Ellen Gustafson: Obesity + hunger = 1 global food issue

Prevoditelj: Romana Perković Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

I'm Ellen and I'm totally obsessed with food.

Ja sam Elen i potpuno sam opsjednuta hranom.

But I didn't start out obsessed with food.

Ali, u početku nisam bila opsjednuta hranom.

I started out obsessed with global security policy,

U početku sam bila opsjednuta politikom globalne sigurnosti

because I lived in New York during 9/11 and it was a very relevant thing.

zato što sam živjela u New Yorku 11. rujna, a to je očigledno bila jako relevantna stvar.

I got from global security policy to food

I prešla sam iz politike globalne sigurnosti na hranu

because I realized when I'm hungry, I'm really pissed off,

zato što sam shvatila da kada sam gladna, onda sam stvarno bijesna.

and I'm assuming the rest of the world is too.

I pretpostavljam da je i ostatak svijeta.

Especially if you and your kids are hungry and your neighbor's kids are hungry

Naročito ako ste gladni i ako su vam djeca gladna

i susjedova djeca su gladna i cijelo susjedstvo je gladno,

and your whole neighborhood is hungry.

prilično ste ljuti.

And actually, it looks like the areas of the world that are hungry

I u stvari, izgleda kao da su

dijelovi svijeta u kojima se gladuje

are also the areas of the world that are pretty insecure.

istovremeno i prilično nesigurni.

So I took a job at the United Nations World Food Programme

Tako sam prihvatila posao u "Svjetskom programu hrane" Ujedinjenih naroda

as a way to try to address these security issues

kako bih se suočila s tim pitanjima sigurnosti

kroz pitanja o hrani.

through food security issues.

There, I came across what I think is the most brilliant of their programs.

I dok sam bila tamo, naišla sam na nešto što je,

po mom mišljenju, njihov najbolji program.

It's called School Feeding and it's a really simple idea

Zove se "Prehrana u školi", i veoma je jednostavna ideja

to get in the middle of the cycle of poverty and hunger

o tome kako stići u centar kruga siromaštva i gladi

that continues for a lot of people around the world, and stop it.

koji još uvijek postoji za mnogo ljudi diljem svijeta i zaustaviti ga.

Davanje besplatnog obroka će djecu privući u školu,

A free school meal gets kids into school,

which is education, the first step out of poverty,

dakle pružiti im obrazovanje, što je prvi korak za izlazak iz siromaštva.

but it also gives them the micronutrients and the macronutrients they need

Ali im isto tako daje sve neophodne hranjive tvari koje su im potrebne

za mentalni i fizički razvoj.

to develop mentally and physically.

While I was working at the UN, I met this girl. Her name is Lauren Bush.

Dok sam radila u UN-u upoznala sam djevojku imenom Lauren Bush.

And she had this really awesome idea to sell the bag, called the "Feed Bag" --

Ona je imala fenomenalnu ideju

da prodajemo torbu pod nazivom "Torba za hranu" --

which is really beautifully ironic because you can strap on the Feed Bag.

što je na neki lijep način ironično jer tu torbu možete privezati.

But each bag we'd sell would provide

Ali svaka prodana torba će osigurati

a year's worth of school meals for one kid.

godišnju vrijednost obroka za jedno dijete.

It's so simple, and we thought, OK,

Toliko je jednostavno da smo mislili, u redu,

it costs between 20 and 50 bucks to provide school feeding for a year.

potrebno je između 20 i 50 dolara,

kako bi se osigurala godišnja hrana za školu.

We could sell these bags and raise a ton of money and awareness

Mogli bismo prodati ove torbe i zaraditi gomilu novca

for the World Food Programme.

i podići svijest o "Svjetskom programu hrane".

But at the UN, sometimes things move slowly

Ali, naravno, ponekad se stvari u UN-u odvijaju jako sporo,

and they basically said no.

i u principu su nas odbili.

And we thought, this is such a good idea, it's going to raise so much money.

I mislili smo, "Bože, ovo je tako dobra ideja i zaradit će toliko novca".

So we said screw it, we'll start our own company,

Tako da smo si rekle, "Što nas briga, otvorit ćemo naše poduzeće.", što smo i učinile prije tri godine.

which we did, three years ago.

That was my first dream, to start this company called FEED,

To je bio moj prvi san, otvoriti poduzeće pod nazivom "HRANITI".

and here's a screenshot of our website.

A evo kako izgleda naša Internet stranica.

We did a bag for Haiti just a month after the earthquake

Napravili smo ovu torbu za Haiti i plasirali je samo mjesec dana nakon potresa,

to provide school meals for kids in Haiti.

kako bismo osigurali školske obroke za djecu Haitija.

So FEED's doing great.

"HRANITI" napreduje sjajno. Do sada smo osigurali 55 milijuna obroka

We've so far provided 55 million meals to kids around the world

djeci diljem svijeta

by selling now 550,000 bags, a ton of bags, a lot of bags.

tako što smo prodali 555,000 torbi, tonu torbi, jako puno torbi.

All this time you're really --

Sve ovo vrijeme kada razmislite o gladi,

hunger is a hard thing to think about,

because what we think about is eating.

o njoj je teško razmišljati, jer mi u stvari razmišljamo o jelu.

I think about eating a lot and I really love it.

Ja puno razmišljam o hrani i stvarno je volim.

And the thing that's strange about international hunger

A ono što je pomalo čudno o međunarodnoj gladi

and talking about international issues

i međunarodnim pitanjima

is that most people want to know:

je kako većina ljudi na neki način želi znati što radimo u Americi.

"What are you doing for America's kids?"

Što se radi za američku djecu?

There's definitely hunger in America:

Glad je svakako prisutna u Americi

49 million people and almost 16.7 million children.

49 milijuna ljudi i skoro 16,7 milijuna djece gladuje.

I mean that's pretty dramatic for our own country.

To je prilično dramatično za našu zemlju.

Hunger definitely means something different in America

Glad svakako ima drugačije značenje u Americi nego u ostatku svijeta,

than it does internationally,

but it's incredibly important to address hunger in our own country.

ali jako je važno suočiti se s pitanjem gladi u vlastitoj zemlji.

But the bigger problem that we all know about is obesity,

Ali očigledno, veći problem koji je svima poznat je

and it's dramatic.

je pretilost, i on je dramatičan.

The other thing that's dramatic

Druga strašna stvar je kako su i glad i pretilost

is that both hunger and obesity have really risen in the last 30 years.

u porastu u posljednjih 30 godina.

Unfortunately, obesity's not only an American problem.

Nažalost, pretilost nije samo problem u Americi.

It's actually been spreading all around the world

Ona se zapravo širi cijelim svijetom

and mainly through our kind of food systems that we're exporting.

uglavnom putem prehrambenog sustava koji mi izvozimo.

The numbers are pretty crazy.

Brojke su prilično strašne.

There's a billion people obese or overweight

Postoji milijarda pretilih ili preteških ljudi

and a billion people hungry.

i milijarda gladnih ljudi.

So those seem like two bifurcated problems,

Ove dvije stvari izgledaju kao dva razdvojena problema,

but I kind of started to think about, you know,

ali počela sam razmišljati o tome

what is obesity and hunger?

što su pretilost i glad. O čemu se tu radi?

What are both those things about?

Well, they're both about food.

Oboje su u vezi s hranom.

And when you think about food,

A kada razmišljate o hrani,

the underpinning of food in both cases is potentially problematic agriculture.

shvatite kako je u osnovi oba pojma u stvari,

problematična zemljoradnja.

And agriculture is where food comes from.

A hrana dolazi iz zemljoradnje.

Agriculture in America's very interesting.

Zemljoradnja je u Americi jako zanimljiva.

It's very consolidated

Veoma je konsolidirana.

and the foods that are produced lead to the foods that we eat.

A zemljoradnjom proizvedena hrana vodi prema hrani koju jedemo.

The foods that are produced are, more or less, corn, soy and wheat.

Ta hrana su manje više kukuruz, soja i pšenica.

I kao što možete vidjeti, to je ¾ hrane koju uglavnom jedemo,

And that's three-quarters of the food that we're eating:

a to su prerađena i brza hrana.

processed foods and fast foods.

Unfortunately, in our agricultural system,

Nažalost, u posljednja tri desetljeća nismo se

we haven't done a good job in the last three decades

pokazali uspješnima s našim zemljoradničkim sustavom

i prenošenjem naših tehnologija na ostatak svijeta.

of exporting those technologies around the world.

So African agriculture, which is the place of most hunger in the world,

Afrička zemljoradnja je, a u Africi se gladuje najviše na svijetu,

has actually fallen precipitously as hunger has risen.

u stvari naglo opala,

dok je gladovanje poraslo.

So somehow we're not making the connect

Nekako nismo napravili vezu

between exporting a good agricultural system

s izvozom dobrog zemljoradničkog sustava

that will help feed people all around the world.

koji će pomoći nahraniti ljude diljem svijeta.

Who is farming? That's what I was wondering.

Tko se bavi zemljoradnjom? To je ono što je mene zanimalo.

So I went and stood on a big grain bin in the Midwest,

Zato sam otišla i stala na veliko bure žitarica u središnjem dijelu SAD-a.

and that really didn't help me understand farming,

To mi realno nije pomoglo razumjeti poljoprivredu,

but I think it's a really cool picture.

ali mislim kako sam napravila sjajan snimak.

And the reality is that between farmers in America --

I znate, realno razlika

između zemljoradnika u Americi,

who actually, quite frankly, when I spend time in the Midwest,

koji su zapravo, to sam shvatila kada sam bila u središnjem dijelu SAD-a,

are pretty large in general.

prilično ogromni u prosjeku.

And their farms are also large.

Njihove farme su isto ogromne.

But farmers in the rest of the world are actually quite skinny,

Dok su zemljoradnici diljem svijeta

u stvari vrlo mršavi, jer gladuju.

and that's because they're starving.

Most hungry people in the world are subsistence farmers.

Najgladniji ljudi na svijetu su mali, obiteljski zemljoradnici.

And most of those people are women --

Većina su žene --

which is a totally other topic that I won't get on right now,

što je potpuno druga tema u koju sada neću ulaziti,

ali bih jednom voljela pričat i o feminizmu.

but I'd love to do the feminist thing at some point.

Mislim kako je jako interesantno

I think it's really interesting to look at agriculture from these two sides.

sagledati zemljoradnju s ove dvije strane.

Ovdje je ova velika, konsolidirana zemljoradnja

There's this large, consolidated farming that's led to what we eat in America,

koja je dovela do onoga što jedemo u Americi.

A pojavila se otprilike 1980.,

and it's really been since around 1980, after the oil crisis,

poslije naftne krize,

when, you know -- mass consolidation,

kada se dogodila masovna konsolidacija,

mass exodus of small farmers in this country.

masovni egzodus malih zemljoradnika u ovoj državi.

And then in the same time period,

A onda tijekom istog razdoblja,

we've kind of left Africa's farmers to do their own thing.

pustili smo afričke farmere da rade ono što žele.

Unfortunately, what is farmed ends up as what we eat.

Nažalost, ono što je uzgojeno završava na našim tanjurima.

And in America, a lot of what we eat has led to obesity

A u Americi, mnogo onoga što jedemo

and has led to a real change

je dovelo do pretilosti i do prave promjene

in sort of what our diet is, in the last 30 years.

sastava naše prehrane u posljednjih 30 godina.

It's crazy.

Potpuna ludost.

A fifth of kids under two drinks soda.

Petina djece ispod 2 godine uzrasta pije gazirana pića.

Hello! You don't put soda in bottles.

Juhu! Ne bi trebalo stavljati gazirana pića u flašice.

But people do, because it's so cheap,

Ali ljudi to rade jer je jeftino.

and so our whole food system in the last 30 years has really shifted.

Tako da se naš cijeli prehrambeni sustav u posljednjih 30 godina

stvarno promijenio.

I mean, you know, it's not just in our own country,

A to nije samo u našoj zemlji,

but really we're exporting the system around the world,

mi taj sustav zapravo izvozimo diljem svijeta.

and when you look at the data of least developed countries --

A kad pogledate podatke iz najnerazvijenijih zemalja --

especially in cities, which are growing really rapidly --

posebno iz gradova, koji rastu jako brzo --

people are eating American processed foods.

ljudi jedu američku prerađenu hranu.

And in one generation, they're going from hunger

I tijekom jedne generacije,

prijeđu s gladovanja

and all of the detrimental health effects of hunger

i svih štetnih zdravstvenih posljedica gladovanja,

to obesity and things like diabetes and heart disease in one generation.

na pretilost i stvari kao što su dijabetes

i srčana oboljenja, sve tijekom jedne generacije.

So the problematic food system is affecting both hunger and obesity.

Tako da taj problematični prehrambeni sustav

utječe i na gladovanje i na pretilost.

Not to beat a dead horse, but this is a global food system

Da ne gnjavim,

ali radi se o globalnom prehrambenom sustavu

where there's a billion people hungry and a billion people obese.

gdje imamo milijardu gladnih ljudi i milijardu pretilih ljudi.

I think that's the only way to look at it.

Samo se na taj način ta situacija može promatrati.

And instead of taking these two things

I umjesto da te dvije stvari shvaćamo kao

as bifurcated problems that are very separate,

dva odvojena problema,

it's really important to look at them as one system.

zaista je važno na njih gledati kao na jedan sustav.

We get a lot of our food from all around the world

Dobivamo dosta hrane sa svih strana svijeta.

and people from all around the world are importing our food system,

I ljudi diljem svijeta uvoze naš prehrambeni sustav.

so it's incredibly relevant to start a new way of looking at it.

Veoma je važno početi na to gledati na novi način.

Naučila sam nešto --

I've learned -- and the technology people here,

vi tehnolozi koji ste prisutni, ja stvarno ne pripadam vašoj grupi --

which I'm totally not one of --

but apparently, it really takes 30 years

ali izgleda da je potrebno 30 godina

for a lot of technologies to become really endemic to us,

kako bi većina tehnologija srasla s nama,

like the mouse and the Internet and Windows.

kao što su miš i Internet i Windows sustav.

You know, there's 30-year cycles.

Postoje tridesetogodišnji ciklusi.

I think 2010 can be a really interesting year

Mislim da 2010. može biti vrlo zanimljiva godina

because it is the end of the 30-year cycle,

jer se tada završava tridesetogodišnji ciklus.

and it's the birthday of the global food system.

Isto tako je i rođendan globalnog prehrambenog sustava.

That's the first birthday I want to talk about.

To je prvi rođendan o kojem želim govoriti.

If we really think that this is something that's happened in the last 30 years,

Znate, ako stvarno mislimo kako se

ovo dogodilo u posljednjih 30 godina, onda ima nade.

there's hope in that.

It's the 30th anniversary of GMO crops

Navršava se 30 godina genetički modificiranih usjeva

and the Big Gulp, Chicken McNuggets, high-fructose corn syrup,

i "Big Gulp" soka, "Chicken McNuggets" i koncentriranog kukuruznog sirupa,

the farm crisis in America

i poljoprivredne krize u Americi

and the change in how we've addressed agriculture internationally.

i promjene u našem odnosu prema internacionalnoj poljoprivredi.

So there's a lot of reasons to take this 30-year time period

Dakle, ima mnogo razloga zbog kojih bi ovaj tridesetogodišnji period

trebalo smatrati stvaranjem novog prehrambenog sustava.

as sort of the creation of this new food system.

I'm not the only one who's obsessed with this whole 30-year thing.

Nisam samo ja opsjednuta ovim tridesetogodišnjim periodom.

The icons like Michael Pollan and Jamie Oliver in his TED Prize wish

Poznatiji ljudi kao što su Michael Pollan

i Jamie Oliver, dok je govorio povodom dobivanja TED nagrade,

both addressed this last three-decade time period

su spomenuli da su ova posljednja tri desetljeća

as incredibly relevant for food system change.

vrlo važna za promjenu u našem prehrambenom sustavu.

Well, I really care about 1980

Meni je 1980. godina jako važna

because it's also the 30th anniversary of me this year.

jer je ove godine i moja tridesetogodišnjica.

And so in my lifetime,

Tijekom mog života,

a lot of what's happened in the world --

dosta onoga što se u svijetu dogodilo --

and being a person obsessed with food --

a pošto sam ja opsjednuta hranom --

a lot of this has really changed.

dosta se stvari i promijenilo.

So my second dream is that I think we can look to the next 30 years

Moj drugi san je da smatram kako

možemo gledati na sljedećih 30 godina

as a time to change the food system again.

kao na vrijeme za promjenu prehrambenog sustava.

And we know what's happened in the past,

A dobro znamo što se dogodilo u prošlosti,

so if we start now and we look at technologies

tako da ako sada počnemo i pogledamo tehnologije

and improvements to the food system long-term,

i poboljšanja prehrambenog sustava na duge staze,

we might be able to recreate the food system

možda ćemo moći promijeniti prehrambeni sustav.

so when I give my next talk and I'm 60 years old,

Tako da kada budem davala svoj sljedeći TED govor sa 60 godina,

moći ću reći da smo bili uspješni.

I'll be able to say that it's been a success.

So I'm announcing today the start of a new organization,

Zato danas proglašavam početak nove organizacije,

or a new fund within the FEED Foundation, called the 30 Project.

novog fonda u okviru fondacije "HRANITI", pod nazivom "Projekt 30".

And the 30 Project is really focused

Taj projekt je fokusiran

on these long-term ideas for food system change.

na ideje

o promjeni prehrambenog sustava na duge staze.

And I think by aligning international advocates that are addressing hunger

Ako skupimo internacionalne pobornike koji se bore sa svjetskom glađu

and domestic advocates that are addressing obesity,

i one koji se bore s pretilošću kod nas,

we might actually look for long-term solutions

možemo tražiti rješenja na duge staze

that will make the food system better for everyone.

koja će prehrambeni sustav poboljšati za sve nas.

We all tend to think that these systems are quite different

Svi mi obično mislimo kako su ovi sustavi drugačiji.

A ljudi polemiziraju o tome može li organska hrana nahraniti svijet.

and people argue whether or not organic can feed the world,

but if we take a 30-year view, there's more hope in collaborative ideas.

Ali ako uzmemo tridesetogodišnji pogled,

postoji nada za suradnju.

So I'm hoping that by connecting really disparate organizations

Nadam se da spajajući veoma različite organizacije

like the ONE campaign and Slow Food,

kao što su kampanja "Jedan" ili "Spora hrana",

which don't seem right now to have much in common,

koje u ovom trenutku nemaju mnogo toga zajedničkog,

we can talk about holistic, long-term, systemic solutions

možemo razmatrati dugotrajna, holistička i sustavna rješenja

that will improve food for everyone.

koja će poboljšati hranu za sve.

Some ideas I've had is like, look, the reality is --

Jedna od ideja koje sam imala je

kids in the South Bronx need apples and carrots

o tome da djeci iz Južnog Bronxa trebaju jabuke i mrkve,

and so do kids in Botswana.

a isto to treba djeci iz Bocvane.

And how are we going to get those kids those nutritious foods?

Kako ćemo toj djeci dopremiti tu hranu?

Another thing that's become incredibly global is production of meat and fish.

Druga, skoro globalna stvar, je proizvodnja mesa i ribe.

Understanding how to produce protein

Moramo razumjeti kako proizvesti protein

in a way that's healthy for the environment

na način koji će biti zdrav za okoliš i za ljude

and healthy for people

will be incredibly important to address things like climate change

kako bismo se suočili sa stvarima kao što su promjena klime,

and how we use petrochemical fertilizers.

i način na koji koristimo petrokemijska gnojiva.

And, you know, these are really relevant topics

Znate, ove važne teme su

that are long-term and important

dugotrajne

for both people in Africa who are small farmers

i važne za ljude u Africi koji su mali, obiteljski zemljoradnici

and people in America who are farmers and eaters.

i za ljude u Americi koji su zemljoradnici i jedu.

And I also think that thinking about processed foods in a new way,

Također podržavam drugačije razmišljanje o prerađenoj hrani

where we actually price the negative externalities

u kome zagađenja

like petrochemicals and like fertilizer runoff

kao što su petrokemijska sredstva i ispiranje umjetnih gnojiva u rijeke,

into the price of a bag of chips --

zapravo imaju cijenu koja je uračunata u cijenu proizvoda, primjerice čipsa.

Well, if that bag of chips then becomes inherently more expensive than an apple,

Ako ta vrećica čipsa postane

skuplja od jabuke,

then maybe it's time for a different sense of personal responsibility in food choice

onda je možda vrijeme za drugačiji stav

osobne odgovornosti o izboru hrane

because the choices are actually choices

jer izbor onda postaje raznovrstan,

instead of three-quarters of the products being made just from corn, soy and wheat.

nasuprot situaciji u kojoj je ¾ proizvoda napravljeno od kukuruza, soje i pšenice.

Lansirali smo web stranicu "30Project.org"

The 30Project.org is launched

and I've gathered a coalition of a few organizations to start.

a za početak sam skupila koaliciju nekoliko organizacija

And it'll be growing over the next few months.

koja će u narednih nekoliko mjeseci porasti.

But I really hope that you will all think of ways

Ali stvarno se nadam da ćete svi vi razmišljati o načinima

that you can look long-term at things like the food system

koji će vam omogućiti gledati na ove stvari na duge staze

and make change.

i napraviti promjenu.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)