Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time

Reviewer: Karl Hein

I guess the story actually has to start

See lugu tegelikult algas

maybe back in the the 1960s,

võib-olla 1960ndatel,

when I was seven or eight years old,

kui ma olin seitsme või kaheksa aastane,

watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor

kui ma vaatasin elutoa põrandal Jacques Cousteau dokumentaale

with my mask and flippers on.

mask peas ja lestad jalas.

Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub

Siis, pärast iga episoodi, pidin ma minema vanni,

and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,

ujuma seal ning vaatama äravoolutoru,

because that's all there was to look at.

kuna see oli kõik, mida seal vaadata oli.

And by the time I turned 16,

Selleks ajaks kui ma sain 16

I pursued a career in marine science,

jälitasin ma karjääri mereteaduses,

in exploration and diving,

uurimisretkedes ja sukeldumises

and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,

ja elasin veealustes asulates, nagu see Florida Keysi juures,

for 30 days total.

kokku 30 päeva.

Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.

Brian Skerry tegi selle pildi. Aitäh Brian.

And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.

Ja ma olen sukeldunud süvamere allveelaevades kogu maailmas

And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,

See on kõike sügavamale sukelduv allveelaev maailmas -

operated by the Japanese government.

seda haldab Jaapani valitsus.

And Sylvia Earle and I

Sylvia Earle ja mina

were on an expedition in this submarine

olime selles allveelaevas ekspeditsioonil,

20 years ago in Japan.

20 aastat tagasi Jaapanis.

And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,

Oma sukeldusel läksin ma 5500 meetrit allapoole,

to an area that I thought

kohta, kus ma arvasin,

would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.

et on ürgse looduse ala merepõhjas.

But when I got there, I found

Aga kui ma sinna jõudsin, leidsin ma

lots of plastic garbage and other debris.

palju plastikust prügi ja teist prahti.

And it was really a turning point in my life,

Ja see oli minu elus pöördepunkt,

where I started to realize

kui ma hakkasin aru saama,

that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.

et ma ei saa tehes teadust ja avastusretki lihtsalt lõbutseda.

I needed to put it into a context.

Mul oli vaja see konteksti panna.

I needed to head towards conservation goals.

Mul oli vaja suunduda loodushoiu eesmärkide poole.

So I began to work

Niisis alustasin ma tööd

with National Geographic Society and others

koos National Geographicu Seltsi ja teistega

and led expeditions to Antarctica.

ja viisin ekspeditsioonid Antarktikasse.

I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.

Ma viisin kolm sukeldumisekspeditsiooni Antarktikasse.

Ten years ago was a seminal trip,

10 aasta tagasi toimus reis,

where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,

kus me uurisime suurt jäämäge B-15,

the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.

suurimat jäämäge ajaloos, mis murdus ära Ross'i jääpanga küljest.

And we developed techniques

Ja me arendasime tehnika,

to dive inside and under the iceberg,

millega sai sukelduda jäämäe sisse ja alla,

such as heating pads on our kidneys

nagu soojapadjad neerude peal,

with a battery that we dragged around,

koos patareiga, mida me kaasas kandsime,

so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,

et kui veri voolab läbi neerude

it would get a little boost of warmth

saab ta väikse soojustõuke,

before going back into our bodies.

enne kui läheb tagasi kehasse.

But after three trips to Antarctica,

Aga pärast kolme reisi Antarktikasse

I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.

otsustasin ma, et võib-olla oleks parem töötada soojemates vetes.

And that same year, 10 years ago,

Ja samal aastal, 10 aastat tagasi,

I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.

Suundusin ma Phoenix'i saartest põhja poole.

And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.

Ja ma räägin teile selle loo hetke pärast.

But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.

Aga enne kui ma seda teen, tahan ma, et te mõtiskleks hetkeks selle graafiku üle.

You may have seen this in other forms,

Seda võib olla nähtud teistes vormides,

but the top line is the amount of protected area

aga ülemine joon on kaitstud ala

on land, globally,

maa peal, ülemaailmselt,

and it's about 12 percent.

Ja see on umbes 12 protsenti.

And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up

Ja sa võid näha, et see hakkab tõusma

around the 1960s and '70s,

1960ndate ja 70ndate paiku

and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.

ja see on praegu suhteliselt heal trajektooril.

And that's probably because

Ja see on ilmselt kuna

that's when everybody got aware of the environment

siis muutusid kõik keskkonnateadlikuks

and Earth Day

ja Maa päev

and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything

ja kõik see, mis juhtus 60ndatel näiteks hipide ja kõige muuga

really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.

tõesti mõjutas globaalset teadlikkust.

But the ocean-protected area

Aga mere kaitseala

is basically flat line

on praktiliselt sirge joon

until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.

kuni umbes praeguseni - kus ta nüüd tundub tõusvat.

And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point

Ja ma usun, et me oleme mere kaitsealade

of the protected area in the ocean.

tõusutee alguses.

I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier

Ma arvan, et me oleks jõudnud siia palju varem,

if we could see what happens in the ocean

kui me näeks, mis ookeanis toimub

like we can see what happens on land.

nagu me näeme, mis juhtub maal.

But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,

Aga kahjuks on ookean läbipaistmatu

and we can't see what's going on.

ja me ei näe, mis seal toimub.

And therefore we're way behind on protection.

Ja seetõttu oleme me selle kaitsmisel väga taga.

But scuba diving, submersibles

Aga sukeldumine, allveelaevad

and all the work that we're setting about to do here

ja kõik see töö, mida me hakkame tegema

will help rectify that.

aitab selle joonde ajada.

So where are the Phoenix Islands?

Niisiis, kus on Phoenixi saared?

They were the world's largest marine-protected area

Nad olid maailma suurim merekaitseala,

up until last week

kuni eelmise nädalani,

when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.

kui Chagos Archipelago välja kuulutati.

It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.

See on Vaikse Ookeani keskel. See on igalt poolt umbes viie päeva kaugusel.

If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,

Kui sa tahad saada Phoenixi saartele,

it's five days from Fiji,

on sinna viis päeva Fijilt,

it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.

viis päeva Hawailt, viis päeva Samoalt.

It's out in the middle of the Pacific,

See on Vaikse Ookeani keskel,

right around the Equator.

ekvaatori ümbruses.

I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,

Kuni 10 aastat tagasi, polnud ma saartest kuulnud,

nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,

ega Kiribatist - riigist, mis neid omab,

till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji

kuni kaks mu sõpra, kes peavad Fijil elamis sukelpaati,

said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?

ütlesid: " Greg, kas sa tahaks juhtida teaduslikku ekspeditsiooni nendele saartele?

They've never been dived."

Neil pole kunagi sukeldud."

And I said, "Yeah.

Ja ma ütlesin: " Jah,

But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."

Aga öelge mulle, kus need on ja mis riik neid omab."

So that's when I first learned of the Islands

Siis sain ma esimest korda neist saartest teada

and had no idea what I was getting into.

ja mul polnud õrna aimugi millesse ma sattunud olin.

But I was in for the adventure.

Aga ma olin seikluseks valmis.

Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.

Ma annan teile siin väikse pilgu Phoenixi saarte kaitsealale.

It's a very deep-water part of our planet.

See on meie planeedi väga sügav koht.

The average depths are about 12,000 ft.

Keskmine sügavus on seal umbes 3600 meetrit

There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,

Phoenixi saartel on palju veealuseid mägesid,

which are specifically part of the protected area.

mis on nimelt kaitseala osa.

Seamounts are important for biodiversity.

Veealused mäed on tähtsad bioloogilise mitmekesisuse pärast.

There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.

Tegelikult on ookeanis mägesid rohkem kui maa peal.

It's an interesting fact.

See on huvitav fakt.

And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.

Ja Phoenixi saared on neis mägedes väga rikkad.

So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,

Niisiis on see sügav - mõelge sellest suures kolmes ruumis.

very deep three-dimensional space

väga sügavas kolmemõõtmelises ruumis,

with herds of tuna, whales,

koos tuunikala parvede, vaalade

all kinds of deep sea marine life

ja kõigi võimalike süvamere elustikuga,

like we've seen here before.

nagu me seda varem näinud oleme.

That's the vessel that we took up there

See on see laev, millega me sõitsime

for these studies, early on,

uuringuteks, varakult

and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.

ja nii näevad need saared välja - nagu on taustal näha.

They're very low to the water,

Neil on väga vähe vett

and they're all uninhabited, except one island

ja kõik on asustamata, peale ühe saare,

has about 35 caretakers on it.

kus on umbes 35 hooldajat.

And they've been uninhabited for most of time

Ja need on olnud asustamata suurema osa ajast,

because even in the ancient days,

kuna isegi iidsetel aegadel

these islands were too far away

olid need saared liiga kaugel,

from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti

Fiji eredatest tuledest, Hawaist ja Tahitist,

for those ancient Polynesian mariners

nende iidsete Polüneesia meremeeste jaoks,

that were traversing the Pacific so widely.

kes liiklesid Vaiksel Ookeanil nii laialdaselt.

But we got up there,

Aga meie jõudsime siia

and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity

ja ma mul oli ainuldaadne ja imeline teaduslik võimalus ja isiklik võimalus

to get to a place that had never been dived

minna kohta, kus pole kunagi varem sukeldud

and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?

ja jõuda lihtsalt saatele ning öelda :" Okei, kus me nüüd sukeldume?

Let's try there,"

Proovime siia."

and then falling into the water.

ja kohe vette minna.

Both my personal and my professional life changed.

Nii mu isiklik kui professionaalne elu muutusid.

Suddenly, I saw a world

Järsku nägin ma maailma,

that I had never seen before in the ocean --

mida ma polnud varem ookeanis näinud -

schools of fish that were so dense

kalaparved olid nii tihedad,

they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,

et nad tuhmistasid päikesevalguse läbitungimise veepinnast,

coral reefs that were continuous

korallrahud, mis olid lakkamatud

and solid and colorful,

ja pidevad ja värvilised,

large fish everywhere,

suured kalad igal pool,

manta rays.

manta raid.

It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --

See oli ökosüsteem. Papagoikalad kudemas -

this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning

siin on umbes 5000 pikknina papagoikala kudemas

at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.

Phoenixi saarte ühe sissepääsu juures.

You can see the fish are balled up

Võib näha, et kalad on tihedalt koos

and then there's a little cloudy area there

ja seal on üks hägune ala,

where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --

kus nad vahetavad marja ja spermat paljunemiseks -

events that the ocean is supposed to do,

sündmused, mida ookean peaks tegema,

but struggles to do in many places now

aga võitleb selle tegemiseks nii paljudes kohtades

because of human activity.

inimtegevuse tõttu.

The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet

Phoenixi saared ja kõik ekvatoriaalsed planeedi osad

are very important for tuna fisheries,

on väga tähtsad tuunikalade jaoks,

especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.

eriti selle kulduim-tuunikala jaoks, mida te siin näete.

Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.

Phoenixi saared on peamised tuunikala kohad.

And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,

Ja haid - meil olid varastel sukeldumistel haid,

up to 150 sharks at once,

kuni 150 haid korraga,

which is an indication

mis näitab, et on

of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.

väga väga terve ja tugev süsteem.

So I thought the scenes

Niisiis ma arvasin, et need pildid

of never-ending wilderness

lõpmatust rikkumata loodusest

would go on forever,

lähevad edasi igavesti,

but they did finally come to an end.

aga lõpuks jõudsid nad lõpule.

And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --

Ja me uurisime ka saarte maapinda,

very important bird nesting site,

mis on väga oluline lindude pesitsuspaik,

some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.

üks tähtsamaid lindude pesitsuspaiku Vaikses ookeanis, maailmas.

And we finished our trip.

Ja me lõpetasime oma reisi.

And that's the area again.

Ja siin on jälle see ala.

You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --

Siin võb neid saari näha, on kaheksa saart,

that pop out of the water.

mis veest välja tulevad

The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.

Need tipud, mis ei tule veest välja on veealused mäed.

Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.

Veealune mägi muutub saareks kui ta jõuab veepinnani.

And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?

Ja mis on Phoenixi saarte kontekst?

Where do these exist?

Kus need eksisteerivad?

Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,

Need eksisteerivad Kirbati Vabariigis

and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific

ja Kiribati asub Vaikse ookeani keskel

in three island groups.

kolmes saartegrupis.

In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.

Lääned on meil Gilberti saared.

In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,

Keskel on Phoenixi saared,

which is the subject that I'm talking about.

mis on mu jutu põhiteema.

And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.

Ja seal - idapool on Line saared.

It's the largest atoll nation in the world.

See on suurim atoll rahvus maailmas

And they have

Ja neil on

about 110,000 people

umbes 110 000 inimest

spread out over 33 islands.

jagatud rohkem kui 33 saare peale.

They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,

Nad kontrollivad 3.4 miljonid ruutmeetrit ookeanid

and that's between one and two percent

ja see on ühe ja kahe protsendi vahel

of all the ocean water on the planet.

kogu ookeaniveest planeedil.

And when I was first going up there,

Ja kui ma sinna läksin

I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,

10 aastat tagasi, teadsin ma vaevalt selle riigi nime,

and people would ask me,

ja inimesed küsisid minult:

"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"

"Miks sa lähed kohta mida kutsutake Kiribatiks?"

And it reminded me of that old joke

Ja see meenutas mulle seda vana nalja,

where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,

kus pangaröövel tuleb kohtumajast välja käed vangis,

and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"

ja reporter hüüab: "Hei, Willy. Miks sa panka röövisid?"

And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."

Ja ta vastab: " Sest see on koht, kus kogu raha on."

And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?

Ja ma ütlesin inimestele: " Miks ma Kiribatile lähen?

Because that's where all the ocean is."

Sest see on koht, kus kogu ookean on."

They basically are one nation

Nad praktiliselt on üks rahvus,

that controls most of the equatorial waters

mis kontrollib suuremat osa ekvatoriaalsetest vetest

of the Central Pacific Ocean.

Vaikses Ookeanis.

They're also a country

Nad on ka riik,

that is in dire danger.

mis on kohutavas ohus.

Sea levels are rising,

Meretase on tõusmas

and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,

ja Kiribati, koos 42 teise rahvusega maailmas

will be under water within 50 to 100 years

jääb vee alla 50 kuni 100 aasta jooksul

due to climate change

kliimamuutuste tõttu

and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion

ja sellega seotud veetaseme tõusuga meres ja soojuspaisumise tõttu

and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.

ja magevee sulamine ookeanisse.

The Islands rise only one to two meters

Saaret on ainult üks kuni kaks meetrit

above the surface.

veepinnast kõrgemal

Some of the islands have already gone under water.

Mõned saared on juba vee alla jäänud.

And these nations are faced with a real problem.

Ja need rahvused on silmitsi tõsise probleemiga.

We as a world are faced with a problem.

Meie kui maailm oleme silmitsi tõsise probleemiga.

What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings

Mida teha ümberasustatutega,

who no longer have a home on the planet?

kellel pole enam kodu meie planeedil.

The president of the Maldives

Maldiivide president

conducted a mock cabinet meeting

juhtis võlts valitsuskabineti kohtumise

underwater recently

hiljuti vee all,

to highlight the dire straits of these countries.

et rõhutada nende riikide viimast häda.

So it's something we need to focus on.

Niisiis on see, midagi millele peab tähelepanu pöörama.

But back to the Phoenix Islands,

Aga minnes tagasi Phoenixi saarte juurde,

which is the subject of this Talk.

mis on selle jutu teema.

After I got back, I said,

Kui ma jõudsin tagasi ütlesin ma,

okay, this is amazing, what we found.

"Okei, see on hämmastav, mis me leidnud oleme.

I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,

Ma tahaksin minna tagasi ja jagada seda Kiribati valitsusega,"

who are over in Tarawa,

kes on Tarawas,

the westernmost group.

idapoolne grupp.

So I started contacting them --

Niisiis hakkasin ma nendega ühendust võtma -

because they had actually given me a permit to do this --

kuna nad olid mulle andnud loa seda teha -

and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."

ja ma ütlesin: "Ma tahan sinna tulla ja öelda teile, mis me leidnud oleme."

And for some reason they didn't want me to come,

Ja mingil põhjusel ei tahtnud ma, et ma tuleks

or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,

või oli raske leida kohta ja aega ning see võttis tükk aega,

but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.

aga lõpuks nad ütlesid: "Okei, sa võid tulla.

But if you come, you have to buy lunch

Aga kui sa tuled, siis sa pead ostma lõuna

for everybody who comes to the seminar."

kõigile, kes seminarile tulevad,"

So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.

Niisis ütlesin ma; "Okei. Ma ostan meeleldi lõuna.

Just get whatever anybody wants."

Lihtsalt võtke mida keegi tahab."

So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,

Niisis David Obura, korallrahu bioloog, ja mina läksime Tarawasse

and we presented for two hours

ja esitlesime kaks tundi

on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.

oma imelisi leide Phoenixi saartel.

And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.

Ja se riik ei teadnud seda enne. Neil polnud mingeid andmeid selle ala kohta.

They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.

Neil polnud kunagi olnud informatsiooni Phoenixi saarte kohta.

After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me

Pärast vestlust tuli kalandusminister minu juurde

and he said, "Greg, do you realize

ja ütles: "Greg, kas sa saad aru,

that you are the first scientist

et sina oled esimene teadlane,

who has ever come back

kes on kunagi tagasi tulnud

and told us what they did?"

ja öelnud meile mis sa tegid."

He said, "We often issue these permits

Ta ütles: "Me anname tihti neid lubasid,

to do research in our waters,

et meie vetes uurida,

but usually we get a note two or three years later,

aga tavaliselt saame me kirja kaks või kolm aastat hiljem,

or a reprint.

või kordustrüki.

But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.

Aga sina oled esimene, kes on kunagi tagasi tulnud ja rääkinud meile, mis sa tegid.

And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.

Ja me tõesti hindame seda. Ja me ostame sulle täna lõuna

And are you free for dinner?"

Ja kas sa oled õhtusöögi ajal vaba?"

And I was free for dinner,

Ja ma olin õhtusöögi ajal vaba,

and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.

ja läksin Kiribati kalandusministriga õhtustama.

And over the course of dinner,

Ja õhtusöögi ajal

I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --

õppisin ma, et Kiribati teenib suurema osa oma aastatulust,

it's a very poor country --

see on väga vaene riik,

but it gains what revenue is has

aga teenib oma aastatu, mis tal on

by selling access to foreign nations

võõrastele riikidele ligipääsu müümisest,

to take fish out of its waters,

et need võtaks kala selle vetest,

because Kiribati does not have the capacity

kuna Kiribatil pole mahutavust,

to take the fish itself.

et kala ise võtta.

And the deal that they strike

Ja diil, mis neil on

is the extracting country

on, et väljavõttev riik

gives Kiribati five percent

annab Kiribatile viis protsenti

of the landed value.

saadud väärtusest.

So if the United States

Niisiis, kui Ameerika Ühendriigid

removes a million dollars'

võtavad miljoni jagu

worth of lobsters from a reef,

homaare riffidelt,

Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.

saab Kiribati 50 000 dollarit.

And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.

Ja kas teate, see ei tundunud minu jaoks väga hea tehinguna.

So I asked the Minister over dinner,

Niisiis küsisnima ministrilt õhtusöögil,

I said, "Would you consider a situation

ma ütlesin: "Kas te kaaluks situatsiooni,

where you would still get paid --

kus teile ikka makstaks,

we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --

me teeme arvutused ja uurime välja ressursside väärtuse,

but you leave fish and the sharks

aga teie jätate kalad ja haid

and the shrimp in the water?"

ja krevetid vette?"

He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that

Ta peatus ja ütles: "Jah, meile meeldiks seda teha,

to deal with our overfishing problem,

et tegeleda ülekalastamise probleemiga

and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."

ja ma arvan, et me kutsuks seda vastupidiseks kalapüügilitsentsiks."

He coined the term "reverse fishing license."

Ta leiutas termini "vastupidine kalapüügilitsents."

So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"

Niisiis ma ütlesin: "Jah. vastupidine kalapüügilitsents."

So we walked away from this dinner

Niisis me kõndisime õhtusöögilt ära

really not knowing where to go at that point.

teadmata kuhu sealt edasi minna.

I went back to the States and started looking around

Ma läksin tagasi ühendriikidesse ja hakkasin ringi vaatama,

to see if I could find examples

et näha kas ma leian mingeid näiteid,

where reverse fishing licenses

kus vastupidine kalapüügilitsents

had been issued,

on välja antud

and it turned out there were none.

ja tuli välja, et polnud ühtegi.

There were no oceanic deals

Polnud ühtegi ookeanilist tehingut,

where countries were compensated for not fishing.

kus riikidele kompenseeritakse mittekalastamine.

It had occurred on land,

See oli ette tulnud maal -

in rainforests of South America and Africa,

Lõuna Ameerika ja Aafrika vihmametsades,

where landowners had been paid

kus maaomanikele makstakse,

not to cut the trees down.

et mitte puid maha võtta.

And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.

Ja Looduskaitseorganisatsioon oli mõned neist tehingutest teosanud.

So I went to Conservation International

Niisiis läksin ma Looduskaitseorganisatsiooni

and brought them in as a partner

ja tõin nad partnerina sisse

and went through the process

ja läksin läbi protssi,

of valuing the fishery resource,

kus hindasime kalaressursside väärtuse,

deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,

otustades, kui palju Kiribati peks kompensatsiooni saama,

what the range of the fishes were,

kuna oli palju erinevaid kalaliike

brought in a whole bunch of other partners --

tõime sisse ka teisi partnereid -

the government of Australia,

Austraalia valistus,

the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.

New Zealandi valitsus, Maailmapank,

The Oak Foundation and National Geographic

The Oak Foundation ja National Geographic

have been big funders of this as well.

olid samuti suured rahastajad.

And we basically founded the park

Ja me põhimõtteliselt rajasime pargi

on the idea of an endowment

toetuste põhjal,

that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees

mis maksaks samaväärse tasu kaotatud kalastuslitsentside eest

to this very poor country

sellele väga vaesele riigile,

to keep the area intact.

et hoida see ala puutumatuna.

Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,

Protsessi poole peal kohtusin ma Kiribati presidendiga,

President Anote Tong.

president Anote Tongiga.

He's a really important leader,

Ta on väga tähtis juht,

a real visionary, forward-thinking man,

tõeline visiooniga ja tulevikuvaadetega mees

and he told me two things when I approached him.

ja kui ma talle lähenesin ütles ta mulle kaks asja.

He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.

Ta ütles: " Greg, mul on kaks asja, mis ma sulle öelda tahaks.

One is, remember I'm a politician,

Esimene on: mäleta,et ma olen poliitik,

so you've got to go out and work with my ministers

niiet sina mine ja tööta minu ministritega

and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.

ja veena Kiribati inimesi, et see on hea idee.

Secondly, I'd like you to create principles

Teiseks tahaks ma lasta sul luua põhimõttel,

that will transcend my own presidency.

et see ületab mu enda presidiaja.

I don't want to do something like this

Ma ei taha teha midagi sellist,

if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."

kui see kaob kui mind välja hääletatakse."

So we had very strong leadership, very good vision

Niisiis oli meil väga tugev juhtimine, väga hea visioon

and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.

ja palju teadust ja advokaate kaasatud.

Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.

Palju, palju samme võeti, et see õnnestuks.

And it was primarily because Kiribati realized

Ja see oli peamiselt, kuna Kiribati sai aru,

that this was in their own self-interest to do this.

et see on nende enda huvides seda teha.

They realized that this was a common cause

Nad mõistsin, et see on ühise tagajärje nimel,

that they had found

mis nad olid leidnud

with the conservation community.

kogukonna säilitamises.

Then in 2002,

Siis, 2002 aastal,

when this was all going full-swing,

kui plaan oli täies hoos,

a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.

toimus koralli-pleegitamine Phoenixi saartes.

Here's this resource that we're looking to save,

Siin oli ressurss, mida me lootsime säilitada

and it turns out it's the hottest heating event

ja tuleb välja, et see on kõige suurem soojenemise juhtum,

that we can find on record.

mida leida võid.

The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,

Ookean soojenes, nagu see vahel teeb

and the hot spot formed and stalled

ja see kuum koht tekkis ja jäi seisma

right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.

otse Phoenixi saartel, kuueks kuuks.

It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months

Oli üle 32 kraadi kuus kuud

and it basically killed

ja see tappis

60 percent of the coral.

60 protsenti korallides.

So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,

Niiet järsku oli meil see ala, mida me kaitsesime,

but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.

aga nüüd oli see vähemalt korallide osas surnud.

Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,

Muidugi olid süvamere osad ja avaookean korras,

but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.

aga korall, mida kõigile meeldib vaadata oli raskustes.

Well, the good news is it's recovered

Hea uudis on, et see taastus

and recovering fast,

ja taastus kiiresti,

faster than any reef we've seen.

kiiremini kui ükski riff, mida me näinud oleme.

This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago

See pilt oli Brian Skerry poolt tehtud paar kuud tagasi,

when we returned to the Phoenix Islands

kui me naasesime Phoenixi saartele

and discovered that, because it is a protected area

ja avastasime, et kuna see on kaitstud ala

and has healthy fish populations

ja seal on terved kalapopulatsioonid,

that keep the algae grazed down

mis hoiavad vetikad kontrolli alla

and keep the rest of the reef healthy,

ja hoiavad ülejäänud riffi tervena,

the coral is booming, is just booming back.

on korall õitsev, tuleb ellu tagasi.

It's almost like if a person

See on paaegu nagu inimene,

has multiple diseases,

tal on mitmeid haigusi,

it's hard to get well, you might die,

on raske terveks saada, võid surra,

but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.

kuid kui sul on ainult üks haigus millega tegeleda võid sa paremaks saada,

And that's the story with climate-change heating.

Ja see on kliimamuutuste soojenemise lugu.

It's the only threat,

See on ainus oht,

the only influence that the reef had to deal with.

ainus mõju millega korallriff pidi tegelema.

There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,

Polnud kalastamist ega reostust ega rannikuarendust

and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.

ja riff on täielikul paranemisel.

Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago

Nüüd tuleb mul meelde see õhtusöök, kus ma olin kalandusministriga, 10 aastat tagasi,

when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner

kui me esimest korda selle teema üles võtsime ja ma päris üles köetud sain

and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community

ja ütlesin: " Ma arvan minister, et säilitamise ühendus

might embrace this idea, Minister."

võib selle idee omaks võtta."

He paused and put his hands together and said,

Ta peatus, pani oma käed kokku ja ütles:

"Yes, Greg,

"Jah Greg,

but the devil will be in the details," he said.

aga probleem peitub detailides," ütles ta.

And it certainly was.

Ja see oligi nii.

The last 10 years have been detail after detail

Viimased 10 aastat on olnud detail detailis kinni

ranging from creating legislation

alustades õigusaktide loomisest,

to multiple research expeditions

et mitmekordistada uurimisekspeditsioonid,

to communication plans,

kuni suhtlusplaanideni

as I said, teams of lawyers,

nagu ma ütlesin - advokaatide tiimid.

MOUs,

memorandumid,

creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.

Phoenixi saarte Usaldusnõukogu loomine.

And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.

Ja meil toimub praegu kogu sihtkapitali kogumine.

Kiribati has frozen extracting activities

Kiribati on peatanud väljavõtva tegevuse

at its current state while we raise the endowment.

praeguses olukorras, kuni me kogume sihtkapitali.

We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.

Meil oli just, kolm nädalat tagasi, esimene PIPA Usaldusnõukogu kohtumine.

So it's a fully functional

Niiet see on täiesti toimiv,

up-and-running entity

täies hoos ettevõte,

that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.

mis peab riigiga läbirääkimisi vastupidise kalanduslitsentsi kohta.

And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license

Ja PIPA Usaldusnõukogu haldab seda litsentsi

and pays the country for this.

ja maksab selle eest riigile.

So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,

Niisis on see väga kindel, hästi läbi mõeldud,

very well grounded system,

väga hästi põhjendatud süsteem

and it was a bottom-up system,

ja see oli alt üles süsteem

and that was very important with this work,

ja see oli selle töö puhu väga tähtis

from the bottom up to secure this.

see alt üles kindlustada.

So the conditions for success here are listed.

Niisiis on on edu tingimused siin loetletud.

You can read them yourselves.

Te võite ise neid lugeda.

But I would say the most important one in my mind

Aga ma ütlen, et minu meelest kõige olulisem oli

was working within the market forces

turujõududega töötamine

of the situation.

selles situatsioonis.

And that insured that we could move this forward

Ja see, et on kindlustatud, et me saame edasi liikuda

and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati

ja silmas on peetud nii Kiribati enda huve,

as well as the self-interest of the world.

kui ka maailma huve.

And I'll leave you with one final slide,

Ja ma jätan teid selle viimase slaidi juurde,

that is: how do we scale this up?

mis on: Kuidas me seda suurendame?

How do we realize Sylvia's dream?

Kuidas me realiseerime Sylvia unistuse?

Where eventually do we take this?

Kuhu me lõpuks selle viime?

Here's the Pacific

Siin on Vaikne Ookean

with large MPAs

suurte merekaitsealadega

and large conservation zones on it.

ja suurte kaitsetsoonidega.

And as you can see,

Nagu näha võite

we have a patchwork across this ocean.

on meil lapid üle ookeani.

I've just described to you the one story

Ma olen just kirjeldanud ühte lugu,

behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,

selle ristküliku ala taga keskel on Phoenixi saared,

but every other green patch on that

aga igal rohelisel lapil mis seal on,

has its own story.

on oma lugu.

And what we need to do now

Ja mis me praegu tegema peame,

is look at the whole Pacific Ocean

on vaadata kogu Vaikset Ookeanid,

in its entirety

selle täies mahus

and make a network of MPAs

ja teha merekaitsealade võrgustik

across the Pacific

Üle Vaikse Ookeani,

so that we have our world's largest ocean

niiet meil oleks maailma suurim ookean

protected and self-sustaining

kaitstud ja isemajandav

over time.

aja jooksul.

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Suur aitäh. (Aplaus)