Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time

64,319 views ・ 2010-11-03

TED


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譯者: Marie Wu 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai
00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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我想這件事
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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得追溯回1960年代,
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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那時我才七、八歲,
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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我常坐在客廳地板上,戴著我的蛙鏡和蛙鞋,
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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看著傑克.庫斯托(著名深海探險家)的記錄片,
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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等節目一結束,我就會跑到浴缸,
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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在裡頭游泳,盯著排水孔看,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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因為那是那裡唯一的東西。
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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到我十六歲時,
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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我朝海洋科學方面發展,
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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進行探索與潛水,
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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我會待在潛水艇裡,像是這艘在佛羅里達外海的潛艇,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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有時會待上一個月。
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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布萊恩.史凱瑞幫我拍了這張照片,謝謝你,布萊恩。
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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我搭乘深海潛水艇潛入世界各地的水域,
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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這艘潛水艇則是世界上能潛入最深海域的潛艇,
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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為日本政府所有。
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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我和席薇亞.厄爾(海洋保育運動者)
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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在20年前一同前往日本,
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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在這艘潛水艇上考察。
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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那次我們潛入海底5,400公尺深,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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到達一個我原以為
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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會是純淨自然的海底區域。
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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但我到那兒之後,
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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我發現許多塑膠垃圾和廢棄物,
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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那是我人生中的一個轉折點,
01:21
where I started to realize
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那時我才明白,
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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我不可能以玩樂的心情來研究科學和探索,
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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我必須要更有深度,
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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我要朝保育這個目標前進。
01:31
So I began to work
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所以我開始
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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和國家地理協會及其他人一起合作,
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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帶領一支考察隊伍去南極洲。
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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我總共帶領過三支潛水考察隊伍去南極洲,
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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10年前還只是先發隊伍,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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我們探索了那座大冰山B-15,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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那是有史以來最大的冰山,是從羅斯(Ross)冰棚脫落的。
01:49
And we developed techniques
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我們還開發了幾項技術,
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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讓我們能潛入冰山裡面和下面,
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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像是我們會在腎臟上綁上一組
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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用電池供電的加熱墊,
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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當我們人體的血液流經腎臟時,
01:59
it would get a little boost of warmth
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就能補充到熱能,
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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再循環到身體其他部位。
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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在結束三趟南極洲之旅後,
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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我覺得在常溫的環境裡工作還是比較好,
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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所以就在那一年,也就是10年前,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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我就往北來到鳳凰群島,
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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我等一下會花些時間告訴各位那裡的一些事情,
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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但在此之前,我希望各位能好好想想這張圖,
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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你以前可能看過以不同形式呈現的這張圖,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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最上面的線是指全球被納入保護的
02:24
on land, globally,
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陸地區域大小,
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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這大約是12%。
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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你可以看到這條線有點像曲棍球棒一樣,
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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在1960到1970年代附近開始往上攀升,
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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現在則很像一條完美的拋物線了。
02:35
And that's probably because
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這或許是因為
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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人們開始注意到環境議題,
02:39
and Earth Day
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設計了地球日,
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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還有60年代嬉皮們所提倡的那些事情,
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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我認為這每一件事都引起了世人關注。
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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但是海洋保護區這條線,
02:48
is basically flat line
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卻似乎一直維持不動,
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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直到最近似乎還有上升的趨勢。
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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我相信這條海洋保護區的線
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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會呈現如曲棍球棒的形狀,
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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我認為如果我們能看清海裡發生了什麼事,
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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這條曲線就能早一點呈現曲棍球棒狀,
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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就像陸地保護區那條曲線一樣。
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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不幸的是,海洋並沒有那麼容易看透,
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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我們並不清楚海裡發生了什麼事,
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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因此也就談不上劃分什麼保護區了。
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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但是利用潛水技術或是乘坐潛艇,
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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利用我們目前所有的技術,
03:16
will help rectify that.
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其實可以幫我們釐清真相。
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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鳳凰群島在哪裡?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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那個區域以前是世上最大的海洋保護區,
03:24
up until last week
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直到上個星期,
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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查戈斯群島才取代鳳凰群島成為最大的保護區。
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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鳳凰群島在中太平洋,不管從哪裡去都要花差不多五天,
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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如果你要到鳳凰群島,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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從斐濟去要五天,
03:35
it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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從夏威夷去要五年,從薩摩亞去也要五天。
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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它位在太平洋的中間,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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就在赤道附近。
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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在十年前,我從未聽過這個地方,
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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更別提吉里巴斯這個擁有鳳凰群島的國家了。
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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後來有二個朋友,他們在斐濟經營潛艇生意,
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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他們說:「克雷格,你要不要帶一支科學考察隊來這個群島?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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還沒有人來過哩。」
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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我回說:「好啊!
03:56
But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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告訴我那個群島在哪裡、哪個國家吧!」
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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那是我第一次知道有那個群島,
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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我完全不知道那裡長什麼樣子,
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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我就當我是去探險而已。
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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我先來大概描述一下鳳凰群島保護區的樣貌,
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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那裡的水域很深,
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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平均有3,600公尺深,
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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在鳳凰群島有許多海底山,
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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也屬於保護區的一部分。
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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海底山對於保持生物多樣化是很重要的,
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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事實上,在地球上,海裡的山要比陸地上的山多得多,
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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很有趣吧!
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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鳳凰群島擁有非常多的海底山,
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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所以水域很深--請你們試著以三度空間來想像,
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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在一個很深的三度空間裡,
04:36
with herds of tuna, whales,
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有成群的鮪魚和鯨魚,
04:39
all kinds of deep sea marine life
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還有其他各種深海生物,
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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各種我們熟知的生物。
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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那是我們較早時
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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為研究所搭乘的水上飛機,
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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這就是群島的全貌,你可以看到水裡有些島嶼,
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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都低於水平面之下,
04:52
and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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全都不能住人,除了一個島以外,
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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上面只有35個管理員。
04:56
And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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這些島上已經很久沒有人居住,
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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因為即使在古代,
05:01
these islands were too far away
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這些島還是離斐濟、夏威夷、
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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或大溪地這些有人居住的地方太遠,
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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就算對古代擅於橫越太平洋的
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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波利尼西亞航海人來說也是太遠。
05:11
But we got up there,
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我們到了那裡,
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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我覺得來到一個從未經世人探索的地方,對科學研究和我個人來說,
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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都是非常獨特和美好的經驗,
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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所一到島上我就說:「我們該從哪裡開始潛水探索?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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試試那裡吧!」
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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接著我就跳進水裡,
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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從此改變了我的一生和我的職業生涯。
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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我突然看到一個
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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我以前從未看過的海洋世界,
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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那裡的魚大量成群地一起游動,
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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遮蔽了從海水表面射入的光線;
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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珊瑚礁是一整片,
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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結構完整且色彩豐富;
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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到處都有大魚游動,
05:42
manta rays.
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主要是魟魚。
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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那是一個完整的生態體系,我看到鸚哥魚在產卵,
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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大約有5千隻長鼻鸚哥魚
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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在鳳凰群島的某個入口處附近產卵。
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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他們全都亂成一片,
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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只看到海水裡有一片混涿的水域,
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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他們就在那裡為延續後代而互相交換卵子與精子。
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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那些活動本來就是海裡常發生的事,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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但現在卻因為人類的參與,
06:04
because of human activity.
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而使這些活動處處受限。
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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鳳凰群島和其他赤道附近的地區一樣,
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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都是鮪魚捕撈業者的聚集地,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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尤其是你現在所看到的黃鰭鮪魚。
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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鳳凰群島是主要的鮪魚產地,
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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而鯊魚--在我們早期的探索就看過鯊魚了,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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一下子就看到150隻鯊魚,
06:21
which is an indication
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這表示這裡的生態環境
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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很健康也很完善。
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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我以為這些美好的景象
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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會一直、永遠地
06:30
would go on forever,
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持續下去,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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但終究還是消失了。
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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我們也探索了各個島嶼,
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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發現那裡是非常重要的鳥類棲息地,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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世上許多重要的鳥類都築巢在此。
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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這趟探索就到此為止。
06:46
And that's the area again.
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這是鳳凰群島,
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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你可以看到總共有八個島,
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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只有八個島是露在水面上的,
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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沒露出來的島尖,其實是海底山。
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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如果海底山的山尖露出水面,就稱為島嶼。
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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那麼鳳凰群島到底是由幾個島組成的?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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這個群島隸屬於什麼國家?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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鳳凰群島隸屬於吉里巴斯共和國,
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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而吉里巴斯位於太平洋中間,
07:10
in three island groups.
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由三個群島組成。
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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西邊是吉爾勃特群島,
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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中間則是我們這次所談到的
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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鳳凰群島,
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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東邊則是直線群島。
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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吉里巴斯是世上最大的環狀珊瑚礁島國,
07:24
And they have
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他們的人口
07:26
about 110,000 people
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約有11萬人,
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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分佈在33個島嶼上。
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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全國的海域約有340萬立方哩,
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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大約佔全世界
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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海域的1%或2%。
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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我第一次到那裡時,
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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也就是十年前,我其實完全沒聽過那個國家,
07:43
and people would ask me,
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人們都問我:
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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「你為什麼要去吉里巴斯?」
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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這讓我想起了一個老掉牙的笑話,
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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一個戴著手銙的銀行搶匪從法院走出來,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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記者對他叫道:「嘿!威利!你為什麼要搶銀行?」
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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他回說:「因為那裡的錢最多啊!」
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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所以我回覆道:「我為什麼要去吉里巴斯?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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因為那裡的海洋最多啊!」
08:01
They basically are one nation
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吉里巴斯其實是
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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在中太平洋地區掌控最多
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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赤道附近海域的國家,
08:09
They're also a country
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他們同時也
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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面臨著迫切的危機,
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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因為海平面不斷上升,
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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而吉里巴斯和世上其他42個國家一樣,
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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在未來的50到100年之內,
08:20
due to climate change
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會因為氣候變遷而沈入海底。
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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因為溫室效應會使冰山熔化,
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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而使海平面上升,
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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現在的島嶼也不過高於海平面
08:30
above the surface.
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1到2公尺而已,
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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有些島嶼已經沈入海底。
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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這些國家所面對的是迫切的真實危機,
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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我們這個世界也面對相同的問題,
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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當這些國家的人民流離失所、
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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無家可歸時,我們該怎麼辦?
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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馬爾地夫總統
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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最近在海底召開了一次
08:50
underwater recently
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具嘲諷意味的內閣會議,
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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以彰顯這些國家所面臨的迫切危機。
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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這是我們應該關注的問題,
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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但讓我們先回到鳳凰群島,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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這是我今天演講的主題,
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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在我回到那兒之後,我說:
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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我們看到了很棒的東西,
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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我想和吉里巴斯政府分享我的探索成果,
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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但政府機構在最西邊群島
09:11
the westernmost group.
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的塔拉瓦島上,
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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所以我與他們聯繫,
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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他們先前核准了我這次的探索,
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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我說:「我想過來告訴你們我的探索成果。」
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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但不知為何,他們似乎不想看到我,
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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或是他們安排不出適當的時間地點,反正就是拖了一陣子,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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最後他們才說:「好,你可以過來,
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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但你來的時候,要幫我們每個
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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參與會議的人準備午餐。」
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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我回說:「好啊!我很樂意請客,
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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看看大家想吃什麼。」
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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我和一位珊瑚礁生物學家大衛.歐布拉一起去塔拉瓦島,
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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我們講解了二個小時,
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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說明我們在鳳凰群島的驚人發現,
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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但他們似乎從來不知道,他們對這片海域一無所知,
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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從來沒有針對鳳凰群島的海域做過任何調查。
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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在我的解說之後,他們的漁業部長走過來找我,
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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他說:「克雷格,你知道嗎?
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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你是第一個
09:55
who has ever come back
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願意回來告訴我們
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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探索成果的科學家。」
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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他說:「我們通常都只是核准
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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他們來我們的水域裡進行調查,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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但我們通常得等個二、三年才收到個隻字片語,
10:05
or a reprint.
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或是一份舊版文件。
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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但你是第一個願意與我們分享你的成果的人,
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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我們真的很感激你,今天中餐就讓我來請客好了,
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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晚餐你有空嗎?」
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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我當然有空,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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所以就和漁業部長共進晚餐,
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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在享用晚餐時,
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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我發現吉里巴斯的主要經濟來源--
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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吉里巴斯是很窮的國家--
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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他們的主要經濟來源
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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是將附近水域的捕漁權,
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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賣給外國,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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因為吉里巴斯自己並沒有
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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捕漁的設備,
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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因此他們只向
10:38
is the extracting country
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來申請捕漁的國家,
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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收取漁獲金額
10:42
of the landed value.
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5%的手續費而已。
10:44
So if the United States
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如果美國
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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捕撈了價值
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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一百萬美金的龍蝦,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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吉里巴斯就會收到5萬美金。
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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我覺得這種交易並不划算,
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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所以我趁晚餐之便問漁業部長,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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我說:「你們有沒有想過
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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另一種賺錢的方法?
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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就是去算一下原先就此獲取的收入有多少,
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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看看不捕撈魚類、鯊魚或蝦子,
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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是否還能賺取這樣的收入?」
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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他停了一會兒,說:「我們願意嚐試,
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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希望能藉此改善過度捕撈的問題,
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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就把這稱為禁止捕撈補貼證吧!」
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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他把這個名詞定為「禁止捕撈補貼證」,
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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所以我也附和:「對!禁止捕撈補貼證。」
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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當晚我們離開之後,
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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卻對「禁止捕撈補貼證」如何執行毫無頭緒。
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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我回到美國,開始調查
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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是否有發行
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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「禁止捕撈補貼證」
11:35
had been issued,
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的先例,
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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但我發現以前並沒有人這麼做過,
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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沒有針對海洋的案例,
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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沒有國家因為不捕撈漁獲而獲得補助,
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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但有國家針對自己的領土這麼做過,
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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就是在非洲及南美的雨林裡,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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如果有地主自願不砍伐森林的話,
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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就會獲得補助。
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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國際保育組織曾處理過幾個這種交易,
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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於是我找上國際保育組織,
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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讓他們參與這件事,
12:00
and went through the process
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請他們先評估
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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整個漁獲資源有多少,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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再決定吉里巴斯該獲得多少補助,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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有那些魚種的捕撈需受限制等;
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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再找一群其他國家來參與補助,
12:12
the government of Australia,
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像是澳洲政府、
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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紐西蘭政府及世界銀行。
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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橡樹基金會和國家地理協會
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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也都是著名的贊助者,
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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我們秉持資助的理念
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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成立了這個保護區,
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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補貼這個窮苦的小國
12:27
to this very poor country
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所損失的漁獲捕撈手續費,
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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以保障該區域不會被過度捕撈。
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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就在我們進行到中途的時候,我見到了吉里巴斯的總統,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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也就是湯安諾總統,
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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他是一位重要的政治領袖,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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也是有遠見、具前瞻性的人,
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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在我們的會面中,他告訴我二件事,
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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他說:「克雷格,我希望你能做二件事,
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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第一,記住我是個政治人物,
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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所以你得去和我的部長們合作,
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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說服我國的人民這樣做是有益的。
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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第二,我希望你能制定一些準則,
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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一些能超越總統任期的準則,
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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我不希望事情做到一半,
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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就因為我沒被選上擔任總統而就停止了。」
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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我們的領導團隊很堅強,具有很好的眼光,
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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也瞭解科學,還有許多律師參與其中。
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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我們積極地推動這件事,
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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最主要還得歸功於吉里巴斯本身的自覺,
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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他們知道這是為了他們本身的利益而做,
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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他們也瞭解這是他們與
13:16
that they had found
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保育團體間
13:18
with the conservation community.
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共同的理想與事業。
13:21
Then in 2002,
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在2002年,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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當我們都在全力推動這件事時,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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鳳凰群島發生了珊瑚白化事件,
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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那是我們最想要保護的資源,
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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但我們發現那是有史以來
13:34
that we can find on record.
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海水溫度最高的時候。
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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有時候海水溫度會升高,
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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但那次卻在鳳凰群島形成了一個
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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停滯不動的熱區,長達六個月之久。
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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六個月以來,海水的溫度都超過攝氏32度,
13:48
and it basically killed
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有60%的
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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珊瑚死亡,
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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突然之間,我們想要保護的區域,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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卻變成了一片死寂,至少珊瑚礁區域都快死光了。
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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當然,深海區域及一些開放式的海域都沒問題,
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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但是大家所喜愛的珊瑚礁區域卻有大麻煩了。
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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好消息是這個區域復原了,
14:05
and recovering fast,
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而且復原得很快,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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比我們以前看過的任何珊瑚礁都快。
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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這張照片是布萊恩.史凱瑞幾個月之前照的,
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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我們又回到了鳳凰群島,
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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我們發現,因為那裡已是一個保護區,
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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有許多健康的魚群,
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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海藻也在此落地生根,
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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連帶地讓當地的珊瑚礁也長得很好,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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珊瑚又長得茂盛了,就像以前一樣。
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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就像一個生病的人,
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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如果有多種疾病纏身,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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就很難治癒,可能會死,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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但如果只感染了一種疾病,那就很有可能治癒。
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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以上是氣候變遷的溫室效應所造成的影響,
14:39
It's the only threat,
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這是唯一會威脅
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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或影響珊瑚生長的因素,
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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因為我們排除了過度捕撈、污染與海岸開發等各種因素,
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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珊瑚因此得以全速復原。
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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我想起十年前與吉里巴斯漁業部長共進晚餐的那個夜晚,
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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我們在晚餐中第一次提出這個想法,我則被鼓舞地說出:
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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「我認為保育團體都會
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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欣然接受這個提議,部長!」
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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他停頓了一下,雙手交疊,說:
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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「我同意,克雷格,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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但魔鬼就藏在細節裡啊!」
15:07
And it certainly was.
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他說的果然沒錯,
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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過去這十年總有處理不完的細節,
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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從制定法律
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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到多重研究探勘,
15:18
to communication plans,
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甚至到溝通計畫等,
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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我們出動了大批律師,
15:22
MOUs,
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簽了一堆備忘錄,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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最後才終於成立了鳳凰群島信託基金。
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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現在我們則進到了籌資階段,
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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吉里巴斯在籌資階段
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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就已經停止了捕撈作業。
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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我們在三個星期前,剛舉行過鳳凰群島信託基金會的首屆會員大會,
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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我們已經準備好,
15:40
up-and-running entity
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準備和這個國家
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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一同協商「禁止捕撈補貼證」事宜,
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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也就是由我們的基金會來核發補貼證,
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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補貼因禁止捕撈而產生的損失。
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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這個補貼制度很完善,想得很週全,
15:52
very well grounded system,
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是一個設計良善的制度。
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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這也是一個由下而上的制度,
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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因為禁止捕撈這件事,完全得靠
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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從下而上的力量才能維持。
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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我們把成功的因素列了出來,
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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你們可以看看,
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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但我認為最重要的因素
16:07
was working within the market forces
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是要和市場力量
16:09
of the situation.
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一起合作,
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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這樣我們才能確保能推動這個制度,
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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因為這不僅牽涉到吉里巴斯的利益,
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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也牽涉到全世界的利益。
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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最後,我要放這張投影片,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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想想看我們該如何推廣這個計畫?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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我們如何實現席薇亞(海洋保育運動者)的夢想?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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我們最終想要達到什麼成果?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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這是我們建立
16:30
with large MPAs
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大量海洋保護區、
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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大量保育區後的太平洋,
16:37
And as you can see,
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你可以看到,
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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整個太平洋到處都是需要保育的區塊,
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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我剛才所說的
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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只是有關太平洋中間這個三角區域,鳳凰群島的故事,
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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但在這許多綠色區塊背後,
16:49
has its own story.
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還有許多不為人知的故事。
16:51
And what we need to do now
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我們現在所需要做的,
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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是以太平洋海域
16:55
in its entirety
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整體的觀點出發,
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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把太平洋上的海洋保護區
16:59
across the Pacific
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串連起來,
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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這樣,我們就能擁有全世界
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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最大的海洋保護區,
17:05
over time.
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並能長久保育。
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝各位!
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