Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time

64,336 views ใƒป 2010-11-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื,
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”,
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–'ืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื•
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื” ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื.
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื–,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื.
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื’ื™ืœ 16,
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ืžื™,
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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ื•ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืžื•ืœ ืื™ื™ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืกืงืจื™ ืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืชื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ.
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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ืฆืœืœืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืข"ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ.
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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ื•ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ื” ืืจืœ ื•ืื ื™
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืžืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ื–ื•
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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ื•ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืžืง 6,000 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื, ืžืฆืืชื™
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืื—ืจ.
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืคื ื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
01:21
where I started to realize
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ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื™ืฃ ืกืชื ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช;
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื–ืืช ืœื”ืงืฉืจ.
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
01:31
So I began to work
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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ืขื ื”"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง ืกื•ืกื™ื™ื˜ื™" ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืข ื’ื•ืจืœื™,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™-15,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื™ืชืง ืžืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ืข"ืฉ ืจื•ืก.
01:49
And we developed techniques
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•,
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืคื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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ืขื ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื’ืจืจื ื• ืื™ืชื ื•,
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:59
it would get a little boost of warmth
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ
02:24
on land, globally,
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 12 ืื—ื•ื–.
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื“ืงืจ ื›ืืŸ
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70.
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ื–ื• ืขืงื•ืžื” ื ืื”.
02:35
And that's probably because
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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ืฉืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
02:39
and Earth Day
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ื•"ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ"
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
02:48
is basically flat line
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•-- ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช.
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืจื•ืช
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื•.
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”.
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืกืงื•ื‘ื”, ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
03:16
will help rectify that.
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ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:24
up until last week
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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ืขื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืฆ'ืื’ื•ืก.
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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ื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-5 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคื™ื’'ื™,
03:35
it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืžื•ืื”.
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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ื–ื” ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื”,
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืงื˜ืžืจืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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ืืžืจื•, "ื’ืจื’, ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆืœืœื• ืฉื."
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื ื™ืชื™, "ื‘ื˜ื—,
03:56
But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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ืจืง ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ื."
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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ื•ืื– ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก.
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื”.
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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ื”ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ื 4,000 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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ื”ืจื™ื ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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ื•ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืง-- ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื“
04:36
with herds of tuna, whales,
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ืžืœื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื”, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื,
04:39
all kinds of deep sea marine life
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืฉื
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืื™ื™ื; ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื,
04:52
and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืื™ ืื—ื“
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›-35 ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื.
04:56
And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“,
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
05:01
these islands were too far away
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ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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ืžื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’'ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™ ื•ื˜ื”ื™ื˜ื™
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื•.
05:11
But we got up there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื, ื•ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืœืื”
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆืœืœื• ื‘ื•
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื” ืื™ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื™ืคื” ื ืฆืœื•ืœ?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืฉื,"
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืžื™ื.
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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ืœืคืชืข ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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ืฉืขื“ ืื– ื˜ืจื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก--
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื—ื“ืจ ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช,
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ื•ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
05:42
manta rays.
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ืชืจื™ืกื ื™ื•ืช,
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-- ื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื.
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 5,000 ื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื–ืจืข ืœืจื‘ื™ื”.
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
06:04
because of human activity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก ื•ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื›ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื ื”,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก ื”ื ืืชืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื”.
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื-- ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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ืขื“ 150 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช,
06:21
which is an indication
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื”
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื”.
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืจืื•ืช
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช
06:30
would go on forever,
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ื™ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื ืฆื—,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•.
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื--
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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ืืชืจ ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืžืกืขื ื•.
06:46
And that's the area again.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื-- ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื™ื--
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื.
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื.
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ื”ืจ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™,
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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ื•ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
07:10
in three island groups.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื™ื.
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื™ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜.
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– - ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก,
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:24
And they have
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื
07:26
about 110,000 people
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ื‘ืขืจืš 110,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 33 ืื™ื™ื.
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1-2 ืื—ื•ื–
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”--
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื--
07:43
and people would ask me,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™,
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™?"
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ื“ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื™ื,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฆื•ืขืง, "ื”ื™, ื•ื™ืœื™, ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืฉื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ืงื™ื?"
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื”, "ื›ื™ ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ."
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื, "ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ืœืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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ื›ื™ ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก."
08:01
They basically are one nation
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
08:09
They're also a country
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ื”ื ื’ื ืืจืฅ
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”,
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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ื•ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ 42 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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ืชื™ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืš 50 ืขื“ 100 ืฉื ื”
08:20
due to climate change
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ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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ื”ืื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
08:30
above the surface.
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ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื.
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืขื•ืœื, ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื—ื™ื ื•, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”?
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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ื ื™ื”ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื“ื•ืžื”
08:50
underwater recently
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•.
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™, ืืžืจืชื™,
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™,
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ื•ื”,
09:11
the westernmost group.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืื™ืชื ืžื’ืขื™ื--
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช--
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™."
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉืื‘ื•ื,
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ืืจืš ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื.
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื•ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืจื•ื—ื”
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืกืžื™ื ืจ."
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืืจื•ื—ื”.
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ."
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื˜ืจืื•ื•ื” ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”, ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ื’ืจื’, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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ืฉืืชื” ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
09:55
who has ever come back
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืขืฉื”."
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
10:05
or a reprint.
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ืื• ืชืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืกื.
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืขืฉื”.
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืื“ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืœืืจื•ื—ื”.
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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ืืชื” ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘?"
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™.
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”,
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™--
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืจืฅ ืขื ื™ื” ืžืื“--
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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ืืš ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื’ื• ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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ื›ื™ ืœืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”
10:38
is the extracting country
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื“ื’ื”
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
10:42
of the landed value.
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ืžื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื ืžืœ.
10:44
So if the United States
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ืื– ืื ืืจื”"ื‘
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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ื‘ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช 50,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ืขืกืงื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืจ,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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"ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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ืฉื‘ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ--
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื” ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉืื‘--
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื?"
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืš
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืืฆืœื ื•,
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš."
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•, 'ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš'.
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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ืื– ืขื ื™ืชื™, "ื›ืŸ, ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš."
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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ืื– ื™ืฆืื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•.
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื ืงื•
11:35
had been issued,
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ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš.
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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ืœื ื ื—ืชืžื• ืฉื•ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื“ื’ื• ืืฆืœืŸ.
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืฉืœื•ื
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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ื•"ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™" ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ืืœื”.
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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ืื– ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืœ "ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™"
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
12:00
and went through the process
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื’,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื”,
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื--
12:12
the government of Australia,
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ืื•ืง" ื•ื”"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง"
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืกื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืืจืง
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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ืฉืชืฉืœื ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื
12:27
to this very poor country
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืื“ ืขื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืคื’ืข
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื ื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื ื’--
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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ืื™ืฉ-ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—--
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืืœื™ื•.
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื’ืจื’, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื”.
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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ื”ืื—ื“, ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™,
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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ืื– ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื ืกื— ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืœื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื ื’ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช."
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื“, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ืข, ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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ื ื ืงื˜ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ืืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
13:16
that they had found
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ืฉืœื”ื
13:18
with the conservation community.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
13:21
Then in 2002,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘-2002,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืžืœืื”,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก.
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ,
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:34
that we can find on record.
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ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืชื—ืžื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื,
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื ืชืงืข
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืขืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœ 32 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืœืžืฉืš 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:48
and it basically killed
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื’
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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60 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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ืื– ืœืคืชืข ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืžืจื™ื,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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ื ืจืื” ืžืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจื”.
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืงืžื•
14:05
and recovering fast,
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืงื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืกืงืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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ืฉื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื›ืกื— ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืช,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจืง ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
14:39
It's the only threat,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืงืžื•ืช ืžืœื.
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจ."
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื”ื”, ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ,
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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"ื›ืŸ, ื’ืจื’,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
15:07
And it certainly was.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื”.
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื˜
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช,
15:18
to communication plans,
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ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ,
15:22
MOUs,
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ืžื™ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืืžื ื™ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก,
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช.
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื›ื ืก ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืืžื ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื”
15:40
up-and-running entity
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื“ ืื™ืชื ื”, ืžืื“ ืฉืงื•ืœื”,
15:52
very well grounded system,
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ื•ืžืื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื”
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืื•ืชื”.
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
16:07
was working within the market forces
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง
16:09
of the situation.
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ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื–ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื™ื‘ืื˜ื™
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื ืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื–ื”?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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ืื™ืš ื ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ื”?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื–ื”?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
16:30
with large MPAs
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ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
16:37
And as you can see,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืœืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืื™ื™ ืคื ื™ืงืก,
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืœืื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืืŸ
16:49
has its own story.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•.
16:51
And what we need to do now
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืขืช
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
16:55
in its entirety
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ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
16:59
across the Pacific
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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ืœืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื
17:05
over time.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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