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而这些岛屿只
08:30
above the surface.
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高出海平面一两米高。
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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一些岛屿已经被海水淹没了。
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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这些国家正面临着这个严峻的问题。
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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全世界都不得不面临着这个问题。
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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当这些人们颠沛流离,
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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无家可归时,我们该做什么?
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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马尔代夫的总统
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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最近召开了一次有嘲讽意味的
08:50
underwater recently
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水下内阁会议,
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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主要为了强调这些国家所面临的巍巍可及的境地。
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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这是我们需要的关注的。
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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回到菲尼克斯群岛,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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也是我们今天的主题。
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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我回去之后,说,
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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我们发现的东西实在是太棒了。
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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我想回去和基里巴斯的政府分享我的探索成果。
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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政府在西边岛系的
09:11
the westernmost group.
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塔拉瓦岛。
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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于是我开始和他们联络--
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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因为他们给我许可让我做研究-
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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我便说,”我想回去告诉你们我们的成果。“
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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由于某种原因,他们似乎不想让我来,
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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或者是因为确定一个见面的时间和地点比较困难,也花了不少时间,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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最终他们说,”好吧,你可以来。
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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不过如果你来的话,要给每一个
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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参与的人都带一份午餐。”
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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于是我说,“没问题,我乐意效劳。
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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只要告诉我大家吃什么。”
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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这样,大卫 奥布拉,一位珊瑚礁生物学家,和我去了塔拉瓦岛,
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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我们花了两个小时
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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介绍我们的菲尼克斯的惊奇发现。
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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这个国家的人们从来都不知道这些。他们没有关于这个区域的任何数据。
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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没有这些岛屿的任何资料。
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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谈话结束后,渔业部长朝我走来,
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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说,“格雷格,你知道吗,
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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你是第一位(考察结束后)
09:55
who has ever come back
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亲自回来,告知我们研究成果的
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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科学家。”
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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他说,“我们常常批准他们
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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到我们的水域做调查研究,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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可惜我们通常只在两三年后得到一个通知,
10:05
or a reprint.
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或者一个再版文件。
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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你是第一个专程回来讲解我们你们研究的人。
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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我们真的感谢你,今天的午餐由我们来请客。
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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那个,你有空一起吃个晚餐吗?”
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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我当然有时间,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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接着我和基里巴斯的渔业部长出去吃了个晚餐。
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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晚餐期间,
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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我了解到基里巴斯的国家收入来源-
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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它是一个非常贫困的国家--
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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是通过向
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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其他国家出售
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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在他们海域的捕鱼权,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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因为基里巴斯自己并没有
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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捕鱼的能力。
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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他们通过向
10:38
is the extracting country
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前来捕鱼国收取
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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捕获价值百分之五的
10:42
of the landed value.
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手续费来获利。
10:44
So if the United States
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这样,如果美国
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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从珊瑚礁捕获价值一百万美元
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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的龙虾的话,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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基里巴斯只获得五万美元。
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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在我看来,这可不是一桩好买卖。
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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于是我在吃饭的时候问这位部长,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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说,“你会不会考虑一下
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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通过另外一种方式来得到同样的收入--
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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由我们来计算和分析被捕获的资源的价值--
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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你只要把鱼类,鲨鱼
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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和虾子留在水中不要捕杀就好?”
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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他停下来,想一想,说,“当然,我们愿意这样做
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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来解决我们的过度捕捞的问题,
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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恩,我想,让我们叫它逆向捕鱼证吧。”
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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他发明了逆向捕鱼证这个词汇。
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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于是我也符合,“对,逆向捕鱼证。”
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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我们吃过饭离开以后,
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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对于怎么做个计划毫无头绪。
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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我回到美国,开始研究
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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看能否找到一些例子,
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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逆向捕鱼证
11:35
had been issued,
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已经被授予的先例。
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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可是我一无所获。
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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没有任何一个海洋方面的案例
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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是关于哪个国家停止捕鱼受到津贴的。
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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在陆地上曾有发生,
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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在南美洲和非洲的热带雨林,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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土地拥有者因为不砍树
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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而收到补偿。
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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国际保护基金会已经处理过这样的案例。
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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于是我找到国际保护基金会
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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邀请他们参与进来,
12:00
and went through the process
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一起浏览整个过程:
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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评估渔业资源,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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决定基里巴斯应该收到多少补贴,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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以及鱼类的种类,
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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还吸引很多其他单位的参与--
12:12
the government of Australia,
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像澳大利亚政府,
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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新西兰政府,世界银行。
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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橡树基金会以及国家地理
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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他们也是巨大的出资人。
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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我们出于捐助的理念,
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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基本上成立了这个保护区,
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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补贴这个穷困的国家
12:27
to this very poor country
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在捕鱼权方面失去的费用。
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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以保持这个海域完好无缺。
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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在这个过程中,我见过基里巴斯的总统,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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汤安诺总统--
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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他是一位重要领袖,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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真正有远见,前瞻远瞩的人--
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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当我接触他时,他告诉我两件事。
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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他说,“格雷格,我想拜托你两件事。
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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第一,记得我是一个政治家,
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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因此你要和我的部长们合作,
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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让基里巴斯人民信服。
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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第二,我想请你建立相关法规,
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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不受总统任期限制的法规。
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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我可不想
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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我一离开就半途而废。
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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这样,我们拥有了强有力的领导团队,远见卓识,
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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很多科学研究,还有众多律师的参与。
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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花了很多努力才得以实现。
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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这主要是因为基里巴斯认识到
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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这和他们的切身利益息息相关。
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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他们意识到
13:16
that they had found
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他们和国际保护基金会
13:18
with the conservation community.
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不谋而合。
13:21
Then in 2002,
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2002年,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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当我们全力推行到高潮的时候,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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在菲尼克斯群岛发生了珊瑚礁漂白事件。
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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这正是我们试图拯救的资源,
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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这个漂白事件是有记载起来
13:34
that we can find on record.
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海水温度最高的一次。
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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海水有时会升温,
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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高温点形成并正好出现在
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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菲尼克斯群岛长达六个月。
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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海水温度高于32摄氏度持续六个月呀。
13:48
and it basically killed
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高温杀死了大约
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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百分之六十的珊瑚。
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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于是,本来我们是计划保护这个区域的,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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突然间它却奄奄一息,至少珊瑚成了这样。
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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当然深海区域和开放水域是问题不大的。
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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但是,人人都喜欢欣赏的珊瑚,却巍巍可及。
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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不过,好消息就是,珊瑚后来恢复了。
14:05
and recovering fast,
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而且恢复得很迅速,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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比我们见到的任何珊瑚都快。
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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这张照片是几个月前由布莱恩·斯科利拍得,
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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当时我们返回菲尼克斯群岛,
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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我们发现,因为它已经成为一个保护区域,
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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它拥有了健康的鱼群
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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使海藻落地生长
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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并维持其余的珊瑚礁健康生长,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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珊瑚生长得繁茂,很快就恢复原状。
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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这就像一个生病的人
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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被多种疾病缠身,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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很不容易恢复健康,还有可能会死去,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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但是如果你只需要和一种疾病抗争,就可能恢复得快。
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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这就是气候变化导致水温过热告诉我们的。
14:39
It's the only threat,
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温度是唯一的威胁,
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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珊瑚礁唯一要面对的。
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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没有过度捕捞,没有污染,没有填海工程,
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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珊瑚礁可以全力复原。
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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现在我记得十年前和渔业部长的晚餐,
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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当我们在晚餐中第一次提出这个想法时,我特别兴奋
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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和他们说:“部长,我想环境保护组织
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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应该会喜欢这个理念。”
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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他停下来,双手合十,回答说:
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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“对的,格雷格,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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但是魔鬼藏在细节中,”他说道。
15:07
And it certainly was.
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的确如此。
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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过去十年一直在处理不计其数的细节
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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从建立相关法律
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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到多种研究和勘探
15:18
to communication plans,
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沟通计划,
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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以及我说过的,律师团队,
15:22
MOUs,
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谅解备忘录啦,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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创建菲尼克斯信托委员会,
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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目前我们所处的募集全额捐助的流程,
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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基里巴斯已经停止所有外来捕捞活动
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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当我们正在为其募集款项
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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三周前,我们才召开了第一个菲尼克斯群岛保护区域会议。
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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信托基金已经开始运作
15:40
up-and-running entity
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全速运转
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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致力于和基里巴斯商榷逆向捕鱼证书的事宜
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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由菲尼克斯群岛保护区域信托基金来持有该证书
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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向基里巴斯补偿因禁止捕鱼造成的损失。
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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目前已发展成为一套相当可靠,缜密
15:52
very well grounded system,
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以及十分稳定的体系。
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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这也是一个至下而上的系统,
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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这对于这项工作非常关键。
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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至下而上来确保体系的完善。
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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这里列出了几项成功的条件。
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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大家可以看一下。
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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不过我不得不说我脑海中最重要的一点
16:07
was working within the market forces
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是在这种情形下,
16:09
of the situation.
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在市场力量范畴内开展工作。
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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才能保证我们得以继续向前,
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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既保证了基里巴斯的自身利益
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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也保全了世界利益。
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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我将播放最后一张投影片,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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即-我们如何推广保护区?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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如何实现西尔维娅的梦想?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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我们最终会收获什么?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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这是现在的太平洋
16:30
with large MPAs
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有着巨大的海洋保护区,
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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大片保护区域的太平洋。
16:37
And as you can see,
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大家能看到,
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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这样的星星点点的“补丁”遍布太平洋。
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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我刚才只讲述了其中一个故事,
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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就是中间那个矩形区域,菲尼克斯群岛。
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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每个其他的绿色区域
16:49
has its own story.
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都有它自己的故事。
16:51
And what we need to do now
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现在我们要做的就是
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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纵观整个太平洋
16:55
in its entirety
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作为一个整体,
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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使其海洋保护区在
16:59
across the Pacific
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真个太平洋行程一个网络。
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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这样我们世界上最大的海洋
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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才能得到应有的保护并自我维护
17:05
over time.
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长久可持续发展。
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感谢大家。
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