Greg Stone: Saving the ocean one island at a time

64,319 views ・ 2010-11-03

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00:16
I guess the story actually has to start
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Pretpostavljam da ova priča zapravo počinje
00:18
maybe back in the the 1960s,
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negdje u 1960-ima
00:20
when I was seven or eight years old,
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kada sam imao sedam ili osam godina
00:23
watching Jacques Cousteau documentaries on the living room floor
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i gledao dokumentarce Jacquesa Cousteaua na podu dnevne sobe
00:26
with my mask and flippers on.
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s maskom i perajama na sebi.
00:29
Then after every episode, I had to go up to the bathtub
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I onda bih, nakon svake epizode, otišao gore u kadu,
00:32
and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain,
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plivao u njoj i promatrao odvod,
00:34
because that's all there was to look at.
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jer je to bila jedina stvar koju sam mogao gledati.
00:37
And by the time I turned 16,
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Kada sam napunio 16 godina,
00:39
I pursued a career in marine science,
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odlučio sam se za karijeru u znanosti o moru,
00:42
in exploration and diving,
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u istraživanju i ronjenju,
00:45
and lived in underwater habitats, like this one off the Florida Keys,
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živio sam u podvodnim nastambama, kao što je ova na Florida Keysu,
00:48
for 30 days total.
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30 dana u komadu.
00:50
Brian Skerry took this shot. Thanks, Brian.
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Ovo je slikao Brian Skerry. Hvala, Brian.
00:52
And I've dived in deep-sea submersibles around the world.
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Zaranjao sam i u dubokomorskim podmornicama po cijelom svijetu.
00:55
And this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world,
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Ovo je podmornica koja zaranja najdublje na svijetu,
00:58
operated by the Japanese government.
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njome upravlja japanska vlada.
01:00
And Sylvia Earle and I
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Sylvia Earle i ja
01:02
were on an expedition in this submarine
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bili smo na ekspediciji u ovoj podmornici
01:04
20 years ago in Japan.
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prije 20 godina u Japanu.
01:07
And on my dive, I went down 18,000 feet,
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U svom zaronu išao sam do 5.500 m dubine,
01:10
to an area that I thought
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do područja za koje sam mislio
01:12
would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor.
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da će biti područje iskonske divljine na dnu mora.
01:15
But when I got there, I found
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Ali kada sam tamo stigao, našao sam
01:17
lots of plastic garbage and other debris.
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hrpe plastičnog smeća i ostalog otpada.
01:19
And it was really a turning point in my life,
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To je zapravo bila prava prekretnica u mom životu,
01:21
where I started to realize
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kada sam shvatio
01:23
that I couldn't just go have fun doing science and exploration.
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da se ne mogu samo zabavljati istraživajući i baveći se znanošću.
01:26
I needed to put it into a context.
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Morao sam svoj rad staviti u neki kontekst.
01:28
I needed to head towards conservation goals.
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Morao sam se početi baviti zaštitom okoliša.
01:31
So I began to work
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Zato sam počeo surađivati
01:33
with National Geographic Society and others
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s National Geographic Society i drugima,
01:36
and led expeditions to Antarctica.
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i vodio ekspedicije na Antarktiku.
01:39
I led three diving expeditions to Antarctica.
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Vodio sam tri ronilačke ekspedicije na Antarktiku.
01:41
Ten years ago was a seminal trip,
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Prvo putovanje bilo je prije 10 godina,
01:43
where we explored that big iceberg, B-15,
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istraživali smo veliku santu leda, B-15,
01:46
the largest iceberg in history, that broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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najveću u povijesti, koja se odlomila s Ross Ice Shelfa.
01:49
And we developed techniques
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Razvili smo tehnike
01:51
to dive inside and under the iceberg,
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za zaranjanje unutar i ispod sante,
01:53
such as heating pads on our kidneys
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npr. grijaće jastučiće na bubrezima
01:55
with a battery that we dragged around,
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s baterijom koju smo nosili uokolo,
01:57
so that, as the blood flowed through our kidneys,
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kako bi krv idući kroz naše bubrege
01:59
it would get a little boost of warmth
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dobila malo topline
02:01
before going back into our bodies.
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prije nego bi se vratila u naša tijela.
02:03
But after three trips to Antarctica,
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Ali nakon tri izleta na Antarktiku,
02:05
I decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water.
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odlučio sam kako bi moglo biti ljepše raditi u toplijim vodama.
02:09
And that same year, 10 years ago,
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Tako sam se, iste godine, prije 10 godina,
02:11
I headed north to the Phoenix Islands.
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zaputio na sjever na otočje Phoenix.
02:13
And I'm going to tell you that story here in a moment.
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Tu ću vam priču ispričati ovdje za trenutak.
02:16
But before I do, I just want you to ponder this graph for a moment.
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Prije toga, htio bih da malo pogledate ovaj graf na kratko.
02:19
You may have seen this in other forms,
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Možda ste ga vidjeli u drugim oblicima,
02:21
but the top line is the amount of protected area
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ali gornja linija predstavlja količinu zaštićenih područja
02:24
on land, globally,
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na kopnu, globalno,
02:26
and it's about 12 percent.
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i iznosi otprilike 12 posto.
02:28
And you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up
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I možete vidjeti da se nekako ističe
02:30
around the 1960s and '70s,
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oko 60-ih i 70-ih,
02:32
and it's on kind of a nice trajectory right now.
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i sada ima lijepu putanju.
02:35
And that's probably because
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To je vjerojatno zato
02:37
that's when everybody got aware of the environment
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što su tada svi postali svjesni okoliša
02:39
and Earth Day
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i Dana planeta Zemlje,
02:41
and all the stuff that happened in the '60s with the Hippies and everything
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i zbog svih stvari koje su se događale 60-ih s hipijima –
02:44
really did, I think, have an affect on global awareness.
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vjerujem da je sve to imalo utjecaja na globalnu svjesnost.
02:46
But the ocean-protected area
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Ali linija koja označava oceanska zaštićena područja
02:48
is basically flat line
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ravna je
02:50
until right about now -- it appears to be ticking up.
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sve do današnjih dana – sada kao da raste.
02:52
And I do believe that we are at the hockey stick point
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Smatram da smo sada na točki kada se linija
02:55
of the protected area in the ocean.
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zaštićenih područja u oceanu počinje pomicati i isticati.
02:57
I think we would have gotten there a lot earlier
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Mislim da bismo dospijeli tamo puno ranije
03:00
if we could see what happens in the ocean
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da smo mogli vidjeti što se sve događa u oceanima
03:02
like we can see what happens on land.
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kao što smo mogli vidjeti što se događa na kopnu.
03:04
But unfortunately, the ocean is opaque,
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Ali nažalost, ocean je neproziran
03:07
and we can't see what's going on.
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i ne možemo vidjeti što se događa.
03:09
And therefore we're way behind on protection.
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Zato užasno kasnimo sa zaštitom.
03:11
But scuba diving, submersibles
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Ali ronjenje, podmornice
03:13
and all the work that we're setting about to do here
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i sav posao koji planiramo obaviti,
03:16
will help rectify that.
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pomoći će to ispraviti.
03:19
So where are the Phoenix Islands?
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Dakle, gdje je otočje Phoenix?
03:21
They were the world's largest marine-protected area
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Bilo je najveće zaštićeno morsko područje
03:24
up until last week
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sve do prošlog tjedna
03:26
when the Chagos Archipelago was declared.
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kada je time proglašen arhipelag Chagos.
03:28
It's in the mid-Pacific. It's about five days from anywhere.
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Oni su u središtu Pacifika. Otprilike pet dana udaljeni od svega.
03:31
If you want to get to the Phoenix Islands,
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Ako želite doći do otočja Phoenix,
03:33
it's five days from Fiji,
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treba vam pet dana s Fijija,
03:35
it's five days from Hawaii, it's five days from Samoa.
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pet dana s Havaja, pet dana sa Samoe.
03:37
It's out in the middle of the Pacific,
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Nalazi se usred Pacifika,
03:39
right around the Equator.
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odmah pored ekvatora.
03:42
I had never heard of the islands 10 years ago,
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Prije deset godina, nikad nisam bio čuo za to otočje,
03:44
nor the country, Kiribati, that owns them,
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niti za zemlju pod koju spadaju, Kiribate,
03:46
till two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in Fiji
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sve dok dva moja prijatelja koja posjeduju brod za zaranjanje na Fijiju
03:49
said, "Greg, would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands?
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nisu rekla: "Greg, želiš li voditi znanstvenu ekspediciju na te otoke?
03:52
They've never been dived."
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Nitko tamo nikada nije ronio."
03:54
And I said, "Yeah.
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I ja sam rekao: "Može.
03:56
But tell me where they are and the country that owns them."
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Ali recite mi gdje su i koja je to zemlja."
03:58
So that's when I first learned of the Islands
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I tako sam prvi put saznao za to otočje
04:00
and had no idea what I was getting into.
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i nisam imao pojma u što sam se upustio.
04:02
But I was in for the adventure.
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Ali bio sam zainteresiran za pustolovinu.
04:06
Let me give you a little peek here of the Phoenix Islands-protected area.
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Dopustite da vam dam mali prikaz zaštićenog područja otočja Phoenix.
04:09
It's a very deep-water part of our planet.
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To je područje jako dubokih voda.
04:13
The average depths are about 12,000 ft.
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Prosječna dubina je oko 3.500 m.
04:15
There's lots of seamounts in the Phoenix Islands,
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Ima i dosta podvodnih planina oko otočja Phoenix,
04:17
which are specifically part of the protected area.
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koje su isto dio zaštićenog područja.
04:20
Seamounts are important for biodiversity.
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Podvodne planine su važne za biološku raznolikost.
04:22
There's actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land.
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Zapravo, više planina ima u oceanu nego na kopnu.
04:25
It's an interesting fact.
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To je zanimljivo.
04:27
And the Phoenix Islands is very rich in those seamounts.
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A otočje Phoenix jako je bogato takvim podvodnim planinama.
04:31
So it's a deep -- think about it in a big three-dimensional space,
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Dakle, to je dubok – razmišljajte o tome kao o trodimenzionalnom prostoru –
04:34
very deep three-dimensional space
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jako dubok, trodimenzionali prostor
04:36
with herds of tuna, whales,
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s jatima tuna, kitova,
04:39
all kinds of deep sea marine life
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sa svakakvim dubokomorskim oblicima života,
04:41
like we've seen here before.
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kao što smo već vidjeli.
04:43
That's the vessel that we took up there
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Ovo je brod koji smo odvezli tamo
04:45
for these studies, early on,
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za istraživanje, na početku,
04:47
and that's what the Islands look like -- you can see in the background.
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a ovako otočje izgleda – možete vidjeti u pozadini.
04:50
They're very low to the water,
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Otoci su jako niske nadmorske visine,
04:52
and they're all uninhabited, except one island
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i svi su nenastanjeni, osim jednog
04:54
has about 35 caretakers on it.
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na kojem živi otprilike 35 čuvara.
04:56
And they've been uninhabited for most of time
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Nenastanjeni su bili većinu vremena
04:59
because even in the ancient days,
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jer su čak i davnih dana
05:01
these islands were too far away
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bili predaleko
05:03
from the bright lights of Fiji and Hawaii and Tahiti
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od svjetla Fijija, Havaja i Tahitija,
05:06
for those ancient Polynesian mariners
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čak i za drevne polinezijske moreplovce
05:08
that were traversing the Pacific so widely.
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koji su prelazili Pacifik.
05:11
But we got up there,
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Ali mi smo došli tamo,
05:13
and I had the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity
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i ja sam dobio jedinstvenu, prekrasnu znanstvenu i osobnu priliku
05:16
to get to a place that had never been dived
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zaroniti tamo gdje nitko prije nije zaronio
05:18
and just get to an island and go, "Okay, where are we going to dive?
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i mogao sam samo doći na otok i reći: "Dobro, gdje ćemo zaroniti?
05:20
Let's try there,"
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Pokušajmo ovdje."
05:22
and then falling into the water.
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I zatim zaroniti.
05:24
Both my personal and my professional life changed.
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Promijenio mi se i osobni i profesionalni život.
05:26
Suddenly, I saw a world
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Odjednom, vidio sam svijet
05:28
that I had never seen before in the ocean --
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kakav nikad prije u oceanu nisam vidio –
05:31
schools of fish that were so dense
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jata riba koja su bila toliko gusta
05:33
they dulled the penetration of sunlight from the surface,
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da nisu dopuštala da se sunčeve zrake probiju kroz površinu vode,
05:36
coral reefs that were continuous
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koraljne grebene koji su se nastavljali
05:38
and solid and colorful,
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čvrsti i šareni,
05:40
large fish everywhere,
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velike ribe posvuda,
05:42
manta rays.
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raže...
05:45
It was an ecosystem. Parrotfish spawning --
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To je bio ekosistem. Scaridae kako se mrijeste –
05:47
this is about 5,000 longnose parrotfish spawning
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otprilike 5.000 Scaridae koje se mrijeste
05:50
at the entrance to one of the Phoenix Islands.
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na ulazu u jedan od otoka.
05:52
You can see the fish are balled up
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Možete vidjeti kako je riba okupljena u obliku lopti
05:54
and then there's a little cloudy area there
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a tamo je i malo mutno područje
05:56
where they're exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction --
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gdje razmjenjuju jajašca i spermu za reprodukciju –
06:00
events that the ocean is supposed to do,
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nešto što bi ocean trebao obavljati,
06:02
but struggles to do in many places now
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ali na mnogim mjestima ima poteškoća
06:04
because of human activity.
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zbog ljudskih aktivnosti.
06:06
The Phoenix Islands and all the equatorial parts of our planet
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Otočje Phoenix i sva ekvatorijalna područja na planetu
06:08
are very important for tuna fisheries,
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jako su važna za ribolov tune,
06:10
especially this yellowfin tuna that you see here.
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pogotovo ove vrste tune sa žutom perajom koju možete ovdje vidjeti.
06:14
Phoenix Islands is a major tuna location.
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Otočje Phoenix važno je mjesto za tunu.
06:16
And sharks -- we had sharks on our early dives,
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I za morske pse – vidjeli smo morske pse na svojim ranijim zaronima,
06:19
up to 150 sharks at once,
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čak i do 150 morskih pasa odjednom,
06:21
which is an indication
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a to ukazuje
06:23
of a very, very healthy, very strong, system.
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na vrlo, vrlo zdrav i vrlo snažan sustav.
06:26
So I thought the scenes
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Mislio sam kako će se
06:28
of never-ending wilderness
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beskonačni prizori divljine
06:30
would go on forever,
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nizati zauvijek,
06:32
but they did finally come to an end.
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ali ipak im je došao kraj.
06:34
And we explored the surface of the Islands as well --
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Istraživali smo i površinu otoka također –
06:37
very important bird nesting site,
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jako važna mjesta za ptičja gnijezda,
06:39
some of the most important bird-nesting sites in the Pacific, in the world.
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neka od najvažnijih mjesta za gnijezda na Pacifiku, na svijetu.
06:44
And we finished our trip.
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I tako smo završili svoj izlet.
06:46
And that's the area again.
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Ovo je to područje opet.
06:49
You can see the Islands -- there are eight islands --
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Možete vidjeti otoke – postoji osam otoka –
06:51
that pop out of the water.
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koji kao da iskaču iz vode.
06:53
The peaks that don't come out of the water are the seamounts.
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Vrhovi koji ne iskaču iz vode su podvodne planine.
06:56
Remember, a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface.
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Zapamtite, podvodna planina postaje otok čim dođe do površine vode.
07:02
And what's the context of the Phoenix Islands?
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Kakva je priča otočja Phoenix?
07:04
Where do these exist?
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Gdje se nalaze?
07:06
Well they exist in the Republic of Kiribati,
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Pa, nalaze se u Republici Kiribati,
07:08
and Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific
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a Kiribati su smješteni u središnjem Pacifiku,
07:10
in three island groups.
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u tri grupe otoka.
07:13
In the west we have the Gilbert Islands.
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Na zapadu je otočje Gilbert.
07:15
In the center we have the Phoenix Islands,
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U sredini je otočje Phoenix,
07:17
which is the subject that I'm talking about.
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tema mog govora.
07:19
And then over to the east we have the Line Islands.
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I onda na istoku imamo otočje Line.
07:21
It's the largest atoll nation in the world.
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To je najveća skupina atola na svijetu.
07:24
And they have
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Tamo ima
07:26
about 110,000 people
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oko 110.000 ljudi
07:28
spread out over 33 islands.
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raspršenih na preko 33 otoka.
07:31
They control 3.4 million cubic miles of ocean,
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Oni kontroliraju 3,4 milijuna kubičnih milja oceana,
07:34
and that's between one and two percent
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a to je oko jedan ili dva posto
07:36
of all the ocean water on the planet.
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sve morske vode na svijetu.
07:38
And when I was first going up there,
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Kada sam prvi put tamo išao,
07:40
I barely knew the name of this country 10 years ago,
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prije 10 godina, jedva sam znao ime te zemlje
07:43
and people would ask me,
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i ljudi bi me pitali:
07:45
"Why are you going to this place called Kiribati?"
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"Zašto ideš na to mjesto, Kiribate?"
07:47
And it reminded me of that old joke
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a to me podsjetilo na staru šalu
07:49
where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed,
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gdje pljačkaš banke izlazi iz sudnice u lisicama,
07:51
and the reporter yells, "Hey, Willy. Why do you rob banks?"
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a novinar ga pita: "Hej, Willy, zašto pljačkaš banke?"
07:54
And he says, "cause that's where all the money is."
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A on kaže: "Zato što je tamo sav novac."
07:56
And I would tell people, "Why do I go to Kiribati?
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Tako bih i ja rekao ljudima: "Zašto idem na Kiribate?
07:59
Because that's where all the ocean is."
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Zato što je tamo sav ocean."
08:01
They basically are one nation
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Oni su zapravo jedan jedini narod
08:03
that controls most of the equatorial waters
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koji kontrolira najviše ekvatorijalnih voda
08:06
of the Central Pacific Ocean.
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u središnjem Pacifiku.
08:09
They're also a country
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To je zemlja koja je, isto tako,
08:11
that is in dire danger.
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u velikoj opasnosti.
08:13
Sea levels are rising,
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Razina vode se diže,
08:15
and Kiribati, along with 42 other nations in the world,
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a Kiribati će, zajedno s 42 druga naroda u svijetu,
08:18
will be under water within 50 to 100 years
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za 50 do 100 godina biti ispod vode
08:20
due to climate change
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zbog klimatskih promjena,
08:22
and the associated sea-level rise from thermal expansion
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a razina vode se diže zbog rasta temperatura
08:25
and the melting of freshwater into the ocean.
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i topljenja svježe vode u oceane.
08:28
The Islands rise only one to two meters
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Otočje se nalazi na samo jedan do dva metra
08:30
above the surface.
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iznad površine vode.
08:32
Some of the islands have already gone under water.
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Neki od otoka već su potopljeni.
08:35
And these nations are faced with a real problem.
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Ti narodi suočeni su s pravim problemom.
08:37
We as a world are faced with a problem.
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Mi, kao svijet, suočeni smo s pravim problemom.
08:40
What do we do with displaced fellow Earthlings
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Što ćemo s beskućnim suzemljanima
08:43
who no longer have a home on the planet?
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koji više nemaju svoj dom?
08:46
The president of the Maldives
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Predsjednik Maldiva
08:48
conducted a mock cabinet meeting
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nedavno je održao lažni sastanak kabineta
08:50
underwater recently
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ispod vode
08:52
to highlight the dire straits of these countries.
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kako bi naglasio veliku opasnost koja prijeti tim zemljama.
08:54
So it's something we need to focus on.
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Dakle, to je nešto na što se moramo usredotočiti.
08:57
But back to the Phoenix Islands,
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Ali vratimo se na otočje Phoenix,
09:00
which is the subject of this Talk.
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temu ovog govora.
09:02
After I got back, I said,
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Kada sam se vratio, rekao sam,
09:04
okay, this is amazing, what we found.
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u redu, ovo što smo otkrili je fenomenalno.
09:06
I'd like to go back and share it with the government of Kiribati,
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Htio bih se vratiti i podijeliti to s vladom Kiribata,
09:09
who are over in Tarawa,
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koja je smještena u Tarawi,
09:11
the westernmost group.
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na najzapadnijem otočju.
09:13
So I started contacting them --
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Zato sam ih počeo kontaktirati –
09:15
because they had actually given me a permit to do this --
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oni su mi zapravo i dali dozvolu za to –
09:17
and I said, "I want to come up and tell you what we found."
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i rekao sam: "Htio bih doći i reći vam što sam našao."
09:20
And for some reason they didn't want me to come,
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Ali iz nekih razloga nisu htjeli da dođem
09:22
or it was hard to find a time and a place, and it took a while,
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ili je bilo teško naći pravo mjesto i pravo vrijeme, pa je to potrajalo,
09:25
but finally they said, "Okay, you can come.
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ali na kraju su rekli: "Dobro, možeš doći.
09:27
But if you come, you have to buy lunch
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Ali ako dođeš, moraš častiti ručkom
09:29
for everybody who comes to the seminar."
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sve koji dođu na seminar."
09:31
So I said, "Okay, I'm happy to buy lunch.
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Tako sam rekao: "Dobro, drage volje ću častiti ručkom.
09:33
Just get whatever anybody wants."
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Samo nabavite ono što ljudi vole."
09:35
So David Obura, a coral reef biologist, and I went to Tarawa,
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Tako smo David Obura, biolog specijaliziran za koraljne grebene, i ja otišli u Tarawu
09:38
and we presented for two hours
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i tamo smo u dva sata predstavljali
09:40
on the amazing findings of the Phoenix Islands.
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ono što smo našli na otočju Phoenix.
09:42
And the country never knew this. They never had any data from this area.
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Vlada nije za to znala. Nikada nisu dobili podatke iz tog područja.
09:45
They'd never had any information from the Phoenix Islands.
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Nikad nisu dobili nikakve informacije s otočja Phoenix.
09:48
After the talk, the Minister of Fisheries walked up to me
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Nakon govora, ministar ribarstva prišao mi je
09:51
and he said, "Greg, do you realize
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i rekao: "Greg, shvaćaš li
09:53
that you are the first scientist
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da si ti prvi znanstvenik
09:55
who has ever come back
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koji se vratio
09:57
and told us what they did?"
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i rekao nam što je napravio?"
09:59
He said, "We often issue these permits
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Rekao je: "Često dajemo dozvole
10:01
to do research in our waters,
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za istraživanja u našim vodama,
10:03
but usually we get a note two or three years later,
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ali obično dobijemo obavijest dvije ili tri godine kasnije
10:05
or a reprint.
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ili samo fotokopiju.
10:07
But you're the first one who's ever come back and told us what you did.
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Ali ti si prvi koji se vratio i rekao nam što je otkrio.
10:10
And we really appreciate that. And we're buying you lunch today.
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A to stvarno cijenimo. Tako da te mi častimo ručkom danas.
10:13
And are you free for dinner?"
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Jesi li slobodan za večeru?"
10:15
And I was free for dinner,
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Bio sam slobodan za večeru,
10:17
and I went out to dinner with the Minister of Fisheries in Kiribati.
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i otišao sam na večeru s ministrom ribarstva Kiribata.
10:19
And over the course of dinner,
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Za večerom sam saznao
10:21
I learned that Kiribati gains most of its revenue --
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da Kiribati dobivaju većinu svojih prihoda –
10:24
it's a very poor country --
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a vrlo su siromašna zemlja –
10:26
but it gains what revenue is has
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da dobivaju svoje prihode
10:28
by selling access to foreign nations
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tako da prodaju pravo ribarenja
10:30
to take fish out of its waters,
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u svojim vodama stranim zemljama,
10:32
because Kiribati does not have the capacity
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zato što Kiribati nemaju
10:34
to take the fish itself.
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mogućnosti to sami raditi.
10:36
And the deal that they strike
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Dogovor je da zemlja
10:38
is the extracting country
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koja vadi ribu
10:40
gives Kiribati five percent
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daje Kiribatima pet posto
10:42
of the landed value.
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finalne vrijednosti.
10:44
So if the United States
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Dakle, ako SAD
10:46
removes a million dollars'
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izvadi jastoga u vrijednosti od milijun
10:48
worth of lobsters from a reef,
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dolara s grebena,
10:50
Kiribati gets 50,000 dollars.
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Kiribati dobiju 50.000 dolara.
10:53
And, you know, it didn't seem like a very good deal to me.
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Znate, meni se to nije činilo kao dobar dogovor.
10:56
So I asked the Minister over dinner,
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Zato sam pitao ministra za večerom,
10:58
I said, "Would you consider a situation
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rekao sam: "Biste li razmotrili situaciju
11:01
where you would still get paid --
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u kojoj biste svejedno dobivali novce –
11:04
we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is --
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napravit ćemo račun i izračunati vrijednost izvora –
11:07
but you leave fish and the sharks
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ali biste ostavili ribu, morske pse
11:09
and the shrimp in the water?"
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i račiće u moru?"
11:11
He stopped, and he said, "Yes, we would like to do that
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On je zastao i rekao: "Da, voljeli bismo to napraviti
11:14
to deal with our overfishing problem,
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i tako srediti naše probleme s prekomjernim izlovom
11:16
and I think we would call it a reverse fishing license."
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i mislim da bismo to mogli nazvati obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje."
11:19
He coined the term "reverse fishing license."
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On je smislio izraz 'obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje'.
11:21
So I said, "Yes, a 'reverse fishing license.'"
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Pa sam rekao: "Da, obrnuta dozvola za ribarenje."
11:24
So we walked away from this dinner
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Otišli smo s te večere
11:26
really not knowing where to go at that point.
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ne znajući kamo točno krenuti.
11:28
I went back to the States and started looking around
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Ja sam se vratio u SAD i počeo tražiti
11:30
to see if I could find examples
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primjere situacija
11:33
where reverse fishing licenses
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u kojima su se koristile
11:35
had been issued,
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obrnute dozvole,
11:37
and it turned out there were none.
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i ispalo je da takve situacije ne postoje.
11:39
There were no oceanic deals
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Nisu postojali oceanski ugovori
11:41
where countries were compensated for not fishing.
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gdje su državama novci refundirani zato što se ne bave ribolovom.
11:44
It had occurred on land,
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Događalo se na kopnu,
11:46
in rainforests of South America and Africa,
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u prašumama Južne Amerike i Afrike,
11:49
where landowners had been paid
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gdje je vlasnicima zemlje plaćeno
11:51
not to cut the trees down.
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zato što nisu sjekli drva.
11:53
And Conservation International had struck some of those deals.
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Conservation International je dogovorio neke od tih ugovora.
11:55
So I went to Conservation International
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Pa sam otišao u Conservation International
11:57
and brought them in as a partner
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i doveo njih kao partnere
12:00
and went through the process
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i počeo proces
12:02
of valuing the fishery resource,
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evaluacije ribarskih izvora,
12:05
deciding how much Kiribati should be compensated,
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da bismo odlučili koliko se Kiribatima treba refundirati,
12:08
what the range of the fishes were,
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koje vrste riba postoje tamo,
12:10
brought in a whole bunch of other partners --
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doveo sam i hrpu drugih partnera –
12:12
the government of Australia,
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australsku vladu,
12:14
the government of New Zealand, the World Bank.
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vladu Novog Zelanda, Svjetsku banku...
12:16
The Oak Foundation and National Geographic
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Oak Foundation i National Geographic
12:18
have been big funders of this as well.
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su također dali veliku potporu.
12:20
And we basically founded the park
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Ukratko, osnovali smo park
12:22
on the idea of an endowment
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zasnovan na ideji doprinosa
12:24
that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees
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ovoj jako siromašnoj zemlji
12:27
to this very poor country
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koji bi pokrivao financijski gubitak od izgubljenih dozvola za ribarenje,
12:29
to keep the area intact.
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a ostavljao područje netaknutim.
12:31
Halfway through this process, I met the president of Kiribati,
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Kad smo bili na pola puta, sreo sam predsjednika Kiribata,
12:33
President Anote Tong.
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predsjednika Anotea Tonga.
12:35
He's a really important leader,
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On je jako važan vođa,
12:37
a real visionary, forward-thinking man,
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pravi vizionar, usmjeren na napredak,
12:39
and he told me two things when I approached him.
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i on mi je rekao dvije svari kada sam mu prišao.
12:41
He said, "Greg, there's two things I'd like you to do.
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Rekao je: "Greg, postoje dvije stvari koje bih volio da napraviš.
12:44
One is, remember I'm a politician,
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Prva, zapamti da sam političar
12:46
so you've got to go out and work with my ministers
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pa moraš izaći van, raditi s mojim ministrima
12:48
and convince the people of Kiribati that this is a good idea.
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i uvjeriti narod Kiribata da je ovo dobra ideja.
12:51
Secondly, I'd like you to create principles
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Drugo, htio bih da stvoriš načela
12:53
that will transcend my own presidency.
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koja će nadživjeti moju vlast.
12:55
I don't want to do something like this
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Ne želim raditi nešto kao ovo,
12:57
if it's going to go away after I'm voted out of office."
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ako će to nestati čim izglasaju neku drugu vlast.
13:00
So we had very strong leadership, very good vision
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Tako smo imali vrlo jako vodstvo, snažnu viziju,
13:03
and a lot of science, a lot of lawyers involved.
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mnogo znanosti i mnogo upletenih odvjetnika.
13:06
Many, many steps were taken to pull this off.
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Bilo je potrebno puno, puno koraka kako bismo to postigli.
13:09
And it was primarily because Kiribati realized
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Većinom zato što su Kiribati shvatili
13:12
that this was in their own self-interest to do this.
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da je to u njihovom vlastitom interesu.
13:14
They realized that this was a common cause
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Shvatili su da su našli zajednički cilj
13:16
that they had found
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sa zajednicom
13:18
with the conservation community.
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koja želi zaštititi okoliš.
13:21
Then in 2002,
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Ali onda 2002. godine,
13:23
when this was all going full-swing,
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kada smo bili u punom zamahu,
13:26
a coral-bleaching event happened in the Phoenix Islands.
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na otočju Phoenix dogodilo se izbjeljivanje koralja.
13:29
Here's this resource that we're looking to save,
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Mi pokušavamo spasiti ovo bogatstvo,
13:32
and it turns out it's the hottest heating event
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a ispadne da smo suočeni s najvećim zatopljenjem
13:34
that we can find on record.
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ikad zabilježenim.
13:36
The ocean heated up as it does sometimes,
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Ocean se zagrijao, kao što se nekad zna,
13:39
and the hot spot formed and stalled
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a najtoplija točka se formirala
13:42
right over the Phoenix Islands for six months.
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na otočju Phoenix šest mjeseci.
13:45
It was over 32 degrees Celsius for six months
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Bilo je preko 32 Celzijeva stupnja šest mjeseci
13:48
and it basically killed
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i zapravo je to ubilo
13:50
60 percent of the coral.
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60 posto koralja.
13:52
So suddenly we had this area that we were protecting,
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Odjednom se dogodilo da je područje koje smo štitili,
13:54
but now it appeared to be dead, at least in the coral areas.
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zapravo umrlo, barem u području koralja.
13:57
Of course the deep-sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine,
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Naravno da su područja dubokog mora i otvorenog oceana bila u redu,
14:00
but the coral, which everybody likes to look at, was in trouble.
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ali je koralj, kojeg svi vole gledati, bio u opasnosti.
14:03
Well, the good news is it's recovered
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Dobra vijest je da se oporavlja
14:05
and recovering fast,
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i to vrlo brzo,
14:07
faster than any reef we've seen.
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brže nego ijedan greben koji smo vidjeli.
14:09
This picture was just taken by Brian Skerry a few months ago
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Ovo je slikao Brian Skerry prije nekoliko mjeseci
14:12
when we returned to the Phoenix Islands
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kada smo se vratili na otočje Phoenix
14:14
and discovered that, because it is a protected area
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i otkrili da, zato što je to zaštićeno područje
14:17
and has healthy fish populations
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i ima zdravu populaciju riba
14:20
that keep the algae grazed down
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koja održava rast algi
14:23
and keep the rest of the reef healthy,
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i drži ostatak grebena zdravim,
14:25
the coral is booming, is just booming back.
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koralj raste, oporavlja se.
14:28
It's almost like if a person
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To je kao da osoba
14:30
has multiple diseases,
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ima nekoliko bolesti,
14:32
it's hard to get well, you might die,
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teško će se oporaviti, možda će umrijeti,
14:34
but if you only have one disease to deal with, you can get better.
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ali ako ima samo jednu bolest, može ozdraviti.
14:37
And that's the story with climate-change heating.
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I to vam je priča o klimatskom zatopljenju.
14:39
It's the only threat,
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To je bila jedina prijetnja,
14:41
the only influence that the reef had to deal with.
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jedini utjecaj s kojim se greben morao boriti.
14:44
There was no fishing, there was no pollution, there was no coastal development,
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Nije bilo ribarenja, nije bilo zagađenja, nije bilo obalnog razvoja,
14:47
and the reef is on a full-bore recovery.
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i koralj je u punokrvnom oporavku.
14:51
Now I remember that dinner I had with the Minister of Fisheries 10 years ago
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Sjećam se one večere s ministrom ribarstva prije 10 godina
14:54
when we first brought this up and I got quite animated during the dinner
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kada smo prvi put ovo spomenuli i ja sam se jako zainteresirao
14:57
and said, "Well, I think that the conservation community
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i rekao: "Mislim da bi zajednica
14:59
might embrace this idea, Minister."
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mogla prihvatiti ovu ideju, ministre."
15:01
He paused and put his hands together and said,
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On je zastao i sklopio svoje ruke i rekao:
15:03
"Yes, Greg,
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"Da, Greg,
15:05
but the devil will be in the details," he said.
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ali stvar je u detaljima." To je rekao.
15:07
And it certainly was.
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I tako je svakako i bilo.
15:09
The last 10 years have been detail after detail
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Zadnjih 10 godina bilo je detalj za detaljem,
15:12
ranging from creating legislation
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u rasponu od kreiranja zakonodavstva
15:15
to multiple research expeditions
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do nekoliko istraživačkih ekspedicija,
15:18
to communication plans,
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do komunikacijskih planova,
15:20
as I said, teams of lawyers,
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i kao što sam rekao, timovi odvjetnika,
15:22
MOUs,
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MOU,
15:24
creating the Phoenix Islands Trust Board.
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koji su stvarali Odbor za povjerenje otočja.
15:27
And we are now in the process of raising the full endowment.
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Sada smo u procesu skupljanja punog doprinosa.
15:29
Kiribati has frozen extracting activities
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Kiribati su sada zamrznuli ekstrakcije
15:32
at its current state while we raise the endowment.
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dok mi skupljamo doprinos.
15:35
We just had our first PIPA Trust Board meeting three weeks ago.
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Upravo smo imali prvi sastanak PIPA Trust Boarda prije tri tjedna.
15:38
So it's a fully functional
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Dakle, to je jedinica koja
15:40
up-and-running entity
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u potpunosti funkcionira
15:42
that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country.
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i pregovara o obrnutoj dozvoli za ribarenje sa zemljom.
15:45
And the PIPA Trust Board holds that license
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PIPA Trust Board posjeduje tu dozvolu
15:48
and pays the country for this.
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i plaća državi za to.
15:50
So it's a very solid, very well thought-out,
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To je čvrst, promišljen
15:52
very well grounded system,
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i dobro utemeljen sustav,
15:55
and it was a bottom-up system,
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i to je bio sustav koji ide odozdo prema gore,
15:57
and that was very important with this work,
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a to je vrlo važno za ovaj posao,
15:59
from the bottom up to secure this.
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odozdo prema gore kako bismo to osigurali.
16:01
So the conditions for success here are listed.
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Uvjeti za uspjeh su ovdje nabrojani.
16:03
You can read them yourselves.
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Možete ih sami pročitati.
16:05
But I would say the most important one in my mind
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Ali ja bih rekao da je najvažnije bilo to
16:07
was working within the market forces
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što smo radili s tržišnim silama
16:09
of the situation.
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u situaciji.
16:11
And that insured that we could move this forward
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To je osiguralo napredak,
16:14
and it would have both the self-interest of Kiribati
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u vlastitom interesu za Kiribate,
16:17
as well as the self-interest of the world.
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ali i za svijet.
16:20
And I'll leave you with one final slide,
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Ostavljam vas sa zadnjim slajdom,
16:22
that is: how do we scale this up?
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to jest: Kako ovo povećati?
16:24
How do we realize Sylvia's dream?
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Kako ostvariti Sylvijin san?
16:26
Where eventually do we take this?
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Kamo ovo odvesti?
16:28
Here's the Pacific
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Ovo je Pacifik
16:30
with large MPAs
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s velikim MPA
16:33
and large conservation zones on it.
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i velikim zaštićenim područjima.
16:37
And as you can see,
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Kao što možete vidjeti,
16:39
we have a patchwork across this ocean.
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imamo zakrpe po oceanu.
16:42
I've just described to you the one story
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Ja sam vam upravo opisao priču
16:44
behind that rectangular area in the middle, the Phoenix Islands,
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iza jednog tog područja u sredini, otočja Phoenix,
16:47
but every other green patch on that
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ali svaka zakrpa
16:49
has its own story.
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ima svoju priču.
16:51
And what we need to do now
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Sada trebamo
16:53
is look at the whole Pacific Ocean
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pogledati cijeli Pacifik
16:55
in its entirety
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kao cjelinu
16:57
and make a network of MPAs
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i napraviti mrežu MPA
16:59
across the Pacific
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po cijelom Pacifiku
17:01
so that we have our world's largest ocean
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kako bismo zaštitili naš najveći ocean
17:03
protected and self-sustaining
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i učinili ga samoodrživim
17:05
over time.
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s vremenom.
17:07
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Puno vam hvala. (Pljesak)
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