Charles Limb: Your brain on improv

74,850 views ・ 2011-01-05

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Jenny Yang 校对人员: Angelia King
我是一个研究创造力的手术医生,
00:16
So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
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00:18
and I have never had a patient tell me,
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从来没病人跟我说
00:21
"I really want you to be creative during surgery,"
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“我真希望你在手术时搞些创造。”
00:24
and so I guess there's a little bit of irony to it.
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所以我想这也是有点讽刺的。
00:27
I will say though that, after having done surgery a lot,
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我是说,做了那么多手术后,
00:30
it's similar to playing a musical instrument.
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就跟演奏一种乐器一样。
00:32
And for me, this deep and enduring fascination with sound
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对我来说, 对声音的持久而深切的痴迷
00:35
is what led me to both be a surgeon
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引导我成为一个手术医生,
00:37
and to study the science of sound, particularly music.
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并研究声学,特别是音乐的。
所以我想在随后的几分钟里
00:40
I'm going to talk over the next few minutes
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我来讲一下我的职业
00:42
about my career
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00:43
in terms of how I'm able to study music
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我是怎样研究音乐
00:45
and try to grapple with all these questions
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怎样研究大脑是如何进行创造
00:47
of how the brain is able to be creative.
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等问题的。
00:50
I've done most of this work at Johns Hopkins University,
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我的大部分的工作是在約翰斯霍普金斯大学进行的,
00:52
and at the National Institute of Health where I was previously.
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也有些是在我原先工作的国家健康研究所完成的。
我在这里给大家介绍一些科学实验
00:55
I'll go over some science experiments and cover three musical experiments.
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包括三个音乐实验。
我先给大家看一段录像。
00:59
I will start off by playing a video for you.
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这是基思·杰瑞特Keith Jarrett的一段录像,他是著名的即兴爵士作曲家,
01:01
This video is of Keith Jarrett, who's a well-known jazz improviser
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估计他也是能将即兴创造升华到非常高超境界
01:04
and probably the most well-known, iconic example
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的最著名,最有代表性的人物。
01:07
of someone who takes improvisation to a higher level.
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他可以即兴表演一场音乐会
01:09
And he'll improvise entire concerts off the top of his head,
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音乐就在他的大脑里即兴产生,
01:12
and he'll never play it exactly the same way again,
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他不会再用同样的手法演奏第二次。
所以,这是一种创作强度很高的一种形势,
01:15
so as a form of intense creativity,
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我觉得这是一个很好的例子。
01:17
I think this is a great example.
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01:18
And so why don't we go and click the video.
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我们为什么还不点击这视频看看。
01:21
(Music)
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(音乐)
02:17
(Music ends)
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这真是很神奇,精彩的即兴音乐。
02:19
It's really a remarkable thing that happens there.
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我是他的一个忠实的听众, 粉丝,
02:21
I've always as a listener, as a fan,
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我听到这些会感到很震惊。
02:23
I listen to that, and I'm astounded.
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02:24
I think -- how can this possibly be?
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我想:这怎么可能?
02:26
How can the brain generate that much information,
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大脑怎么可能产生这么大量的信息,
同时爆发出这么多音乐?
02:29
that much music, spontaneously?
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02:30
And so I set out with this concept, scientifically,
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所以我从这个概念出发,科学地认为
02:33
that artistic creativity, it's magical, but it's not magic,
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艺术创作,是神奇的,但不是魔术。
它是大脑的产物。
02:37
meaning that it's a product of the brain.
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很少有不动脑子的人创作艺术。
02:39
There's not too many brain-dead people creating art.
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所以艺术创作的产生
02:42
With this notion that artistic creativity is in fact a neurologic product,
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事实上是神经的产物,
02:45
I took this thesis that we could study it
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我开始了这个研究课题
02:48
just like we study any other complex neurologic process,
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就象研究其他复杂神经过程一样。
02:51
and there are subquestions that I put there.
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我想我提出了一些潜在的问题。
02:53
Is it possible to study creativity scientifically?
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我们是否能科学地研究创作力?
02:55
And I think that's a good question.
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我觉得这是一个很好的问题。
02:57
And I'll tell you that most scientific studies of music,
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我想告诉你大多数的音乐科学研究
03:00
they're very dense,
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都很高深莫测。
03:02
and when you go through them,
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你很难在那些研究材料中发现音乐。
03:03
it's very hard to recognize the music in it.
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03:05
In fact, they seem to be unmusical entirely
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事实上, 它们完全是非音乐的
03:07
and to miss the point of the music.
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完全丧失了音乐性。
03:09
This brings the second question:
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这就带来了第二个问题:
03:11
Why should scientists study creativity?
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为什么科学家研究创造力?
03:13
Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
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也许我们不是解答这问题的合适人选。
03:15
(Laughter)
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也可能是,
03:16
Well it may be, but I will say that, from a scientific perspective,
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但是我要说的是, 从科学的观点出发
03:19
we talked a lot about innovation today,
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我们今天谈论了很多有关发明创造的话题--
03:21
the science of innovation,
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科学发明,
03:23
how much we understand about how the brain is able to innovate
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我们对大脑是如何创造的了解
才刚起步。
03:26
is in its infancy,
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03:27
and truly, we know very little about how we are able to be creative.
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其实,我们对我们是怎样创造的知之甚少。
03:30
I think that we're going to see,
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所以我们会在
03:32
over the next 10, 20, 30 years,
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今后的10,20,30年间看见
03:34
a real science of creativity that's burgeoning
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一个真正现实的科学创造力会从兴起走向繁荣。
03:36
and is going to flourish,
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03:37
Because we now have new methods that can enable us
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我们现在有了新的手法帮助我们
将向这样的一个过程过渡,
03:40
to take this process like complex jazz improvisation,
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一个复杂的即兴爵士乐创造的过程,并严格地分析研究它。
03:42
and study it rigorously.
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所以说到大脑,
03:44
So it gets down to the brain.
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我们所有的人都有一个非凡的大脑,
03:46
All of us have this remarkable brain,
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至少现在来说,我们对它的了解是非常有限的。
03:48
which is poorly understood, to say the least.
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03:50
I think that neuroscientists have more questions than answers,
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我想神经学家
的问题比答案要多。
03:54
and I'm not going to give you answers today,
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而我今天也没办法给你很多答案,
03:56
just ask a lot of questions.
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只能提出很多问题。
03:58
And that's what I do in my lab.
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这也是基本上我在实验室做的事情。
03:59
I ask questions about what is the brain doing to enable us to do this.
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我追问到底大脑做了什么使得我们能做这些事情。
这是我用的主要方法,这是功能性的核磁共振成像。
04:03
This is the main method that I use. This is functional MRI.
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如果你用过核磁共振成像扫描仪,它们是一样的,
04:06
If you've been in an MRI scanner, it's very much the same,
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04:08
but this one is outfitted in a special way to not just take pictures of your brain,
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但是这个有特殊的配备
所以它不只是给你的大脑拍照,
04:12
but to also take pictures of active areas of the brain.
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而且给大脑活跃的区域拍照。
04:15
The way that's done is by the following:
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整个完成的过程如下,
04:17
There's something called BOLD imaging,
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这是叫做BOLD成像,
04:19
which is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent imaging.
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它代表血液氧气水平成像。
现在如果你在功能性核磁共振扫描仪中,
04:22
When you're in an fMRI scanner, you're in a big magnet
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你在一个大磁场里
04:25
that's aligning your molecules in certain areas.
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这是和你的一些特别区域的分子对应。
04:27
When an area of the brain is active, meaning a neural area is active,
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当大脑活跃时,也就是神经区域活跃时,
血液会往那个区域流动。
04:31
it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
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04:33
That blood flow causes an increase in local blood to that area
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血液流动会导致那个
区域的血液增加
04:37
with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration.
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导致脱氧血红蛋白的浓度发生变化。
04:40
Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
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核磁共振扫描仪可以探测脱氧血红蛋白,
但不能探测氧合血红蛋白。
04:43
whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
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04:44
So through this method of inference --
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所以用这种手法来推理
04:46
and we're measuring blood flow, not neural activity --
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我们测量血液的流动,不是神经的活动。
我们可以说大脑的某个部分得到了更多的血液,
04:49
we say that an area of the brain that's getting more blood
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这个部分在人做某些事情时特别活跃。
04:52
was active during a particular task, and that's the crux of how fMRI works.
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这就是功能磁共振成像的关键。
这从90年代就被使用
04:55
And it's been used since the '90s to study really complex processes.
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用来研究复杂的过程。
04:59
I'm going to review a study that I did, which was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
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现在我来介绍我做的一个研究
是关于爵士的功能磁共振成像。
05:03
It was done with a colleague, Alan Braun, at the NIH.
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这是我和我的同事阿兰·布朗Alan Braun一起在国家健康研究所做的。
05:05
This is a short video of how we did this project.
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这是我们如果做这个实验的一段录像。
05:08
(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboard
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(录像)查尔斯·林普Charles Limb: 这是一个塑料的MIDI琴键键盘
我们用它来做爵士实验。
05:11
that we use for the jazz experiments.
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05:12
And it's a 35-key keyboard
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它有35个键
05:14
designed to fit both inside the scanner,
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是为了可以在扫描仪中使用而设计的,
它保证磁控安全,
05:17
be magnetically safe,
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05:18
have minimal interference that would contribute to any artifact,
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并将可能造成影响的人为干扰
减到最小,
05:22
and have this cushion so that it can rest on the players' legs
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这个垫子可以放在演奏者的腿上,
05:25
while they're lying down in the scanner, playing on their back.
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他们在扫描仪中,他们是躺着弹琴的。
05:28
It works like this -- this doesn't actually produce any sound.
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这是像这样工作的,它并不产生声音。
05:31
It sends out what's called a MIDI signal --
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它传递所谓的MIDI信号
也称为乐器数字界面,
05:34
or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface --
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通过这个电线传到盒子和计算机中,
05:36
through these wires into the box and then the computer,
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05:38
which then trigger high-quality piano samples like this.
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然后产生了象这样高质量钢琴声。
05:41
(Music)
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(音乐)
(音乐)
05:48
(Music)
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06:07
(Music ends)
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06:09
OK, so it works.
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CL:好的, 它是这样工作的。
06:11
And so through this piano keyboard,
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所以通过钢琴的琴键,
06:13
we have the means to take a musical process and study it.
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我们可以有办法记录音乐的过程来进行研究。
所以你有了这个很酷的钢琴琴键后干什么呢?
06:16
So what do you do now that you have this cool piano keyboard?
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06:18
You can't just say, "It's great we have a keyboard."
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你不能说:“太好了,我们有了键盘了。”
我们得想出真正的科学实验。
06:21
We have to come up with a scientific experiment.
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实验其实是由以下的内容组成的。
06:23
The experiment really rests on the following:
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06:26
What happens in the brain during something that's memorized and over-learned,
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大脑在人们靠记忆演奏熟知的音乐时是怎样反应的?
06:29
and what happens in the brain during something
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大脑在演奏者自发和即兴创作
时又是如何反应的?
06:32
that is spontaneously generated, or improvised,
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从某个角度来说这与肌肉运动相匹配
06:34
in a way that's matched motorically
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并符合低级感知运动的特征吗?
06:36
and in terms of lower-level sensory motor features?
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我这里有一段范例。
06:39
I have here what we call the paradigms.
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06:41
There's a scale paradigm, which is playing a scale up and down, memorized,
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这是一段音阶范例, 只需要跟了音阶上下, 记住就行。
而这是对这段音阶的即兴发挥,
06:45
then there's improvising on a scale,
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06:46
quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
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4分音符, 节拍器和右手,
06:48
scientifically very safe,
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科学上来说很妥当,
06:50
but musically really boring.
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但是从音乐上来说很单调。
06:52
Then there's the bottom one, which is called the jazz paradigm.
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底下的这个,叫做爵士范例。
我们把专业的爵士乐演奏者请到国家健康研究中心,
06:55
So we brought professional jazz players to the NIH,
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我们让他们记住左边的这段音乐,左下
06:57
and we had them memorize this piece of music on the lower-left,
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就是你听到我弹的这段,
07:00
which is what you heard me playing --
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然后我们让他们用同样的和音来即兴发挥。
07:02
and we had them improvise to the same chord changes.
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如果你能按右下角的按钮,
07:05
And if you can hit that lower-right sound icon,
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这就是扫描仪录下的例子。
07:07
that's an example of what was recorded in the scanner.
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(音乐)
07:10
(Music)
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07:35
(Music ends)
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说到底,这并不是最自然的环境,
07:37
In the end, it's not the most natural environment,
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但是他们能弹奏真的音乐。
07:39
but they're able to play real music.
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我已经听了这段独奏200遍了,
07:41
And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
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我还是喜欢它。
07:43
and I still like it.
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07:44
And the musicians were comfortable in the end.
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音乐家们最后也感到挺舒适。
我们首先测量音符数量。
07:47
We first measured the number of notes.
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07:48
Were they playing more notes when they were improvising?
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他们在即兴创作时会演奏很多音符吗?
结果不是这样。
07:51
That was not what was going on.
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然后我们查看了大脑的活动。
07:53
And then we looked at the brain activity.
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我来把这个给你们压缩在一起。
07:55
I will try to condense this for you.
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这些对比图展示了大脑在
07:57
These are contrast maps that are showing subtractions between what changes
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在你做即兴创作时
08:00
when you're improvising vs. when you're doing something memorized.
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和你在做熟记的事情时的不同。
08:03
In red is an area that's active in the prefrontal cortex,
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左前头叶外皮的一个活跃地区呈红色,
这是在大脑的前叶。
08:06
the frontal lobe of the brain,
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08:07
and in blue is this area that was deactivated.
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蓝色的地区是不活跃地区。
所以我们看到这个前额皮质一侧是一个焦点
08:10
So we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex
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活跃程度很高。
08:13
that went way up in activity.
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我们可以看到这前额皮质的这一侧一大块
08:14
We had this broad patch of area called the lateral prefrontal cortex
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活跃程度很低, 我在这里为你们总结一下。
08:17
that went way down in activity,
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08:19
I'll summarize that for you.
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这是大脑的多功能区域。
08:20
These are multifunctional areas of the brain,
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像我说的那样, 这不是大脑的爵士部分。
08:22
these are not the jazz areas of the brain.
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它们担当了很多的事情
08:25
They do a whole host of things
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包括自省,
08:27
that have to do with self-reflection,
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08:28
introspection, working memory etc.
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内省, 工作记忆等。
人的意识其实是处于大脑前叶。
08:31
Really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe.
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08:33
But we have this combination
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但是我们发现这些联系在一起的
08:35
of an area that's thought to be involved in self-monitoring, turning off,
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主管自我控制的区域关闭了,
而这个代表自传
08:39
and this area that's thought to be autobiographical,
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自我表达的区域活跃起来。
08:41
or self-expressive, turning on.
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所以我们想,至少初步是这么想,
08:43
We think, at least in this preliminary --
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这只是一个研究, 可能是错误的。
08:45
it's one study; it's probably wrong, but it's one study --
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但是这是一个研究成果。
08:48
(Laughter)
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我想至少是一个合理的解说
08:49
we think that at least a reasonable hypothesis
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就是, 要有创造力,
08:52
is that, to be creative,
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08:53
you should have this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe.
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你需要跟你的大脑前叶达成这种奇怪的分离。
一个区域打开了,一个大的区域关闭了,
08:56
One area turns on, and a big area shuts off,
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因此你会感到不受局限的, 你愿意犯错,
08:58
so that you're not inhibited, you're willing to make mistakes,
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而不是老是去停止尝试
09:01
so that you're not constantly shutting down
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所有新创造的冲动。
09:03
all of these new generative impulses.
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09:05
Now a lot of people know that music is not always a solo activity --
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很多人都知道音乐不总是一个单独的活动,
有的时候它是通过沟通合作完成的。
09:09
sometimes it's done communicatively.
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所以下面的一个问题是:
09:11
The next question was:
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09:12
What happens when musicians are trading back and forth,
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当音乐家们互相弹奏音乐时大脑是怎样活动的呢?
09:14
something called "trading fours,"
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有种手法叫四小节交换,
09:16
which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment.
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这是种在爵士乐中常用的方法吗?
这是一个12小节的爵士。
09:19
So this is a 12-bar blues,
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09:20
and I've broken it down into four-bar groups,
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这里我把它分成四小节一组,
09:22
so you would know how you would trade.
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所以你知道怎么切换。
09:24
We brought a musician into the scanner, same way,
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我们用同样的办法把一个音乐人安排到扫描仪中,
让他记住这段旋律
09:27
had them memorize this melody
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09:28
then had another musician out in the control room
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然后让另一个演奏者在控制室
跟他前后交互演奏。
09:31
trading back and forth interactively.
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09:33
So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
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这是那个音乐家,迈克·蒲柏Mike Pope,
09:35
one of the world's best bassists and a fantastic piano player.
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世界上最好的贝斯手, 一个奇妙的钢琴手。
09:38
(Music)
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他现在在弹的这一段
09:45
He's now playing the piece that we just saw
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我们要看见的这一段
09:47
a little better than I wrote it.
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只不过他弹得音乐比我写的音乐要好点。
09:49
(Video) CL: Mike, come on in.
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(视频) CL:迈克Mile, 请进。 ( 男人:愿力量与你同在。)
09:51
Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
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护士:你口袋里没其他东西吧,迈克Mike?
09:52
Nurse: Nothing in your pockets, Mike?
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迈克·蒲柏Mike Pope: 没有, 我口袋里没东西。(护士:好的。)
09:54
MP: No. Nothing's in my pockets.
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10:05
CL: You have to have the right attitude to agree to do it.
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CL:你答应做这个实验时需要有正确的态度。
(笑声)
10:08
(Laughter)
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10:09
It's kind of fun, actually.
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这其实挺好玩的。
10:11
(Music)
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现在我们开始互相交互弹奏。
10:13
Now we're playing back and forth.
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他在里面, 你可以看见他的腿在那儿。
10:15
He's in there. You can see his legs up there.
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10:17
(Music)
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10:18
And then I'm in the control room here, playing back and forth.
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而我在控制室, 我们弹来弹去。
10:21
(Music)
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(音乐)
10:31
(Music ends)
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10:33
(Video) Mike Pope: This is a pretty good representation
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(视频)迈克·蒲柏Mike Pope:这很好的代表了
10:36
of what it's like.
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演奏的状态。
10:38
And it's good that it's not too quick.
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而且曲子不是太快,这很好。
10:40
The fact that we do it over and over again
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我们之所以一遍又一遍地实验
是为了让你熟悉新的环境。
10:43
lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
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那个头套对我来说,让我有点行动不便,
10:47
So the hardest thing for me was the kinesthetic thing,
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10:49
looking at my hands through two mirrors,
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我通过两边的镜子
看见我的手,
10:53
laying on my back,
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我仰面躺着
10:55
and not able to move at all except for my hand.
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除了手我完全不能动。
10:57
That was challenging.
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这是很有挑战性的。
10:59
But again --
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但是再说了,
有些时刻,真的,
11:02
there were moments, for sure --
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有一些时刻
11:05
(Laughter)
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11:06
there were moments of real, honest-to-God musical interplay, for sure.
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你会感到绝对发自内心地,诚挚地与音乐交流,真的。
CL:到此, 我来回顾一下。
11:11
CL: At this point, I'll take a few moments.
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你们到底看到了什么,
11:13
So what you're seeing here --
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11:14
and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
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而我在犯科学之大忌,
给你们展示初步的数据。
11:17
which is to show you preliminary data.
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11:18
This is one subject's data.
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这只是一个实验的数据。
11:20
This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
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这是,事实上,迈克·蒲柏Mike Pope的数据。
11:22
So what am I showing you here?
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所以我在这里给你看的是什么呢?
11:23
When he was trading fours with me, improvising vs. memorized,
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当他在跟我交换四小节的演奏时, 靠的是即兴不是记忆,
他的语言部分亮了起来,他的布洛卡区域
11:28
his language areas lit up, his Broca's area,
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11:30
in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
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就是他左脑的前方下面的脑回。
11:32
He had it also homologous on the right.
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其实他右脑边的同源也有同样的表现。
11:34
This is an area thought to be involved in expressive communication.
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这个区域被认为是有关于表达和交流的。
音乐是语言的想法,
11:38
This whole notion that music is a language --
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说到底大概是具有神经学基础的,
11:40
maybe there's a neurologic basis to it after all,
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11:42
and we can see it when two musicians are having a musical conversation.
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我们可以通过两个音乐人的音乐交流看到这结论。
11:45
So we've done this on eight subjects now,
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我们已经对8个对象做了类似的实验,
11:47
and we're getting all the data together,
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我们收集了所有的数据。
11:49
hopefully we'll have something to say about it meaningfully.
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希望我们可以能从中得出一些有意义的结论。
当我们说到即兴和语言时,我们还会想到什么呢?
11:52
Now when I think about improvisation and the language, what's next?
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说唱,当然, 说唱
11:55
Rap, of course, rap -- freestyle.
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自由式说唱。
11:58
I've always been fascinated by freestyle.
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我一直感到自由式说唱的形势很奇妙。
让我们在这里放一段录像。
12:01
And let's play this video.
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12:02
(Video) Mos Def: Brown skin I be, standing five-ten I be
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(视频)摩斯·戴夫Mos Def:♫ ... 我是粽皮肤,我有五英尺十英寸高... brown skin I be, standing five-ten I be ♫
♫ 当我在你附近摇滚时Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity ♫
12:05
Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity
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12:07
Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry
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♫ 整体协同,相互认识Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry ♫
♫ 来吧试着伤害我,让我伤心欲绝Go and try to injure me, broke 'em down chemically ♫
12:10
Go and try to injure me, broke 'em down chemically
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12:12
Ain't the number 10 MC, talk about how been I be
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♫ 提及10 M.C.号码,谈到的正是我Ain't the number 10 M.C., talk about how been I be ♫
♫ 像肯尼迪的风格,在夜里10点到3点Styled it like Kennedy, late like a 10 to three ♫
12:15
Styled it like Kennedy, late like a 10 to three
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12:17
When I say when I be, girls say bend that key cut
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♫ 当我说我自己时,女孩们随声附和When I say when I be, girls say bend that key cut ♫
12:20
CL: So there's a lot of analogy
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CL: 所以自由式说唱和爵士乐之间
12:22
between what takes place in freestyle rap and jazz.
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有很大的相似之处。
12:24
There are a lot of correlates between the two forms of music,
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事实上,我觉得在不同的时代,这两种音乐有很多相关的地方
12:27
I think, in different time periods, in lot of ways,
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在很多方面, 说唱实现了很多爵士曾经
12:30
rap serves the same social function that jazz used to serve.
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担当的社会功能。
所以我们该怎样科学地研究说唱呢?
12:33
So how do you study rap scientifically?
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我同事觉得我很疯狂,
12:35
And my colleagues think I'm crazy, but I think it's very viable.
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但是我觉得这是可行的。
12:38
This is what you do:
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这是你要做的:你请一个自由说唱的艺术家来
12:39
You have a freestyle artist come and memorize a rap
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记住你为他们写好的说唱词,
12:42
that you write for them,
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他们以前从来没听说过这种说唱词,
12:43
that they've never heard before, and then you have them freestyle.
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然后你让他们自由发挥。
12:46
So I told my lab members that I would rap for TED,
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我告诉我实验室成员说我会在TED讲台说唱,
他们说:“不会吧,你不会真正说唱吧。”
12:49
and they said, "No, you won't."
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然后我想--
12:51
And then I thought --
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12:52
(Laughter)
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(掌声)
12:53
(Applause)
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这说唱词就在
12:59
But here's the thing.
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13:00
With this big screen, you can all rap with me. OK?
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这大屏幕,你们可以跟我一起说唱,行吗?
13:03
So what we had them do
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所以我们让他们做的是
13:05
was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please.
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请他们记住左下角的声音记号。
这是控制的条件。这是他们记住的说唱。
13:08
This is the control condition. This is what they memorized.
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计算机:♫ 记忆,即兴说唱Memory, thump. ♫
13:11
Computer: Memory, thump.
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CL: ♫熟知一个重复节拍来动感说唱Thump of the beat in a known repeat ♫
13:13
CL: Thump of the beat in a known repeat
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13:15
Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete
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♫节奏和韵律使我能完美说唱Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete ♫
13:18
The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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♫当我即兴说唱时,我就如同攀登上了高峰一样兴奋The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic ♫
13:20
Spittin' rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike
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♫ 这押韵的即兴表演就如同你被雷击一样Spittin' rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike ♫
13:22
Computer: Search.
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♫我在这永恒追寻中寻求真理I search for the truth in this eternal quest ♫
13:24
CL: I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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♫ 我的激情可不等同于我的时尚,大家可能看出我不怎么打扮My passion's not fashion, you can see how I'm dressed ♫
13:26
My passion's not fashion, you can see how I'm dressed
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♫ 在我脑海中有些胡思乱语Psychopathic words, in my head appear ♫
13:29
Psychopathic words in my head appear
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13:31
Whisper these lyrics only I can hear
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♫ 这些微妙的细语只有我能理解Whisper these lyrics only I can hear ♫
13:33
Computer: Art.
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13:34
CL: The art of discovering and that which is hovering
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♫ 对艺术的探索我还在徘徊的路上The art of discovering and that which is hovering ♫
♫ 在未知的内心深处Inside the mind of those unconfined ♫
13:37
Inside the mind of those unconfined
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13:39
All of these words keep pouring out like rain
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♫ 所有这些轻声细语像才思泉涌一样不断地迸出All of these words keep pouring out like rain ♫
13:42
I need a mad scientist to check my brain
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♫我需要一个疯狂的科学家来了解我才思泉涌的大脑I need a mad scientist to check my brain ♫
13:45
Computer: Stop.
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(掌声)
13:46
(Applause)
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我向你们保证,这不会再发生了。
13:55
I guarantee you that will never happen again.
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13:57
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
13:59
So now, what's great about these free-stylers,
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这些自由式说唱家的伟大之处是
14:01
they will get cued different words.
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你给他们不同的说唱词,他们也能演绎。
14:03
They don't know what's coming,
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他们不知道你给他们什么样的说唱词,但是他们听了以后,会马上即兴发挥。
14:05
but they'll hear something off the cuff.
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请按一下右边那个声音图标。
14:07
Go hit that right sound icon,
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我们会给他们方框里的这些词'喜欢like', '不not','头head'。
14:08
there will be cued three square words: like, not and head.
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他们不知道接下来的词会是什么。
14:11
He doesn't know what's coming. Computer: Like.
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自由式说唱者:♫ 我有点像那些自由人士I'm like some kind of Freedom Beings ♫
14:13
Freestyler: I'm like some kind of
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♫ 外星人,天文奇观[unclear] extraterrestrial, celestial scene ♫
14:15
extraterrestrial, celestial scene
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14:17
Back in the days, I used to sit in pyramids and meditate
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♫ 回首往事,我曾坐在金字塔边冥想Back in the days, I used to sit in pyramids and meditate ♫
14:20
With two microphones -- Computer: Head
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♫ 在我头上盘旋着2个麦克风With two microphones hovering over my head ♫
14:22
hovering over my head
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♫ 看看我是否能听到一些声音,即兴说唱See if I could still listen, spittin' off the sound ♫
14:24
See if I could still listen,
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14:25
spittin' off the sound
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14:26
See what you grinning
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♫ 看着大家在嬉笑See what you grinning ♫
14:27
I teach the children in the back of the classroom
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♫ 我在教室后面教学生I teach the children in the back of the classroom ♫
14:30
About the message of apocalyptical
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♫ 有关启示论的福音About the message of apocalyptical ♫
14:32
Computer: Not.
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1160
14:33
Not really though, 'cause I've got to keep it simple
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♫ 不是说真的,因为我要使它变简单Not really though, cuz I've got to keep it simple ♫
14:36
instrumental
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♫ 乐器[unclear] instrumental ♫
14:38
Detrimental playing Super Mario
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♫ 打超级玛利游戏有害Detrimental playing Super Mario ♫
14:41
boxes [unclear] hip hop
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♫ 音乐盒子 嘻哈Hip Hop[unclear] boxes [unclear] hip hop ♫
14:44
Computer: Stop.
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14:45
CL: It's an incredible thing that's taking place.
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CL: 令人难以置信的事情又发生了。
从神经学角度来讲,这些事情是有显著意义的。
14:48
It's doing something neurologically remarkable.
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无论你是否喜欢音乐,
14:50
Whether or not you like the music is irrelevant.
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仅从创造性的角度来说, 这也是非凡的。
14:52
Creatively speaking, it's just a phenomenal thing.
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这一小段录像记录了我们怎样用扫描仪的。
14:55
This is a short video of how we do this in a scanner.
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(笑声)
14:57
[fMRI of Hip-Hop Rap]
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14:59
(Laughter)
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(视频) CL: 我们和伊曼纽尔Emmanuel在一起。
15:00
(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
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CL:顺便提一句, 这是从扫描仪里记录的。
15:02
CL: That was recorded in the scanner, by the way.
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(视频) CL: 这是伊曼纽尔Emmanuel 在扫描仪中的视频。
15:04
(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel in the scanner.
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他仅记住了一段韵律。
15:07
He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
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15:10
[Control Condition Memorized Verses]
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伊曼纽尔Emmanuel: ♫ 最棒的动感说唱不需要重复Top of the beat with no repeat ♫
15:13
Emmanuel: Top of the beat with no repeat
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15:15
Rhythm and rhyme make me complete
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♫ 节奏和韵律使我能完美地说唱Rhythm and rhyme make me complete ♫
15:18
Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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♫ 当我即兴说唱时,我就如同攀登上了高峰一样兴奋Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic ♫
15:21
Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you like a lightning strike
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♫ 这押韵的即兴表演就如同你被雷击一样Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you like a lightning strike ♫
♫ 我在这永恒追寻中寻求真理I search for the truth in this eternal quest ♫
15:24
Computer: Search.
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15:25
I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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♫ 我的激情可不等同于我的时尚,大家可能看出我不怎么打扮I'm passing on fashion; you can see how I'm dressed ♫
15:27
I'm passing on fashion; you can see how I'm dressed
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CL:好的, 就在这里结束吧。你们看见他的大脑发生了什么呢?
15:30
CL: I'm going to stop that there; so what do we see in his brain?
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这其实是四个说唱家的大脑记录。
15:33
This is four rappers' brains.
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15:34
And we do see language areas lighting up,
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我们看见了什么?我们看见了语言部分很活跃,
15:36
but then, eyes closed --
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但是当他们闭了眼睛,
15:38
when you are freestyling vs. memorizing,
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自由式发挥而不是单纯记忆时,
15:41
you've got major visual areas lighting up.
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你看见视觉区域也活跃起来。
15:43
You've got major cerebellar activity, which is involved in motor coordination.
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你看见大量协调运动的小脑活动。
如果将有创造性的活动和单纯记忆的活动来比较
15:47
You have heightened brain activity when you're doing a comparable task,
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大脑活动在做创造性活动时更为活跃。
15:50
when that one task is creative and the other task is memorized.
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15:53
It's very preliminary, but I think it's kind of cool.
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这还是很初步的研究, 但是我觉得很酷。
总之,我们还有很多问题可以引申。
15:56
To conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask,
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15:58
and like I said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them.
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正如我说的, 我们到这里来是提出问题的, 而不是回答问题的。
16:01
But we want to get at the root of what is creative genius neurologically,
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但是我们想从神经学的角度来了解创造天才的真相。
我认为, 用这些手法,我们跟目标更接近了。
16:05
and I think, with these methods, we're getting close.
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16:07
And I think, hopefully in the next 10, 20 years,
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我希望在今后的10,20年间,
你会看见真正有意义的研究,
16:10
you'll see real, meaningful studies
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它是说科学要追赶上艺术,
16:12
that say science has to catch up to art,
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16:15
and maybe we're starting now to get there.
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也许我们可以从现在开始追赶这个目标。
16:17
Thank you for your time, I appreciate it.
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谢谢你们费时听我的演讲,我很感激。
16:19
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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