Charles Limb: Your brain on improv

75,240 views ใƒป 2011-01-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : J J LEE
์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
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00:18
and I have never had a patient tell me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜์ž๋„ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
00:21
"I really want you to be creative during surgery,"
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"์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š”."
00:24
and so I guess there's a little bit of irony to it.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
I will say though that, after having done surgery a lot,
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:30
it's similar to playing a musical instrument.
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์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
And for me, this deep and enduring fascination with sound
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊นŠ๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด
00:35
is what led me to both be a surgeon
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™,
00:37
and to study the science of sound, particularly music.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์Œ์•…์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋Œ์–ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•… ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ
00:40
I'm going to talk over the next few minutes
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
00:42
about my career
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00:43
in terms of how I'm able to study music
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:45
and try to grapple with all these questions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—
00:47
of how the brain is able to be creative.
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๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ ์ด๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
I've done most of this work at Johns Hopkins University,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ,
00:52
and at the National Institute of Health where I was previously.
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์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
00:55
I'll go over some science experiments and cover three musical experiments.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Œ์•…์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
I will start off by playing a video for you.
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์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์ด๊ณ 
01:01
This video is of Keith Jarrett, who's a well-known jazz improviser
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:04
and probably the most well-known, iconic example
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์ด๋“ค ์ค‘, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
of someone who takes improvisation to a higher level.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
01:09
And he'll improvise entire concerts off the top of his head,
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์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
01:12
and he'll never play it exactly the same way again,
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ,
01:15
so as a form of intense creativity,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
I think this is a great example.
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01:18
And so why don't we go and click the video.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:21
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
02:17
(Music ends)
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
It's really a remarkable thing that happens there.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฒฝ์ฒญ์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ์ € ํŒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
I've always as a listener, as a fan,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ง ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
I listen to that, and I'm astounded.
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02:24
I think -- how can this possibly be?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ: ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€?
02:26
How can the brain generate that much information,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์Œ์•…์„
์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€?
02:29
that much music, spontaneously?
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02:30
And so I set out with this concept, scientifically,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:33
that artistic creativity, it's magical, but it's not magic,
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋‡Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
meaning that it's a product of the brain.
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๋‡Œ์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
There's not too many brain-dead people creating art.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
02:42
With this notion that artistic creativity is in fact a neurologic product,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ 
02:45
I took this thesis that we could study it
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:48
just like we study any other complex neurologic process,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
and there are subquestions that I put there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Is it possible to study creativity scientifically?
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:55
And I think that's a good question.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐธ ์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
02:57
And I'll tell you that most scientific studies of music,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:00
they're very dense,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
and when you go through them,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์Œ์•…์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
it's very hard to recognize the music in it.
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03:05
In fact, they seem to be unmusical entirely
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์— ์†Œ์–‘์ด ์—†๊ณ ,
03:07
and to miss the point of the music.
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์Œ์•…์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
This brings the second question:
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
03:11
Why should scientists study creativity?
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์™œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
03:13
Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
(Laughter)
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๋ญ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Well it may be, but I will say that, from a scientific perspective,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:19
we talked a lot about innovation today,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ฒฌ์ง€์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™,
03:21
the science of innovation,
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๊ทธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
03:23
how much we understand about how the brain is able to innovate
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ํ˜์‹ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
is in its infancy,
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03:27
and truly, we know very little about how we are able to be creative.
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์ง„์งœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
I think that we're going to see,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ 10๋…„, 20๋…„, 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
03:32
over the next 10, 20, 30 years,
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๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ 
03:34
a real science of creativity that's burgeoning
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
and is going to flourish,
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03:37
Because we now have new methods that can enable us
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์˜
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜
03:40
to take this process like complex jazz improvisation,
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์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
and study it rigorously.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So it gets down to the brain.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
03:46
All of us have this remarkable brain,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
which is poorly understood, to say the least.
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03:50
I think that neuroscientists have more questions than answers,
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋‹ต๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
and I'm not going to give you answers today,
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์ € ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋„, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ต์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
03:56
just ask a lot of questions.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋งŒ ๋˜์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
And that's what I do in my lab.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
I ask questions about what is the brain doing to enable us to do this.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก, ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ MRI๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:03
This is the main method that I use. This is functional MRI.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ(MRI) ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ,
04:06
If you've been in an MRI scanner, it's very much the same,
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04:08
but this one is outfitted in a special way to not just take pictures of your brain,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:12
but to also take pictures of active areas of the brain.
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๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
The way that's done is by the following:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
There's something called BOLD imaging,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์ธ BOLD ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
04:19
which is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent imaging.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ MRI ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:22
When you're in an fMRI scanner, you're in a big magnet
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ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
04:25
that's aligning your molecules in certain areas.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ž์„ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
When an area of the brain is active, meaning a neural area is active,
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๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
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04:33
That blood flow causes an increase in local blood to that area
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๊ทธ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์˜
๋””์˜ฅ์‹œํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์˜ ๋†๋„
04:37
with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
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๋””์˜ฅ์‹œํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์€ MRI์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
๊ทธ์—๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐํ™” ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์€ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
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04:44
So through this method of inference --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ--
04:46
and we're measuring blood flow, not neural activity --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€์š”--
ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ž‘์—… ๋„์ค‘์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด
04:49
we say that an area of the brain that's getting more blood
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ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
was active during a particular task, and that's the crux of how fMRI works.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ(fMRI)๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ •๋ง ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
04:55
And it's been used since the '90s to study really complex processes.
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90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
I'm going to review a study that I did, which was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
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์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ MRI ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š”
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
It was done with a colleague, Alan Braun, at the NIH.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” NIH ์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ž€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
This is a short video of how we did this project.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งง์€ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboard
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฆผ: ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ
ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ฏธ๋”” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
that we use for the jazz experiments.
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05:12
And it's a 35-key keyboard
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก,
05:14
designed to fit both inside the scanner,
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์ž๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ
35ํ‚ค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ์„œ
05:17
be magnetically safe,
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05:18
have minimal interference that would contribute to any artifact,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์—๋„ ๋งž์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:22
and have this cushion so that it can rest on the players' legs
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์ฟ ์…˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
05:25
while they're lying down in the scanner, playing on their back.
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์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
It works like this -- this doesn't actually produce any sound.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
It sends out what's called a MIDI signal --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋””(MIDI) ์‹œ๊ทธ๋„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
์•…๊ธฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:34
or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface --
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์ด ์ „์„ ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
05:36
through these wires into the box and then the computer,
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05:38
which then trigger high-quality piano samples like this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ์Œ์งˆ์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
(์Œ์•…)
05:48
(Music)
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06:07
(Music ends)
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06:09
OK, so it works.
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CL: ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
06:11
And so through this piano keyboard,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ,
06:13
we have the means to take a musical process and study it.
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์ด์ œ ์Œ์•…์  ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ์ทจํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:16
So what do you do now that you have this cool piano keyboard?
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06:18
You can't just say, "It's great we have a keyboard."
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹จ์ง€ --"์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ง ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๊ตฐ." ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
We have to come up with a scientific experiment.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
The experiment really rests on the following:
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06:26
What happens in the brain during something that's memorized and over-learned,
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์•”๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”,
06:29
and what happens in the brain during something
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ์œก ์šด๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
06:32
that is spontaneously generated, or improvised,
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ‰ํฅ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š”
06:34
in a way that's matched motorically
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๋™์•ˆ์— ๋‘๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
06:36
and in terms of lower-level sensory motor features?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
I have here what we call the paradigms.
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06:41
There's a scale paradigm, which is playing a scale up and down, memorized,
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์Œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์•”๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ๊ณ„์˜ ์–‘์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์Œํ‘œ, ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋†ˆ์˜
06:45
then there's improvising on a scale,
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06:46
quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ฐฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:48
scientifically very safe,
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์Œ์•…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ
06:50
but musically really boring.
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์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์Œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Then there's the bottom one, which is called the jazz paradigm.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์–‘์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ NIH๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ,
06:55
So we brought professional jazz players to the NIH,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์Œ์•… ํ•œ๊ณก์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•”๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ--
06:57
and we had them memorize this piece of music on the lower-left,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ €์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
07:00
which is what you heard me playing --
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
and we had them improvise to the same chord changes.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ € ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด
07:05
And if you can hit that lower-right sound icon,
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์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
that's an example of what was recorded in the scanner.
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(์Œ์•…)
07:10
(Music)
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07:35
(Music ends)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จ„,
07:37
In the end, it's not the most natural environment,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์งœ ์Œ์•…์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
but they're able to play real music.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†”๋กœ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ 200๋ฒˆ์€ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:41
And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
and I still like it.
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07:44
And the musicians were comfortable in the end.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋А๊ผˆ์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์Œํ‘œ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
We first measured the number of notes.
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07:48
Were they playing more notes when they were improvising?
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์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์Œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
That was not what was going on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
And then we looked at the brain activity.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
I will try to condense this for you.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ์•”๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
07:57
These are contrast maps that are showing subtractions between what changes
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์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
08:00
when you're improvising vs. when you're doing something memorized.
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์ฐจ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
In red is an area that's active in the prefrontal cortex,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(ๅ‰้ ญ่‘‰) ํ”ผ์งˆ,
๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ(ๅ‰้ ญ่‘‰) ์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
the frontal lobe of the brain,
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08:07
and in blue is this area that was deactivated.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ ํ”ผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:10
So we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ค‘์  ์˜์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
that went way up in activity.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ธก๋ฉด ์ „๋‘์—ฝ ํ”ผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„“์€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด
08:14
We had this broad patch of area called the lateral prefrontal cortex
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ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
that went way down in activity,
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08:19
I'll summarize that for you.
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
These are multifunctional areas of the brain,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
these are not the jazz areas of the brain.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์˜, ์ž๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ,
08:25
They do a whole host of things
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์ž‘๋™ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
08:27
that have to do with self-reflection,
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08:28
introspection, working memory etc.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜์‹์€ ์ „ ๋‘์—ฝ๋‚ด์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe.
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08:33
But we have this combination
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ฃผ์‹œ, ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
08:35
of an area that's thought to be involved in self-monitoring, turning off,
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์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ž์„œ์ „์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์ ์ธ,
์ผœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„
08:39
and this area that's thought to be autobiographical,
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
or self-expressive, turning on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ
08:43
We think, at least in this preliminary --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
it's one study; it's probably wrong, but it's one study --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด์ฃ .
08:48
(Laughter)
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ์—
08:49
we think that at least a reasonable hypothesis
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ„์—ด์„
08:52
is that, to be creative,
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08:53
you should have this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  ํฐ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋‹ซํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์„œ,
08:56
One area turns on, and a big area shuts off,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
08:58
so that you're not inhibited, you're willing to make mistakes,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์  ์ž๊ทน๋“ค์„
09:01
so that you're not constantly shutting down
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ซ์•„๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
all of these new generative impulses.
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09:05
Now a lot of people know that music is not always a solo activity --
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์ž, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ์•…์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋˜์ฃ .
09:09
sometimes it's done communicatively.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€:
09:11
The next question was:
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09:12
What happens when musicians are trading back and forth,
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์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ,
09:14
something called "trading fours,"
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์žฌ์ฆˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
09:16
which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment.
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๋„ค๋งˆ๋”” ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
์ž ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ด ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋”” ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
So this is a 12-bar blues,
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09:20
and I've broken it down into four-bar groups,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ค ๋งˆ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐฐ๊ณ ,
09:22
so you would know how you would trade.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
We brought a musician into the scanner, same way,
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ช…์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋ฅผ ์•”๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:27
had them memorize this melody
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09:28
then had another musician out in the control room
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
์„œ๋กœ ์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
trading back and forth interactively.
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09:33
So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํฌํ”„์ธ๋ฐ,
09:35
one of the world's best bassists and a fantastic piano player.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ณ , ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
(Music)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:45
He's now playing the piece that we just saw
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์ข€ ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋˜
09:47
a little better than I wrote it.
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์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
(Video) CL: Mike, come on in.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) CL: ๋งˆ์ดํฌ, ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์„ธ์š”. (๋‚จ์ž: ํฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ธธ)
09:51
Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ: ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ , ๋งˆ์ดํฌ?
09:52
Nurse: Nothing in your pockets, Mike?
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํฌํ”„: ์˜ˆ. ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ: ์ข‹์•„์š”)
09:54
MP: No. Nothing's in my pockets.
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10:05
CL: You have to have the right attitude to agree to do it.
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CL: ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ณ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:08
(Laughter)
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10:09
It's kind of fun, actually.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
(Music)
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:13
Now we're playing back and forth.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ—์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:15
He's in there. You can see his legs up there.
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10:17
(Music)
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10:18
And then I'm in the control room here, playing back and forth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์ •์‹ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ, ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
10:31
(Music ends)
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10:33
(Video) Mike Pope: This is a pretty good representation
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํฌํ”„: ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:36
of what it's like.
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๋งค์šฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
And it's good that it's not too quick.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:40
The fact that we do it over and over again
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:47
So the hardest thing for me was the kinesthetic thing,
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10:49
looking at my hands through two mirrors,
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์ œ ์†์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”
์šด๋™๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ,
10:53
laying on my back,
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๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์›Œ์„œ
10:55
and not able to move at all except for my hand.
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์† ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
That was challenging.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
But again --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ,
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€,
11:02
there were moments, for sure --
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€,
11:05
(Laughter)
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11:06
there were moments of real, honest-to-God musical interplay, for sure.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CL: ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
CL: At this point, I'll take a few moments.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€--
11:13
So what you're seeing here --
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11:14
and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋  ์ง“์ธ,
์ž„์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
which is to show you preliminary data.
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11:18
This is one subject's data.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํฌํ”„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
So what am I showing you here?
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
11:23
When he was trading fours with me, improvising vs. memorized,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €์™€ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋Œ€ ์•”๊ธฐ๋œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋„ค๋งˆ๋”” ๋ณ€์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
์ขŒ์ธก์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์ „๋‘๊ณจ ํšŒ์ „(ๅ›ž่ฝ‰)์˜
11:28
his language areas lit up, his Broca's area,
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11:30
in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
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์–ธ์–ด ์˜์—ญ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์นด ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
He had it also homologous on the right.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ์ธก์—๋„ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
This is an area thought to be involved in expressive communication.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์Œ์•…์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:38
This whole notion that music is a language --
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์ธ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
maybe there's a neurologic basis to it after all,
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11:42
and we can see it when two musicians are having a musical conversation.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
So we've done this on eight subjects now,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ช…์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
11:47
and we're getting all the data together,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
hopefully we'll have something to say about it meaningfully.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ์™€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:52
Now when I think about improvisation and the language, what's next?
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๋žฉ, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜
11:55
Rap, of course, rap -- freestyle.
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๋žฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
I've always been fascinated by freestyle.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋žฉ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:01
And let's play this video.
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12:02
(Video) Mos Def: Brown skin I be, standing five-ten I be
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ๋ชจ์Šค ๋ฐํ”„: โ™ซ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์•ผ, ๋‚˜๋Š” 5 ํ”ผํŠธ 10 ์ธ์น˜์•ผ โ™ซ
โ™ซ ๋‹น์‹  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๋•Œ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ํ”๋“ ๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
12:05
Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity
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12:07
Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry
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โ™ซ ์ „์ฒด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€, ์ขŒ์šฐ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ โ™ซ
โ™ซ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์ž…ํžˆ๋ ค ํ•ด๋ด, ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ ค ๋ด โ™ซ
12:10
Go and try to injure me, broke 'em down chemically
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12:12
Ain't the number 10 MC, talk about how been I be
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โ™ซ 10๋ฒˆ M.C๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด โ™ซ
โ™ซ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์žก๊ณ , 10์‹œ์—์„œ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Šฆ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ โ™ซ
12:15
Styled it like Kennedy, late like a 10 to three
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12:17
When I say when I be, girls say bend that key cut
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โ™ซ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ๊ทธ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค ์ž˜๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ โ™ซ
12:20
CL: So there's a lot of analogy
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CL: ํ”„๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋žฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
12:22
between what takes place in freestyle rap and jazz.
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๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
There are a lot of correlates between the two forms of music,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
I think, in different time periods, in lot of ways,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ, ๋žฉ์€ ์žฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ
12:30
rap serves the same social function that jazz used to serve.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋žฉ์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‚˜์š”?
12:33
So how do you study rap scientifically?
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:35
And my colleagues think I'm crazy, but I think it's very viable.
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์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹คํ˜„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
This is what you do:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ž˜ํผ๊ฐ€
12:39
You have a freestyle artist come and memorize a rap
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์™€์„œ ์ „์— ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ด
12:42
that you write for them,
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๋žฉ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•”๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
that they've never heard before, and then you have them freestyle.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋žฉ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
So I told my lab members that I would rap for TED,
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ TED๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋žฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
"์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑธ" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
12:49
and they said, "No, you won't."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
12:51
And then I thought --
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12:52
(Laughter)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:53
(Applause)
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€
12:59
But here's the thing.
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13:00
With this big screen, you can all rap with me. OK?
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ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋žฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ฃ ?
13:03
So what we had them do
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
13:05
was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ์•”๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ†ต์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•”๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:08
This is the control condition. This is what they memorized.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ: โ™ซ ๊ธฐ์–ต, ์ฟต โ™ซ
13:11
Computer: Memory, thump.
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CL: โ™ซ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์ž์˜ ์ฟต โ™ซ
13:13
CL: Thump of the beat in a known repeat
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13:15
Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete
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โ™ซ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ์••์šด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ โ™ซ
13:18
The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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โ™ซ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ, ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ˆ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜์ง€ โ™ซ
13:20
Spittin' rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike
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โ™ซ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰๋Š” ์••์šด โ™ซ
13:22
Computer: Search.
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โ™ซ ์ด ์˜์›ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
13:24
CL: I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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โ™ซ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์—ด์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋„ค, ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ โ™ซ
13:26
My passion's not fashion, you can see how I'm dressed
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โ™ซ ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ๋ง๋“ค โ™ซ
13:29
Psychopathic words in my head appear
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13:31
Whisper these lyrics only I can hear
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โ™ซ ์ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ž๋งŒ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์†์‚ญ์—ฌ โ™ซ
13:33
Computer: Art.
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13:34
CL: The art of discovering and that which is hovering
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โ™ซ ๋น™๋น™ ๋งด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  โ™ซ
โ™ซ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— โ™ซ
13:37
Inside the mind of those unconfined
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13:39
All of these words keep pouring out like rain
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โ™ซ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๋Š”๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
13:42
I need a mad scientist to check my brain
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โ™ซ ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•  ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
13:45
Computer: Stop.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:46
(Applause)
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์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ, ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
I guarantee you that will never happen again.
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13:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:59
So now, what's great about these free-stylers,
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์ž ์ด์ œ, ์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ž˜ํผ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:01
they will get cued different words.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ดํœ˜๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
They don't know what's coming,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
but they'll hear something off the cuff.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
14:07
Go hit that right sound icon,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: 'like,' 'not,' 'head.'
14:08
there will be cued three square words: like, not and head.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
He doesn't know what's coming. Computer: Like.
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ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ: โ™ซ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ [๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Œ] ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
14:13
Freestyler: I'm like some kind of
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โ™ซ [๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Œ] ์™ธ๊ณ„์˜, ์ฒœ์ƒ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด โ™ซ
14:15
extraterrestrial, celestial scene
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14:17
Back in the days, I used to sit in pyramids and meditate
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โ™ซ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—, ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ช…์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋„ค โ™ซ
14:20
With two microphones -- Computer: Head
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โ™ซ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋น™๋น™ ๋Œ๊ณ  โ™ซ
14:22
hovering over my head
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โ™ซ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋“ค์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ผ๊ตฌ โ™ซ
14:24
See if I could still listen,
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14:25
spittin' off the sound
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14:26
See what you grinning
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โ™ซ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ง“๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ผ๊ตฌ โ™ซ
14:27
I teach the children in the back of the classroom
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โ™ซ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ต์‹ค์˜ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ๋‹ค โ™ซ
14:30
About the message of apocalyptical
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โ™ซ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ก์ ์ธ ๊ทธ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ โ™ซ
14:32
Computer: Not.
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14:33
Not really though, 'cause I've got to keep it simple
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โ™ซ ์ •๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋‚œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ™ซ
14:36
instrumental
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โ™ซ [๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Œ] ์Œ์•… ์—ฐ์ฃผ โ™ซ
14:38
Detrimental playing Super Mario
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โ™ซ ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ™ซ
14:41
boxes [unclear] hip hop
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โ™ซ [๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Œ] ๋ฐ•์Šค๋“ค [๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์Œ] ํž™ ํ•ฉ โ™ซ
14:44
Computer: Stop.
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14:45
CL: It's an incredible thing that's taking place.
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CL: ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
It's doing something neurologically remarkable.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋А๋ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ฃ .
14:50
Whether or not you like the music is irrelevant.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
Creatively speaking, it's just a phenomenal thing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งง์€ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
This is a short video of how we do this in a scanner.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:57
[fMRI of Hip-Hop Rap]
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14:59
(Laughter)
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) CL: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž„๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
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CL: ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ, ์ €๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
CL: That was recorded in the scanner, by the way.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) CL: ์ž„๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜์ด ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel in the scanner.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์••์šด์„ ์•”๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
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15:10
[Control Condition Memorized Verses]
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์ž„๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜: โ™ซ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œโ™ซ
15:13
Emmanuel: Top of the beat with no repeat
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15:15
Rhythm and rhyme make me complete
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โ™ซ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ์••์šด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ โ™ซ
15:18
Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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โ™ซ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ, ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ˆ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜์ง€ โ™ซ
15:21
Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you like a lightning strike
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โ™ซ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰๋Š” ์••์šด โ™ซ
โ™ซ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰๋Š” ์••์šด โ™ซ
15:24
Computer: Search.
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15:25
I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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โ™ซ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •์—ด์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋„ค; ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด โ™ซ
15:27
I'm passing on fashion; you can see how I'm dressed
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CL: ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋„๋กํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:30
CL: I'm going to stop that there; so what do we see in his brain?
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ž˜ํผ ๋„ค๋ช…์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
This is four rappers' brains.
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15:34
And we do see language areas lighting up,
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
but then, eyes closed --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ --๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ณ --
15:38
when you are freestyling vs. memorizing,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•”๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ,
15:41
you've got major visual areas lighting up.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
You've got major cerebellar activity, which is involved in motor coordination.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์†Œ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด์ง€์š”.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”,
15:47
You have heightened brain activity when you're doing a comparable task,
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์ฆ‰, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์•”๊ธฐ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
when that one task is creative and the other task is memorized.
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15:53
It's very preliminary, but I think it's kind of cool.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
To conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask,
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15:58
and like I said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
But we want to get at the root of what is creative genius neurologically,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
and I think, with these methods, we're getting close.
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16:07
And I think, hopefully in the next 10, 20 years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›ํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ 10๋…„์—์„œ 20๋…„ ๋‚ด๋กœ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:10
you'll see real, meaningful studies
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• 
16:12
that say science has to catch up to art,
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16:15
and maybe we're starting now to get there.
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์‹ค์ œ์˜, ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
Thank you for your time, I appreciate it.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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