David Griffin: How photography connects us

翻译人员: Revol Drib 校对人员: Haohao Chen

Let's just start by looking at some great photographs.

让我们首先来看一些优秀的摄影作品

This is an icon of National Geographic,

这幅由史蒂夫·麦考瑞拍摄的阿富汗女孩

an Afghan refugee taken by Steve McCurry.

是《国家地理》杂志的标志性作品之一

But the Harvard Lampoon is about to come out

听说《哈佛讽刺》杂志准备出版一期

with a parody of National Geographic,

山寨版的《国家地理》

and I shudder to think what they're going to do to this photograph.

我不敢想象他们打算怎么处理这幅照片

Oh, the wrath of Photoshop.

或许会被 Photoshop 得惨不忍睹

This is a jet landing at San Francisco, by Bruce Dale.

这幅喷气机降落在旧金山的照片由布鲁斯·戴尔拍摄

He mounted a camera on the tail.

他把相机绑在了飞机垂直尾翼上

A poetic image for a story on Tolstoy, by Sam Abell.

这幅充满诗意的照片是山姆·阿贝尔为一篇介绍托尔斯泰的文章拍摄

Pygmies in the DRC, by Randy Olson.

蓝迪·奥森在刚果民主共和国拍摄的俾格米人

I love this photograph because it reminds me

我很喜欢这幅照片

of Degas' bronze sculptures of the little dancer.

它让我想起了德加的著名铜铸雕像《小芭蕾舞者》

A polar bear swimming in the Arctic, by Paul Nicklen.

保罗·尼克林拍摄的北极熊

Polar bears need ice to be able to move back and forth --

北极熊并不擅长游泳

they're not very good swimmers --

它们更喜欢在冰面上跳来跳去

and we know what's happening to the ice.

不过大家都知道让它们蹦蹦跳跳的地方不多了

These are camels moving across the Rift Valley in Africa,

这些是东非大裂谷地区的驼队

photographed by Chris Johns.

克里斯·琼斯拍摄

Shot straight down, so these are the shadows of the camels.

照片从正上方拍摄，画面中看到的实际是骆驼的影子

This is a rancher in Texas, by William Albert Allard,

这幅德州的牧场主照片由威廉·阿尔伯特·阿拉德拍摄

a great portraitist.

威廉是一个优秀的人像摄影师

And Jane Goodall, making her own special connection,

这是一幅珍妮·古道尔的工作照

photographed by Nick Nichols.

尼克·尼古拉斯拍摄

This is a soap disco in Spain, photographed by David Alan Harvey.

这是大卫·阿伦·哈维在西班牙一个浴池迪吧拍摄的照片

And David said that there was lot of weird stuff

大卫说在舞池里发生的一些事

happening on the dance floor.

简直让人难以想像

But, hey, at least it's hygienic.

不过，至少那里比较卫生

(Laughter)

(大笑)

These are sea lions in Australia doing their own dance,

澳大利亚的海狮在表演它们自己的舞蹈

by David Doubilet.

大卫·杜比列拍摄

And this is a comet, captured by Dr. Euan Mason.

这是尤安·曼森博士拍摄的一幅彗星

And finally, the bow of the Titanic, without movie stars,

最后一张，没有电影明星的泰坦尼克船首像

photographed by Emory Kristof.

由埃默里·克里斯托弗拍摄

Photography carries a power that holds up

尽管媒体的五光十色已经将一切吞噬

under the relentless swirl of today's saturated, media world,

但摄影依旧保持着自己的力量

because photographs emulate the way

摄影代表着我们心灵

that our mind freezes a significant moment.

记录那些重要瞬间的一种方式

Here's an example.

给大家讲一个真实的故事吧

Four years ago, I was at the beach with my son,

四年前我和我的小孩一起去海边玩耍

and he was learning how to swim

那时他刚开始学游泳

in this relatively soft surf of the Delaware beaches.

德拉华海滩的浪并不是太大

But I turned away for a moment, and he got caught into a riptide

可是偏偏在我转身的一瞬间接连两个浪头把他卷进了海里

and started to be pulled out towards the jetty.

他拼命的向着岸边挣扎

I can stand here right now and see,

我现在还能回想到当时的情景

as I go tearing into the water after him,

我扎进水里，向他游去

the moments slowing down and freezing into this arrangement.

一切就好像是慢镜头浮现在我眼前

I can see the rocks are over here.

我还记得这边是一滩礁石

There's a wave about to crash onto him.

那边是正要砸向他的浪头

I can see his hands reaching out,

他向我伸出双手

and I can see his face in terror,

脸上充满恐惧的表情

looking at me, saying, "Help me, Dad."

对着我大叫“爸爸，救救我”

I got him. The wave broke over us.

终于我抱住了他，浪打在我们身上

We got back on shore; he was fine.

我们回到了岸边，尽管他什么事也没有

We were a little bit rattled.

但我们还是被吓坏了

But this flashbulb memory, as it's called,

这一切就仿佛一张照片定格在我的脑海

is when all the elements came together to define

画面中的一切都是如此清晰

not just the event, but my emotional connection to it.

不光纪录了这件事，还包含我所有的情感

And this is what a photograph taps into

这正是摄影的意义

when it makes its own powerful connection to a viewer.

摄影作品与观众之间建立了一种情感上的联系

Now I have to tell you,

坦白的告诉大家

I was talking to Kyle last week about this,

上个星期我告诉我儿子

that I was going to tell this story.

我打算在这里把这件故事将给大家听

And he said, "Oh, yeah, I remember that too!

他说：“噢，我也记得这件事

I remember my image of you

我还记得当时的你

was that you were up on the shore yelling at me."

站在岸边紧张大叫的样子”

(Laughter)

(笑声)

I thought I was a hero.

我还以为这小子把我当英雄的

(Laughter)

(笑声)

So,

谁知道……

this represents -- this is a cross-sample of

回到正题

some remarkable images taken by some of the world's greatest photojournalists,

刚才大家看到的是一系列顶尖职业摄影师

working at the very top of their craft --

的巅峰作品

except one.

只有一张例外

This photograph was taken by Dr. Euan Mason

这幅照片是尤安·曼森博士

in New Zealand last year,

去年在新西兰拍摄的

and it was submitted and published in National Geographic.

随后提交并刊登在《国家地理》杂志上

Last year, we added a section to our website called "Your Shot,"

去年我们网站开通了一个新的栏目“读者作品”

where anyone can submit photographs for possible publication.

大家可以提交自己的摄影作品，择优刊发

And it has become a wild success,

这个栏目获得了巨大的成功

tapping into the enthusiast photography community.

受到摄影爱好者的广泛好评

The quality of these amateur photographs

业余摄影爱好者们

can, at times, be amazing.

总能在不经意间拍出一两张不错的作品

And seeing this reinforces, for me,

每当我看到这些作品总会更加认同这一观点

that every one of us has at least one or two

我们每个人一生中

great photographs in them.

都至少拍到一两张不错的照片

But to be a great photojournalist,

但是作为一位优秀的摄影记者

you have to have more than just one or two

一两张照片

great photographs in you.

是远远不够的

You've got to be able to make them all the time.

除了保证自己能不断拍出好的作品

But even more importantly,

作为一名专业摄影师更重要的

you need to know how to create a visual narrative.

是让自己的照片活起来

You need to know how to tell a story.

优秀的摄影师必须知道如何用照片叙事

So I'm going to share with you some coverages

我给大家看几个例子

that I feel demonstrate the storytelling power of photography.

让大家从中感受摄影的叙事力量

Photographer Nick Nichols went to document

摄影师尼克·尼古拉斯前去乍得

a very small and relatively unknown wildlife sanctuary

拍摄一个很小、名气也不大的野生动物保护中心

in Chad, called Zakouma.

扎库玛国家公园

The original intent was to travel there

最初的动机只不过是去随意走走

and bring back a classic story of diverse species,

并拍摄一些充满异国情调的

of an exotic locale.

野生动物图片

And that is what Nick did, up to a point.

尼克在一开始也正是这么做的

This is a serval cat.

这是一只薮猫，是山猫的一种

He's actually taking his own picture,

实际上你可以把这当作一张自拍照

shot with what's called a camera trap.

用行话说这叫做陷阱拍摄

There's an infrared beam that's going across,

相机发出一股红外线当作信号

and he has stepped into the beam and taken his photograph.

山猫走到相机前，触发了红外线，就拍下了这张照片。

These are baboons at a watering hole.

这是一些狒狒

Nick -- the camera, again, an automatic camera

尼克同样使用陷阱拍摄

took thousands of pictures of this.

拍摄了数千张这类照片

And Nick ended up with a lot of pictures

不过其中大部分

of the rear ends of baboons.

都是狒狒屁股

(Laughter)

(笑声)

A lion having a late night snack --

一只吃宵夜的狮子

notice he's got a broken tooth.

注意看它已经长了虫牙

And a crocodile walks up a riverbank toward its den.

一只鳄鱼从水里爬回自己的窝

I love this little bit of water

我非常喜欢它尾巴上

that comes off the back of his tail.

滴落的这些水珠

But the centerpiece species of Zakouma are the elephants.

不过大象才是扎库玛国家公园中最重要的物种

It's one of the largest intact herds in this part of Africa.

这也是非洲地区最大最完整的大象群落之一

Here's a photograph shot in moonlight,

这是月光下的一群大象

something that digital photography has made a big difference for.

数码技术的出现让夜景拍摄变得更加容易

It was with the elephants that this story pivoted.

大象的出现改变了整个故事的走向

Nick, along with researcher Dr. Michael Fay,

尼克和研究员迈克尔·菲博士一起

collared the matriarch of the herd.

开始关注起这群大象中的太后

They named her Annie,

他们管她叫做安妮

and they began tracking her movements.

并通过无线电记录她的一切活动

The herd was safe within the confines of the park,

在公园巡警尽责地守护下

because of this dedicated group of park rangers.

这些大象在保护区内过着安全的生活

But once the annual rains began,

但当雨季来临时

the herd would begin migrating to feeding grounds outside the park.

大象们开始在保护区外的草场觅食

And that's when they ran into trouble.

悲剧就从这时开始

For outside the safety of the park were poachers,

数不清的偷猎者正等候在保护区外

who would hunt them down only for the value of their ivory tusks.

想要找机会杀死它们以获取象牙

The matriarch that they were radio tracking,

在几周反复进出保护区的觅食活动之后

after weeks of moving back and forth, in and out of the park,

太后身上的无线电信号

came to a halt outside the park.

在保护区的外围地带停住了

Annie had been killed, along with 20 members of her herd.

安妮死了，同时被杀的还有她族群中的20位成员

And they only came for the ivory.

偷猎者这么做仅仅是为了它们的象牙

This is actually one of the rangers.

照片中是一位巡警

They were able to chase off one of the poachers and recover this ivory,

他们追捕到了一名偷猎者，找回了这些象牙

because they couldn't leave it there,

他们能做到的只是将这些象牙带回来

because it's still valuable.

毕竟这些象牙非常值钱

But what Nick did was he brought back

但尼克做的

a story that went beyond the old-school method

是带回一个新的故事

of just straight, "Isn't this an amazing world?"

不是我们习以为常的“世界真奇妙”的故事

And instead, created a story that touched our audiences deeply.

而是一个让我们深思的故事

Instead of just knowledge of this park,

这不仅仅是一个关于自然保护区的故事

he created an understanding and an empathy

而是一种理解，一种体验

for the elephants, the rangers and the many issues

关于大象、它们的守护者，

surrounding human-wildlife conflicts.

以及其他许许多多人与大自然的爱恨交织

Now let's go over to India.

现在我们把目光转移到印度

Sometimes you can tell a broad story in a focused way.

有时候我们可以由点及面讨论一个很大的话题

We were looking at the same issue that Richard Wurman

这次我们看到的是 理查德·沃尔曼

touches upon in his new world population project.

探讨 “新世界人口计划” 的这样一个话题。

For the first time in history,

人类历史上第一次

more people live in urban, rather than rural, environments.

城市人口数量超过了农村人口

And most of that growth is not in the cities,

这其中大部分人并非居住在市中心

but in the slums that surround them.

而是居住在城市周边的贫民窟里

Jonas Bendiksen, a very energetic photographer,

乔纳斯·本迪克斯是一位精力旺盛的摄影师

came to me and said,

他找到我，对我说：

"We need to document this, and here's my proposal.

“我们应该记录这一切，我是这么想的：

Let's go all over the world and photograph every single slum around the world."

让我们拍遍世界每个角落的贫民窟”

And I said, "Well, you know, that might be a bit ambitious for our budget."

我告诉他：“你要知道，这可需要一大笔钱才能办到”

So instead, what we did was

我们最后决定

we decided to, instead of going out and doing what would result

与其跑遍大江南北

in what we'd consider sort of a survey story --

按照通常的报道方式

where you just go in and see just a little bit of everything --

获取一些浅显的片段

we put Jonas into Dharavi,

还不如直接把乔纳斯

which is part of Mumbai, India,

扔到孟买边上一个叫做达拉维的贫民窟

and let him stay there, and really get into

让他在那里触摸

the heart and soul of this really major part of the city.

这个城市重要组成部分的内心和灵魂

What Jonas did was not just go and do a surface look

乔纳斯的最终结果绝不仅是

at the awful conditions that exist in such places.

浮光掠影地记录下当地糟糕透顶的状况

He saw that this was a living and breathing and vital part

他看到了一个活生生的贫民窟

of how the entire urban area functioned.

这是一个城市正常运转不可或缺的重要部分

By staying tightly focused in one place,

通过这样以点及面的拍摄方式

Jonas tapped into the soul and the enduring human spirit

乔纳斯在记录下了这个社区的灵魂之余

that underlies this community.

还记录下了包含在其中的人性精神

And he did it in a beautiful way.

他完美的做到了这一切

Sometimes, though, the only way to tell a story is with a sweeping picture.

但有些时候，浮光掠影的照片也是讲述故事的唯一方式

We teamed up underwater photographer Brian Skerry

例如说我们与水下摄影师布莱恩·史格里

and photojournalist Randy Olson

及报道摄影师兰迪·奥尔森一道做的

to document the depletion of the world's fisheries.

关于渔业过度捕捞现象的报道就是如此

We weren't the only ones to tackle this subject,

我们不是报道这一话题的唯一媒体

but the photographs that Brian and Randy created

但是布莱恩和兰迪的作品

are among the best to capture both the human

在表现过度捕捞对于人类

and natural devastation of overfishing.

和大自然的毁灭性影响上是最优秀的

Here, in a photo by Brian,

这是布莱恩拍摄的一幅照片

a seemingly crucified shark is caught up

在巴厘岛周边

in a gill net off of Baja.

一只在刺网上垂死挣扎的鲨鱼

I've seen sort of OK pictures of bycatch,

我见过不少还过得去的记录副捕捞的照片

the animals accidentally scooped up

在捕捞特定鱼类的时候

while fishing for a specific species.

总是会顺便捞上来一些别的什么生物

But here, Brian captured a unique view

但是布莱恩采用了一个特别的视角记录这一切

by positioning himself underneath the boat

趁着倾倒副捕捞的机会

when they threw the waste overboard.

他潜到渔船的下方拍摄了这张照片

And Brian then went on to even greater risk

而拍摄这张照片时布莱恩冒得风险更大

to get this never-before-made photograph

这是正在海底扫荡的拖网

of a trawl net scraping the ocean bottom.

在此以前从没有人拍过这样的照片

Back on land, Randy Olson photographed

让我们回到岸上，看看兰迪·奥尔森拍摄的照片

a makeshift fish market in Africa,

这是非洲的一个临时水产品市场

where the remains of filleted fish were sold to the locals,

渔夫们在这里向当地人出售鱼骨架

the main parts having already been sent to Europe.

上面的鱼肉早已运往欧洲

And here in China, Randy shot a jellyfish market.

这是兰迪在中国拍摄的水母交易市场

As prime food sources are depleted,

随着主要的鱼类数量日益稀少，

the harvest goes deeper into the oceans

渔民们开始把眼光投向了大海深处

and brings in more such sources of protein.

以寻找更多可用的食物来源

This is called fishing down the food chain.

捕捞海洋食物链下方的更小鱼类

But there are also glimmers of hope,

但是现实也并非全然残酷

and I think anytime we're doing a big, big story on this,

每次我们做一些类似的重大选题

we don't really want to go

我们总不会将目光

and just look at all the problems.

仅仅投向存在的问题

We also want to look for solutions.

我们同时也在寻找希望

Brian photographed a marine sanctuary in New Zealand,

这是布莱恩在新西兰一个渔业禁捕区拍摄的照片

where commercial fishing had been banned --

禁止商业捕捞后

the result being that the overfished species have been restored,

那些曾经一度濒临绝迹的物种重新恢复了生机

and with them a possible solution for sustainable fisheries.

这也许是可持续性渔业发展的解决方案之一

Photography can also compel us to confront

摄影还会将我们刻意不愿面对的一些事实

issues that are potentially distressing and controversial.

带到我们面前

James Nachtwey, who was honored at last year's TED,

去年在 TED 上倍受褒奖的詹姆斯·纳希微

took a look at the sweep of the medical system

跟随美军拍摄了一组照片

that is utilized to handle the American wounded coming out of Iraq.

反映救治伊拉克伤兵的医护系统

It is like a tube where a wounded soldier enters on one end

医护系统就好像一条管道，伤员们从一头钻进去

and exits back home, on the other.

从另一头出来时就回到了家中

Jim started in the battlefield.

小詹的拍摄从战场开始

Here, a medical technician tends to a wounded soldier

这张照片中医疗兵正将受伤士兵

on the helicopter ride back to the field hospital.

通过直升机转移至战地医院

Here is in the field hospital.

这是战地医院中的照片

The soldier on the right has the name of his daughter

这张照片中右边的大兵身上

tattooed across his chest, as a reminder of home.

还纹着远方女儿的名字

From here, the more severely wounded are transported

重伤员被从战地医院

back to Germany, where they meet up with their families

送往后方的德国医疗机构

for the first time.

他们的家人将在那儿与他们会合

And then back to the States to recuperate at veterans' hospitals,

随后他们回到如沃特里德之类的军医院

such as here in Walter Reed.

接受进一步康复治疗

And finally, often fitted with high-tech prosthesis,

最后他们带着充满科技含量的义肢

they exit the medical system and attempt

离开医院

to regain their pre-war lives.

试图重拾战前的平静生活

Jim took what could have been a straight-up medical science story

小詹让一个原本平淡无奇的医疗科学故事

and gave it a human dimension that touched our readers deeply.

变得充满人性化，深深打动了我们的读者

Now, these stories are great examples

上面这些故事可以说明

of how photography can be used

摄影如何被用来讲述

to address some of our most important topics.

一些最为严峻的话题

But there are also times when photographers

但也有些时候

simply encounter things that are, when it comes down to it,

摄影师发现自己面对的

just plain fun.

仅仅只是单纯的愉悦

Photographer Paul Nicklin traveled to Antarctica

摄影师保罗·尼克林有一次前往南极洲

to shoot a story on leopard seals.

拍摄一个关于豹纹海豹的专题

They have been rarely photographed, partly because they are considered

之前很少有人拍摄相关主题的照片，一部分原因是

one of the most dangerous predators in the ocean.

人们将其视作海洋中最危险的动物之一

In fact, a year earlier, a researcher had been

事实上，就在一年前

grabbed by one and pulled down to depth and killed.

一位研究人员曾被它们拖至海洋深处并杀害

So you can imagine Paul was maybe a little bit hesitant

所以大家可以想象保罗在下水前

about getting into the water.

是有些忐忑不安的

Now, what leopard seals do mostly is, they eat penguins.

对于豹纹海豹来说，每天最重要事情就是吃企鹅了

You know of "The March of the Penguins."

大家应该都知道《帝企鹅日记》吧

This is sort of the munch of the penguins.

如果让豹纹海豹来导演，可能就变成《吃企鹅日记》了

(Laughter)

(笑声)

Here a penguin goes up to the edge and looks out

这张照片中，一只企鹅来到岸边

to see if the coast is clear.

检查水下是否安全

And then everybody kind of runs out and goes out.

然后大家才能放心下水

But then Paul got in the water.

然后保罗也跟着它们下水了

And he said he was never really afraid of this.

他说他当时还真没有害怕

Well, this one female came up to him.

这时，照片中这位美女来到了他的身边

She's probably -- it's a shame you can't see it in the photograph,

这位美女大约有四米长

but she's 12 feet long.

遗憾的是在照片中还看不全

So, she is pretty significant in size.

总而言之她确实是个高个美人

And Paul said he was never really afraid,

保罗觉得自己并不害怕的原因

because she was more curious about him than threatened.

可能是因为这位美女对他的好奇超过了食欲

This mouthing behavior, on the right,

右边这张照片中这位美女正张开血盆大口

was really her way of saying to him, "Hey, look how big I am!"

对他打招呼，“帅哥，你看我漂亮吗”

Or you know, "My, what big teeth you have."

要不然就是在说，“牙好，胃口就好”

(Laughter)

(笑声)

Then Paul thinks that she simply took pity on him.

保罗觉得这位美女也许觉得他有些可怜

To her, here was this big, goofy creature in the water

水里面居然还有这么一个大笨个子

that for some reason didn't seem to be interested

不知道为什么

in chasing penguins.

居然对企鹅没有丝毫的兴趣

So what she did was she started to bring penguins to him,

于是她开始喂企鹅给他吃

alive, and put them in front of him.

把活生生的企鹅放到他的面前

She dropped them off, and then they would swim away.

可是只要她一松口，这些企鹅就马上溜之大吉

She'd kind of look at him, like "What are you doing?"

她看着他，心想：“这家伙是不是有病啊”

Go back and get them, and then bring them back

然后又转身给他找来几只企鹅

and drop them in front of him.

又重新看着这些企鹅溜掉

And she did this over the course of a couple of days,

这么干了几天以后

until the point where she got so frustrated with him

她彻底对保罗感到失望了

that she started putting them directly on top of his head.

于是她干脆把企鹅直接送到了他嘴巴边上

(Laughter)

(笑声)

Which just resulted in a fantastic photograph.

于是保罗拍下了这张搞笑的照片

(Laughter)

(笑声)

Eventually, though, Paul thinks that she just figured

保罗觉得这妞当时肯定在想

that he was never going to survive.

这大个子迟早会在海里面给饿死

This is her just puffing out, you know,

最后她只好气呼呼的走了

snorting out in disgust.

看这照片她气肯定不会小到什么地方去

(Laughter)

(笑声)

And lost interest with him, and went back to what she does best.

对他最终丧失信心后，妞回家该干嘛干嘛去了

Paul set out to photograph a relatively

保罗本来是去拍摄一种

mysterious and unknown creature,

神秘而不为人熟知的生物

and came back with not just a collection of photographs,

但最后得到的除了一系列照片之外

but an amazing experience and a great story.

还带回了一次绝佳的体验，一个有趣的故事

It is these kinds of stories,

正是这样一系列的故事

ones that go beyond the immediate or just the superficial

超越了浮光掠影

that demonstrate the power of photojournalism.

向我们真正展示了摄影的力量

I believe that photography can make a real connection to people,

我相信摄影可以成为一种积极的力量

and can be employed as a positive agent

将人们与周遭世界紧密联系在一起

for understanding the challenges and opportunities

让每个人看清我们的世界所面临的挑战

facing our world today.

也让每个人发现我们的世界所拥有的希望

Thank you.

谢谢大家

(Applause)

(鼓掌)