Ellen Gustafson: Obesity + hunger = 1 global food issue

翻译人员: Ke Xu 校对人员: Ella Xu

I'm Ellen and I'm totally obsessed with food.

我是艾伦，我对食物非常着迷。

But I didn't start out obsessed with food.

但我最初并未打算研究食物的问题，

I started out obsessed with global security policy,

而是对全球安全政策很感兴趣。

because I lived in New York during 9/11 and it was a very relevant thing.

因为9.11时我住在纽约，这明显与全球安全政策非常有关。

I got from global security policy to food

继而我从关注全球安全政策转向关注食物

because I realized when I'm hungry, I'm really pissed off,

因为发现当我很饿的时候，我是真的很生气。

and I'm assuming the rest of the world is too.

而且我估计其他人也是同样。

Especially if you and your kids are hungry and your neighbor's kids are hungry

尤其是当你很饿，你的孩子很饿

你邻居的孩子很饿，然后你整个邻里的居民都很饿，

and your whole neighborhood is hungry.

你就变得很生气了。

And actually, it looks like the areas of the world that are hungry

事实上，你看，似乎

在这个世界上人们还饱受饥饿摧残的那片区域

are also the areas of the world that are pretty insecure.

也同样是最不安全的区域。

So I took a job at the United Nations World Food Programme

因此我在联合国世界粮食计划署谋得一职

as a way to try to address these security issues

试图强调这些安全问题

从食物安全的角度出发。

through food security issues.

There, I came across what I think is the most brilliant of their programs.

当我在那里工作时，

我发现了我的想法是他们诸多项目中最棒的一个。

It's called School Feeding and it's a really simple idea

叫做“喂饱学校”，而且这个主意真的非常简单

to get in the middle of the cycle of poverty and hunger

大概就是闯进仍然在全世界困扰很多人的

that continues for a lot of people around the world, and stop it.

贫穷与饥饿的恶性循环圈，然后打断这一循环。

给孩子们提供免费的食物可起到鼓励孩子们上学的作用，

A free school meal gets kids into school,

which is education, the first step out of poverty,

这样就可以迈出脱离贫困的第一步——教育。

but it also gives them the micronutrients and the macronutrients they need

而且这样还能为孩子们提供他们所需的微量元素，这些营养微量元素

对于他们的身心正常都是至关重要的。

to develop mentally and physically.

While I was working at the UN, I met this girl. Her name is Lauren Bush.

当我在联合国工作时，遇见了这个女孩。她叫劳伦•布什。

And she had this really awesome idea to sell the bag, called the "Feed Bag" --

而且她有这样一个极佳的点子

就是卖被称为“饲料袋”的包——

which is really beautifully ironic because you can strap on the Feed Bag.

这名字有点讽刺但又很可爱，因为你会很自然的联想到挂在马头前的饲料袋。

But each bag we'd sell would provide

我们卖出的每一个包中都会提供

a year's worth of school meals for one kid.

价值相当于一个儿童一年所需的学校餐。

It's so simple, and we thought, OK,

听起来很简单，然后我们就想，你知道的，好吧

it costs between 20 and 50 bucks to provide school feeding for a year.

大约要花上20-50美元

来为每个孩子在学校提供一年的伙食。

We could sell these bags and raise a ton of money and awareness

我们可以卖这些包来筹集大量钱款，

for the World Food Programme.

而且为世界粮食计划署提高声誉。

But at the UN, sometimes things move slowly

当然你可能也了解，在联合国中办事会有点慢，

and they basically said no.

而且他们经常会说“不”。

And we thought, this is such a good idea, it's going to raise so much money.

然而我们想，上帝啊，这主意多棒啊！而且可以筹集到这么多钱。

So we said screw it, we'll start our own company,

所以我们决定了，去他们的吧，我们要成立自己的公司，于是这就是我们三年前做的事情。

which we did, three years ago.

That was my first dream, to start this company called FEED,

这大概是我第一个梦想，我们成立的公司叫做FEED（喂养）。

and here's a screenshot of our website.

这里是一张我们网站的截屏。

We did a bag for Haiti just a month after the earthquake

我们用这个包的项目来帮助海地，而且地震后一个月我们就开始行动了

to provide school meals for kids in Haiti.

并为海地的孩子们提供学校餐。

So FEED's doing great.

所以FEED的工作真的很有成效。如今我们已经在世界范围内为儿童

We've so far provided 55 million meals to kids around the world

提供了5千5百万顿饭

by selling now 550,000 bags, a ton of bags, a lot of bags.

卖出了55万5千个包，相当相当多的包。

All this time you're really --

一直以来当你想到饥饿时，

hunger is a hard thing to think about,

because what we think about is eating.

其实饥饿很难想象，因为我们总是想到吃。

I think about eating a lot and I really love it.

其实我经常想到吃，因为我真的很喜欢吃。

And the thing that's strange about international hunger

而且谈论起国际性的饥饿问题时总是有些奇怪

and talking about international issues

或是在讨论任何国际性问题时，

is that most people want to know:

因为很多人会想知道你在美国做什么。

"What are you doing for America's kids?"

你能为美国的孩子们做什么？

There's definitely hunger in America:

美国绝对也有饥饿现象存在。

49 million people and almost 16.7 million children.

四千九百万人吃不饱饭，而且其中儿童有一千六百七十万。

I mean that's pretty dramatic for our own country.

对于我们自己的国家来说这种现象很惊人。

Hunger definitely means something different in America

饥饿对于美国和世界来说意义不同。

than it does internationally,

but it's incredibly important to address hunger in our own country.

但在我们国家强调饥饿问题仍然是至关重要的。

But the bigger problem that we all know about is obesity,

不过显然我们都明白，更严重的问题

and it's dramatic.

是肥胖，而且情势严峻。

The other thing that's dramatic

另外一件严重的事情是饥饿与肥胖

is that both hunger and obesity have really risen in the last 30 years.

在30年内都有所增加。

Unfortunately, obesity's not only an American problem.

不幸的是，肥胖并不只是美国人的问题。

It's actually been spreading all around the world

事实上它已经在全世界范围内开始蔓延

and mainly through our kind of food systems that we're exporting.

而且罪魁祸首在于我们出口的那套饮食系统。

The numbers are pretty crazy.

数据很令人震惊。

There's a billion people obese or overweight

有一亿人口肥胖或超重

and a billion people hungry.

并且另有一亿人口饥饿。

So those seem like two bifurcated problems,

这看起来像是两个独立的问题，

but I kind of started to think about, you know,

但我开始思考，

what is obesity and hunger?

肥胖与饥饿究竟是什么？

What are both those things about?

Well, they're both about food.

它们都是关于食物的。

And when you think about food,

当你想到食物时，

the underpinning of food in both cases is potentially problematic agriculture.

这两件事的核心问题

都指向具有潜在问题的农业。

And agriculture is where food comes from.

农业是食物的来源。

Agriculture in America's very interesting.

好吧，美国的农业很有意思。

It's very consolidated

而且很发达。

and the foods that are produced lead to the foods that we eat.

生产何种食物将决定我们吃什么食物。

The foods that are produced are, more or less, corn, soy and wheat.

产出的食物多多少少就是谷物、豆类和小麦。

你看，我们吃的四分之三的食品

And that's three-quarters of the food that we're eating:

大多都是加工过的，或是快餐。

processed foods and fast foods.

Unfortunately, in our agricultural system,

不幸的是，我们的农业系统

we haven't done a good job in the last three decades

在过去三十年里，

我们很成功的把这类技术传遍世界。

of exporting those technologies around the world.

So African agriculture, which is the place of most hunger in the world,

非洲这个集中了世界上大部分饥饿人口的地区，

has actually fallen precipitously as hunger has risen.

它的农业事实上在大踏步退后，

因为饥饿状况在加剧。

So somehow we're not making the connect

然而我们并没有

between exporting a good agricultural system

将出口正确的农业系统

that will help feed people all around the world.

与解决世界人民温饱问题正确的相连。

Who is farming? That's what I was wondering.

谁在耕种呢？我一直想不明白。

So I went and stood on a big grain bin in the Midwest,

于是我去了中西部地区，站在一个收集谷物的大贮存箱上。

and that really didn't help me understand farming,

这样也没帮助我理解农业耕种。

but I think it's a really cool picture.

但我照了张很酷的照片。

And the reality is that between farmers in America --

事实上

美国的农民

who actually, quite frankly, when I spend time in the Midwest,

当我在中西部地区考察时发现

are pretty large in general.

他们都比较胖。

And their farms are also large.

他们耕种的面积也很大。

But farmers in the rest of the world are actually quite skinny,

世界其他地方的农民

都相当瘦，那是因为他们吃不饱饭。

and that's because they're starving.

Most hungry people in the world are subsistence farmers.

世界上大部分挨饿的人都是难以维持生计的农民。

And most of those people are women --

而且很大一部分都是女人——

which is a totally other topic that I won't get on right now,

这是另外一个话题，我暂时不会讨论，

但我也乐意做一些女权主义相关的事情。

but I'd love to do the feminist thing at some point.

我觉得这很有意思

I think it's really interesting to look at agriculture from these two sides.

当你从两个方面看待农业。

这个范围大且发达的农业

There's this large, consolidated farming that's led to what we eat in America,

来决定如今在美国我们吃些什么。

自从一九八零年以来，

and it's really been since around 1980, after the oil crisis,

石油危机之后，

when, you know -- mass consolidation,

我们国家出现大量的小型农产品企业合并

mass exodus of small farmers in this country.

及许多个体户农民离开的现象。

And then in the same time period,

然而在同一时期，

we've kind of left Africa's farmers to do their own thing.

我们放任非洲的农民自生自灭。

Unfortunately, what is farmed ends up as what we eat.

不幸的是，田里种了什么决定了我们吃什么。

And in America, a lot of what we eat has led to obesity

在美国，我们吃的很多东西

and has led to a real change

导致了肥胖，而且与过去30年的饮食状况比

in sort of what our diet is, in the last 30 years.

真的发生了很大的变化。

It's crazy.

真的很疯狂。

A fifth of kids under two drinks soda.

两岁以下五分之一的孩子都喝苏打饮料。

Hello! You don't put soda in bottles.

拜托，你通常不会把苏打饮料装在瓶子里。

But people do, because it's so cheap,

可是人们确实这么做，因为很便宜。

and so our whole food system in the last 30 years has really shifted.

所以过去的三十年中，我们的整个饮食系统

发生了实质性的改变。

I mean, you know, it's not just in our own country,

我想，不仅仅是我们自己的国家，

but really we're exporting the system around the world,

我们把这一饮食系统传播到世界各地。

and when you look at the data of least developed countries --

当你看那些来自世界最贫穷国家的数据——

especially in cities, which are growing really rapidly --

尤其是关于发展迅速的城市——

people are eating American processed foods.

人们都在吃美国式加工食物。

And in one generation, they're going from hunger

在同一代人中，

他们从饥饿，

and all of the detrimental health effects of hunger

以及饥饿对于健康所有的伤害，

to obesity and things like diabetes and heart disease in one generation.

过渡到肥胖，以及相关症状如糖尿病

心脏病等。这些都集中于同一代人。

So the problematic food system is affecting both hunger and obesity.

所以这一有问题的食物系统

对于饥饿和肥胖都造成了影响。

Not to beat a dead horse, but this is a global food system

并不是为了重提那些早已解决的事情，

只是想强调食物系统是一个全球性的问题

where there's a billion people hungry and a billion people obese.

有一亿人挨饿，同时又有一亿人肥胖。

I think that's the only way to look at it.

这是唯一看待这个问题的方法。

And instead of taking these two things

我们不该视这两个问题

as bifurcated problems that are very separate,

为毫不相关的两件事，

it's really important to look at them as one system.

而应该联合起来看这两个问题。

We get a lot of our food from all around the world

我们的食物来自世界各地。

and people from all around the world are importing our food system,

全世界的人们也都纷纷引进我们的饮食系统。

so it's incredibly relevant to start a new way of looking at it.

我们极需要换个角度来看待这件事。

我发现

I've learned -- and the technology people here,

这里有很多科技人员（我绝对不是他们中的一份子）

which I'm totally not one of --

but apparently, it really takes 30 years

但很明显，使许多科学技术遍及各家各户

for a lot of technologies to become really endemic to us,

真的需要用上30几年才可以。

like the mouse and the Internet and Windows.

比如鼠标、网络以及微软的窗口操作系统。

You know, there's 30-year cycles.

大概有这样一个三十年的发展周期存在。

I think 2010 can be a really interesting year

2010可以成为一个有意思的年。

because it is the end of the 30-year cycle,

因为这是30年发现周期的结尾。

and it's the birthday of the global food system.

而且是全球饮食系统的生日。

That's the first birthday I want to talk about.

这是我要谈到的第一个生日。

If we really think that this is something that's happened in the last 30 years,

我认为如果我们真的认识到

过去的三十年里发生的重大变化，那么我们就还有希望。

there's hope in that.

It's the 30th anniversary of GMO crops

这是转基因粮食诞生的第三十个纪念日

and the Big Gulp, Chicken McNuggets, high-fructose corn syrup,

7-11便利店的重量杯，麦当劳的麦乐鸡，高糖的谷物饮料，

the farm crisis in America

美国的农业危机

and the change in how we've addressed agriculture internationally.

我们与全球协商农业问题的方式的转变。

So there's a lot of reasons to take this 30-year time period

所以有很多理由促使我们将这三十年之际

视为创造新型饮食系统的重要时代。

as sort of the creation of this new food system.

I'm not the only one who's obsessed with this whole 30-year thing.

我并不是唯一一个对三十年这件事感兴趣的人。

The icons like Michael Pollan and Jamie Oliver in his TED Prize wish

像麦克•宝兰

和杰米•奥利弗这样的标志性的人物在领取TED奖时纷纷希望

both addressed this last three-decade time period

将这个过去的三十年

as incredibly relevant for food system change.

作为饮食系统的大改变。

Well, I really care about 1980

好吧，我真的很在乎一九八零年

because it's also the 30th anniversary of me this year.

因为今年我也刚好三十岁了。

And so in my lifetime,

在我的一生中，

a lot of what's happened in the world --

这个世界上发生的很多事情——

and being a person obsessed with food --

作为一个对食物着迷的人——

a lot of this has really changed.

这一切都有改变。

So my second dream is that I think we can look to the next 30 years

我的第二个梦想

就是展望于下个三十年

as a time to change the food system again.

我们可以再次改变饮食系统。

And we know what's happened in the past,

而且我们了解过去发生些什么，

so if we start now and we look at technologies

所以如果从现在开始，从长远的角度来看饮食系统，

and improvements to the food system long-term,

并考虑到科技与进步，

we might be able to recreate the food system

我们或许有可能创造一个全新的饮食系统。

so when I give my next talk and I'm 60 years old,

当我在六十岁时再来TED演讲，

我就可以说这个项目成功了。

I'll be able to say that it's been a success.

So I'm announcing today the start of a new organization,

今天我要宣布一个新组织的开端，

or a new fund within the FEED Foundation, called the 30 Project.

或是在FEED项目中的一项新基金，叫做三十年计划。

And the 30 Project is really focused

这三十年计划锁定于

on these long-term ideas for food system change.

改变饮食系统的

长期计划。

And I think by aligning international advocates that are addressing hunger

我想，若把国际对于饥饿的关注

and domestic advocates that are addressing obesity,

与国内对于肥胖的关注综合起来

we might actually look for long-term solutions

我们或许能寻求到一个长期的解决方案

that will make the food system better for everyone.

使饮食系统更有利于人民。

We all tend to think that these systems are quite different

我们通常认为这些系统各自大相径庭，

而且人们总是争论有机食物是否可以填饱世界。

and people argue whether or not organic can feed the world,

but if we take a 30-year view, there's more hope in collaborative ideas.

如果我们放眼三十年，

将这些想法综合起来会更有希望。

So I'm hoping that by connecting really disparate organizations

我希望能把不同的组织联合起来

like the ONE campaign and Slow Food,

比如像“ONE战役”以及“慢速食物”

which don't seem right now to have much in common,

这样现在看来还不是很普遍的活动

we can talk about holistic, long-term, systemic solutions

可以共同讨论整体而具有系统性的长期解决方案，

that will improve food for everyone.

目的为每一个人改善饮食系统。

Some ideas I've had is like, look, the reality is --

我曾经的想法是这样的，看，

kids in the South Bronx need apples and carrots

事实是这样的，南布朗克斯（纽约）的孩子们需要苹果和胡萝卜，

and so do kids in Botswana.

博茨瓦纳的孩子们也同样。

And how are we going to get those kids those nutritious foods?

我们如何才能为那些孩子弄到这些有营养的食物呢？

Another thing that's become incredibly global is production of meat and fish.

另外一件在全球广受关注的事是鱼类和肉类的生产。

Understanding how to produce protein

懂得如何生产蛋白质

in a way that's healthy for the environment

在某种意义上来说可造福环境以及人类

and healthy for people

will be incredibly important to address things like climate change

而且对于气候变化

and how we use petrochemical fertilizers.

以及如何使用石化化肥都很重要。

And, you know, these are really relevant topics

这些话题互相都密切相关

that are long-term and important

且都是长期性的，

for both people in Africa who are small farmers

对于非洲的小户型农民

and people in America who are farmers and eaters.

以及美国兼顾农民与消费者双重身份的人们，都是非常重要的。

And I also think that thinking about processed foods in a new way,

我们可以从一个全新的角度来看加工过的食品，

where we actually price the negative externalities

其实我们把石化化肥

like petrochemicals and like fertilizer runoff

这类的负外部性的价钱

into the price of a bag of chips --

附加在一包薯条里了。

Well, if that bag of chips then becomes inherently more expensive than an apple,

如果一包薯条的基本价格

超过了一个苹果，

then maybe it's time for a different sense of personal responsibility in food choice

那么我们真该重新审视

个人对食物的选择所承担的责任。

because the choices are actually choices

因为做出的选择决定了饮食结构

instead of three-quarters of the products being made just from corn, soy and wheat.

而不是由谷物、豆类及小麦制作的那四分之三的产品。

30Project.org这个网站已经成立。

The 30Project.org is launched

and I've gathered a coalition of a few organizations to start.

而且我已召集几个组织来共同合作，一同开始。

And it'll be growing over the next few months.

接下来的几个月项目规模会继续扩大。

But I really hope that you will all think of ways

我真心的希望大家都可以考虑一些长远的问题

that you can look long-term at things like the food system

如饮食系统，

and make change.

然后决心改变。

(Applause)

(热烈掌声)