Charles Limb: Your brain on improv

74,957 views ใƒป 2011-01-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Kogan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ืชื— ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
00:16
So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
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00:18
and I have never had a patient tell me,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™
00:21
"I really want you to be creative during surgery,"
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"ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—."
00:24
and so I guess there's a little bit of irony to it.
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
00:27
I will say though that, after having done surgery a lot,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:30
it's similar to playing a musical instrument.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™.
00:32
And for me, this deep and enduring fascination with sound
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืกื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื›ื• ืขืœื™ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื
00:35
is what led me to both be a surgeon
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืชื—
00:37
and to study the science of sound, particularly music.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื“ืข ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
ืื– ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืกื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:40
I'm going to talk over the next few minutes
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ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™
00:42
about my career
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00:43
in terms of how I'm able to study music
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”
00:45
and try to grapple with all these questions
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื•
00:47
of how the brain is able to be creative.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
00:50
I've done most of this work at Johns Hopkins University,
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก,
00:52
and at the National Institute of Health where I was previously.
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืงื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
00:55
I'll go over some science experiments and cover three musical experiments.
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ื•ืื ืกื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
00:59
I will start off by playing a video for you.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืงื™ืช ื’'ืืจื˜ - ืžืืœืชืจ ื’'ืื– ื™ื“ื•ืข
01:01
This video is of Keith Jarrett, who's a well-known jazz improviser
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:04
and probably the most well-known, iconic example
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ืœืจืžื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:07
of someone who takes improvisation to a higher level.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืืœืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
01:09
And he'll improvise entire concerts off the top of his head,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื•
01:12
and he'll never play it exactly the same way again,
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช
01:15
so as a form of intense creativity,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
01:17
I think this is a great example.
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01:18
And so why don't we go and click the video.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:21
(Music)
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.
02:17
(Music ends)
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืขืฆื•ื!
02:19
It's really a remarkable thing that happens there.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ - ื›ืžืื–ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžืขืจื™ืฅ -
02:21
I've always as a listener, as a fan,
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ืื ื™ ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื“ื”ื.
02:23
I listen to that, and I'm astounded.
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02:24
I think -- how can this possibly be?
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื™: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
02:26
How can the brain generate that much information,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข,
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™?
02:29
that much music, spontaneously?
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02:30
And so I set out with this concept, scientifically,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™,
02:33
that artistic creativity, it's magical, but it's not magic,
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ืงืกื•ืžื” ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงืกื.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื”ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:37
meaning that it's a product of the brain.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
02:39
There's not too many brain-dead people creating art.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช
02:42
With this notion that artistic creativity is in fact a neurologic product,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™
02:45
I took this thesis that we could study it
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”
02:48
just like we study any other complex neurologic process,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
02:51
and there are subquestions that I put there.
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ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืžืกืชืชืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชืช-ืฉืืœื•ืช.
02:53
Is it possible to study creativity scientifically?
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™?
02:55
And I think that's a good question.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:57
And I'll tell you that most scientific studies of music,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”
03:00
they're very dense,
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ื”ื ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื.
03:02
and when you go through them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
03:03
it's very hard to recognize the music in it.
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03:05
In fact, they seem to be unmusical entirely
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืื“ ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
03:07
and to miss the point of the music.
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ื•ืžื—ื˜ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
03:09
This brings the second question:
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
03:11
Why should scientists study creativity?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื—ืงืจื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
03:13
Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ืœื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืš?
03:15
(Laughter)
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ืื•ืœื™,
03:16
Well it may be, but I will say that, from a scientific perspective,
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ืืš ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช --
03:19
we talked a lot about innovation today,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื --
03:21
the science of innovation,
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
03:23
how much we understand about how the brain is able to innovate
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื•.
03:26
is in its infancy,
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03:27
and truly, we know very little about how we are able to be creative.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
03:30
I think that we're going to see,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10, 20, 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
03:32
over the next 10, 20, 30 years,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
03:34
a real science of creativity that's burgeoning
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ืžื“ืข ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืคื•ืจื—.
03:36
and is going to flourish,
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03:37
Because we now have new methods that can enable us
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
ืœืงื—ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
03:40
to take this process like complex jazz improvisation,
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ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ื’'ืื–ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช.
03:42
and study it rigorously.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ื—.
03:44
So it gets down to the brain.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:46
All of us have this remarkable brain,
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ืืฉืจ ืื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”, ืœื ืžืื“ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
03:48
which is poorly understood, to say the least.
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03:50
I think that neuroscientists have more questions than answers,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:54
and I'm not going to give you answers today,
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ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ - ืื ื™ ืœื ืืกืคืง ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:56
just ask a lot of questions.
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ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
03:58
And that's what I do in my lab.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™.
03:59
I ask questions about what is the brain doing to enable us to do this.
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื MRI ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
04:03
This is the main method that I use. This is functional MRI.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืกื•ืจืง MRI ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
04:06
If you've been in an MRI scanner, it's very much the same,
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04:08
but this one is outfitted in a special way to not just take pictures of your brain,
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ืืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš
04:12
but to also take pictures of active areas of the brain.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆืœื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:15
The way that's done is by the following:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื”.
04:17
There's something called BOLD imaging,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืจื—"ื“
04:19
which is Blood Oxygen Level Dependent imaging.
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ื.
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ืจืง ื”-fMRI
04:22
When you're in an fMRI scanner, you're in a big magnet
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ืืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:25
that's aligning your molecules in certain areas.
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ืฉืžืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:27
When an area of the brain is active, meaning a neural area is active,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืคืขื™ืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคืขื™ืœ,
ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
04:31
it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
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04:33
That blood flow causes an increase in local blood to that area
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ื–ืจื ื“ื ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื”
ื‘ื“ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
04:37
with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื“ื”-ืื•ืงืกื™-ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
04:40
Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
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ื”ื“ื”-ืื•ืงืกื™-ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ MRI
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืงืกื™-ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
04:43
whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
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04:44
So through this method of inference --
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ื•ื›ืš, ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื–ื• --
04:46
and we're measuring blood flow, not neural activity --
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื, ืœื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช --
ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื
04:49
we say that an area of the brain that's getting more blood
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
04:52
was active during a particular task, and that's the crux of how fMRI works.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ fMRI.
ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
04:55
And it's been used since the '90s to study really complex processes.
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ืœื—ืงืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:59
I'm going to review a study that I did, which was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™
ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’'ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ืจืง fMRI.
05:03
It was done with a colleague, Alan Braun, at the NIH.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ืืœืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
05:05
This is a short video of how we did this project.
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
05:08
(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboard
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช MIDI ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ื’'ืื–.
05:11
that we use for the jazz experiments.
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05:12
And it's a 35-key keyboard
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื‘ืขืœืช 35 ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื
05:14
designed to fit both inside the scanner,
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืจืง,
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
05:17
be magnetically safe,
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05:18
have minimal interference that would contribute to any artifact,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช
ืฉืชืฉืคืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”
05:22
and have this cushion so that it can rest on the players' legs
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื
05:25
while they're lying down in the scanner, playing on their back.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืจืง ื•ืžื ื’ื ื™ื.
05:28
It works like this -- this doesn't actually produce any sound.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš - ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœ.
05:31
It sends out what's called a MIDI signal --
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ืชื•ืช MIDI --
musical instrument digital interface --
05:34
or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface --
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื•ืื– ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
05:36
through these wires into the box and then the computer,
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05:38
which then trigger high-quality piano samples like this.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื– ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช.
05:41
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
05:48
(Music)
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06:07
(Music ends)
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06:09
OK, so it works.
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ืื• ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:11
And so through this piano keyboard,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงืœื“ืช ื–ื•
06:13
we have the means to take a musical process and study it.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
06:16
So what do you do now that you have this cool piano keyboard?
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06:18
You can't just say, "It's great we have a keyboard."
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืกืชื ื›ืื™ืœื• - "ื–ื” ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช".
ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™.
06:21
We have to come up with a scientific experiment.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
06:23
The experiment really rests on the following:
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06:26
What happens in the brain during something that's memorized and over-learned,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉื ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“-ื™ืชืจ,
06:29
and what happens in the brain during something
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื•
ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืื• ืžืื•ืœืชืจ,
06:32
that is spontaneously generated, or improvised,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืชื•ืื ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
06:34
in a way that's matched motorically
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”?
06:36
and in terms of lower-level sensory motor features?
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ื•ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช.
06:39
I have here what we call the paradigms.
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06:41
There's a scale paradigm, which is playing a scale up and down, memorized,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžืช ื”ืกื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื --
06:45
then there's improvising on a scale,
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06:46
quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
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ืจื‘ืขื™ ืชื•, ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื, ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ --
06:48
scientifically very safe,
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ืžืื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช
06:50
but musically really boring.
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ืืš ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืขืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช.
06:52
Then there's the bottom one, which is called the jazz paradigm.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžืช ื”ื’'ืื–.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื ื’ื ื™ ื’ืื– ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
06:55
So we brought professional jazz players to the NIH,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืข"ืค ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” --
06:57
and we had them memorize this piece of music on the lower-left,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื ื’ืŸ --
07:00
which is what you heard me playing --
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืืœืชืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื.
07:02
and we had them improvise to the same chord changes.
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ื•ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”,
07:05
And if you can hit that lower-right sound icon,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืจืง.
07:07
that's an example of what was recorded in the scanner.
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
07:10
(Music)
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07:35
(Music ends)
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:37
In the end, it's not the most natural environment,
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ืืš ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
07:39
but they're able to play real music.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืกื•ืœื• ื”ื–ื” 200 ืคืขื
07:41
And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™.
07:43
and I still like it.
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07:44
And the musicians were comfortable in the end.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื - ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื ื•ื—.
ื•ื›ืš, ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ื™ื.
07:47
We first measured the number of notes.
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07:48
Were they playing more notes when they were improvising?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ?
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
07:51
That was not what was going on.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
07:53
And then we looked at the brain activity.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื›ื– ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:55
I will try to condense this for you.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืคื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื
07:57
These are contrast maps that are showing subtractions between what changes
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืืœืชืจ
08:00
when you're improvising vs. when you're doing something memorized.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
08:03
In red is an area that's active in the prefrontal cortex,
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ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘-prefrontal cortex
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:06
the frontal lobe of the brain,
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08:07
and in blue is this area that was deactivated.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ - ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืคืกืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืš, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช
08:10
So we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
08:13
that went way up in activity.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ื™ืช
08:14
We had this broad patch of area called the lateral prefrontal cortex
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ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื›ื ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ.
08:17
that went way down in activity,
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08:19
I'll summarize that for you.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘-ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:20
These are multifunctional areas of the brain,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื” ืœื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’'ืื– ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:22
these are not the jazz areas of the brain.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:25
They do a whole host of things
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื™,
08:27
that have to do with self-reflection,
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08:28
introspection, working memory etc.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'.
ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžืชื™ืช.
08:31
Really, consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe.
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08:33
But we have this combination
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
08:35
of an area that's thought to be involved in self-monitoring, turning off,
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ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ืžื›ื•ื‘ื”,
ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™
08:39
and this area that's thought to be autobiographical,
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ืื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ - ืžื•ืคืขืœ.
08:41
or self-expressive, turning on.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื–ื” --
08:43
We think, at least in this preliminary --
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
08:45
it's one study; it's probably wrong, but it's one study --
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“.
08:48
(Laughter)
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
08:49
we think that at least a reasonable hypothesis
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ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™
08:52
is that, to be creative,
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08:53
you should have this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe.
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ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช.
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื ื›ื‘ื”
08:56
One area turns on, and a big area shuts off,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืกืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช,
08:58
so that you're not inhibited, you're willing to make mistakes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืกื’ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
09:01
so that you're not constantly shutting down
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:03
all of these new generative impulses.
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09:05
Now a lot of people know that music is not always a solo activity --
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ --
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
09:09
sometimes it's done communicatively.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ืชื”:
09:11
The next question was:
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09:12
What happens when musicians are trading back and forth,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘"ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ" ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™,
09:14
something called "trading fours,"
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืงืจื "ืกื—ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช",
09:16
which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’'ืื–?
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื– 12 ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
09:19
So this is a 12-bar blues,
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09:20
and I've broken it down into four-bar groups,
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ืฉืคื™ืฆืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ 4 ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
09:22
so you would know how you would trade.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื“ืขื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ.
09:24
We brought a musician into the scanner, same way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ื ื’ืŸ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืจืง -- ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ --
ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”
09:27
had them memorize this melody
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09:28
then had another musician out in the control room
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”
"ืœืกื—ื•ืจ" ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
09:31
trading back and forth interactively.
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09:33
So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืง ืคื•ืค,
09:35
one of the world's best bassists and a fantastic piano player.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืกื ืชืจ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
09:38
(Music)
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ืŸ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง
09:45
He's now playing the piece that we just saw
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ืฉื”ืจื’ืข ืจืื™ื ื•
09:47
a little better than I wrote it.
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ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
09:49
(Video) CL: Mike, come on in.
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ืžื™ื™ืง, ื‘ื•ื ื›ื ืก. ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
09:51
Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืง?
09:52
Nurse: Nothing in your pockets, Mike?
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ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื. ืื• ืงื™ื™.
09:54
MP: No. Nothing's in my pockets.
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10:05
CL: You have to have the right attitude to agree to do it.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืžืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:08
(Laughter)
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10:09
It's kind of fun, actually.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื”"ื›.
10:11
(Music)
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
10:13
Now we're playing back and forth.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื.
10:15
He's in there. You can see his legs up there.
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10:17
(Music)
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10:18
And then I'm in the control room here, playing back and forth.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”, ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
10:21
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
10:31
(Music ends)
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10:33
(Video) Mike Pope: This is a pretty good representation
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื ืจืข
10:36
of what it's like.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
10:38
And it's good that it's not too quick.
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™.
10:40
The fact that we do it over and over again
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:43
lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™
10:47
So the hardest thing for me was the kinesthetic thing,
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10:49
looking at my hands through two mirrors,
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™
ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืžืจืื•ืช
10:53
laying on my back,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™
10:55
and not able to move at all except for my hand.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
10:57
That was challenging.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ.
10:59
But again --
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘,
ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื,
11:02
there were moments, for sure --
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื
11:05
(Laughter)
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11:06
there were moments of real, honest-to-God musical interplay, for sure.
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื›ื ื” ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืืงื— ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื.
11:11
CL: At this point, I'll take a few moments.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ --
11:13
So what you're seeing here --
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11:14
and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื ื—ื˜ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
11:17
which is to show you preliminary data.
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11:18
This is one subject's data.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
11:20
This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
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ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืง ืคื•ืค.
11:22
So what am I showing you here?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ?
11:23
When he was trading fours with me, improvising vs. memorized,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืกื—ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื• ื ื“ืœืงื•, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœื•,
11:28
his language areas lit up, his Broca's area,
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11:30
in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
11:32
He had it also homologous on the right.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
11:34
This is an area thought to be involved in expressive communication.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื”,
11:38
This whole notion that music is a language --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื›ืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
11:40
maybe there's a neurologic basis to it after all,
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11:42
and we can see it when two musicians are having a musical conversation.
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช.
11:45
So we've done this on eight subjects now,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ 8 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:47
and we're getting all the data together,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
11:49
hopefully we'll have something to say about it meaningfully.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคื”, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ืœืื”?
11:52
Now when I think about improvisation and the language, what's next?
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ืจืืค ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจืืค --
11:55
Rap, of course, rap -- freestyle.
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ืคืจื™-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
11:58
I've always been fascinated by freestyle.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืชืžื™ื“ ืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืคืจื™-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:01
And let's play this video.
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12:02
(Video) Mos Def: Brown skin I be, standing five-ten I be
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืžื•ืก ื“ืฃ: โ™ซ ืขื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ™ซ
โ™ซ ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ™ซ
12:05
Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity
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12:07
Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry
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โ™ซ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” , ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” โ™ซ
โ™ซ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืกื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ืžื™ืช โ™ซ
12:10
Go and try to injure me, broke 'em down chemically
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12:12
Ain't the number 10 MC, talk about how been I be
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โ™ซ ื”ืื ืžืกืคืจ 10 ืœื ืž.ืก. , ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ™ซ
โ™ซืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื™, ืžืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ โ™ซ
12:15
Styled it like Kennedy, late like a 10 to three
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12:17
When I say when I be, girls say bend that key cut
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โ™ซ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืช'ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช - ืงืื˜! โ™ซ
12:20
CL: So there's a lot of analogy
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ืฆ. ืœ. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
12:22
between what takes place in freestyle rap and jazz.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืืค ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ืื–.
12:24
There are a lot of correlates between the two forms of music,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:27
I think, in different time periods, in lot of ways,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจืืค ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
12:30
rap serves the same social function that jazz used to serve.
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ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’'ืื–.
ืื– ืื™ืš ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจืืค ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™?
12:33
So how do you study rap scientifically?
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ
12:35
And my colleagues think I'm crazy, but I think it's very viable.
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจื‘.
12:38
This is what you do:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื: ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื–ืžืจ ืคืจื™-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ
12:39
You have a freestyle artist come and memorize a rap
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉื ืŸ ืงื˜ืข ืจืืค ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•,
12:42
that you write for them,
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ื•ืฉืื•ืชื• ืœื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื•ืœื,
12:43
that they've never heard before, and then you have them freestyle.
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ื•ืื– ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
12:46
So I told my lab members that I would rap for TED,
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื™ืจ ืจืืค ืขื‘ื•ืจ TED,
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•: "ืืชื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”".
12:49
and they said, "No, you won't."
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ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ --
12:51
And then I thought --
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12:52
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:53
(Applause)
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:59
But here's the thing.
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13:00
With this big screen, you can all rap with me. OK?
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื™ ืœืจืืค, ืขื ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืื• ืงื™ื™?
13:03
So what we had them do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:05
was memorize this lower-left sound icon, please.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”... ืฆืœืžื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
ื–ื” ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ืงืจื”. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•.
13:08
This is the control condition. This is what they memorized.
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ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, "ื”ื•ืœื".
13:11
Computer: Memory, thump.
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โ™ซ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื”ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืœื โ™ซ
13:13
CL: Thump of the beat in a known repeat
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13:15
Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete
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โ™ซ ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ื– ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื โ™ซ
13:18
The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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โ™ซ ืžื˜ืคืก ืœืขื ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื”ืกืจืง โ™ซ
13:20
Spittin' rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike
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โ™ซ ื™ื•ืจืง ืช'ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืง โ™ซ
13:22
Computer: Search.
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โ™ซ "ืžื—ืคืฉ". ืžื—ืคืฉ ืช'ืืžืช ื‘ืžืกืข ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ โ™ซ
13:24
CL: I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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โ™ซ ืื•ืคื ื” - ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ โ™ซ
13:26
My passion's not fashion, you can see how I'm dressed
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โ™ซ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ โ™ซ
13:29
Psychopathic words in my head appear
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13:31
Whisper these lyrics only I can hear
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โ™ซ ืœื•ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืœื• ืจืง ืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ โ™ซ
13:33
Computer: Art.
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13:34
CL: The art of discovering and that which is hovering
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โ™ซ "ืืžื ื•ืช". ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ื•ื™ โ™ซ
โ™ซ ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ื—ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ โ™ซ
13:37
Inside the mind of those unconfined
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13:39
All of these words keep pouring out like rain
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โ™ซ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื โ™ซ
13:42
I need a mad scientist to check my brain
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โ™ซ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื•ื—ื™ โ™ซ
13:45
Computer: Stop.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:46
(Applause)
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื - ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘.
13:55
I guarantee you that will never happen again.
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13:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:59
So now, what's great about these free-stylers,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื–ืžืจื™ ืคืจื™-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืœืœื•,
14:01
they will get cued different words.
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ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื”.
14:03
They don't know what's coming,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ื”.
14:05
but they'll hear something off the cuff.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืชืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆืœืžื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
14:07
Go hit that right sound icon,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœื”ื ืื—ืช ืื—ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื›ืžื•", "ืœื" ื•-"ืจืืฉ".
14:08
there will be cued three square words: like, not and head.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืžื’ื™ืข.
14:11
He doesn't know what's coming. Computer: Like.
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โ™ซ "ื›ืžื•". ืื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] โ™ซ
14:13
Freestyler: I'm like some kind of
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โ™ซ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™, ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ โ™ซ
14:15
extraterrestrial, celestial scene
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14:17
Back in the days, I used to sit in pyramids and meditate
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โ™ซ ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ โ™ซ
14:20
With two microphones -- Computer: Head
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โ™ซ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืœื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ โ™ซ
14:22
hovering over my head
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โ™ซ ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื โ™ซ
14:24
See if I could still listen,
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14:25
spittin' off the sound
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14:26
See what you grinning
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โ™ซ ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชืš โ™ซ
14:27
I teach the children in the back of the classroom
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โ™ซ ืžืœืžื“ ืช'ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” โ™ซ
14:30
About the message of apocalyptical
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โ™ซ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” โ™ซ
14:32
Computer: Not.
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14:33
Not really though, 'cause I've got to keep it simple
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โ™ซ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื•ื—, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ โ™ซ
14:36
instrumental
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โ™ซ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ โ™ซ
14:38
Detrimental playing Super Mario
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โ™ซ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืจื™ื• โ™ซ
14:41
boxes [unclear] hip hop
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โ™ซ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืค โ™ซ
14:44
Computer: Stop.
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14:45
CL: It's an incredible thing that's taking place.
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ืฆ.ืœ. ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
14:48
It's doing something neurologically remarkable.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืื• ืœื.
14:50
Whether or not you like the music is irrelevant.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื ื•ืžื ืืœื™.
14:52
Creatively speaking, it's just a phenomenal thing.
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ืกื•ืจืง.
14:55
This is a short video of how we do this in a scanner.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:57
[fMRI of Hip-Hop Rap]
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14:59
(Laughter)
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ืื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ.
15:00
(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
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ื–ื”, ืื’ื‘, ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืจืง.
15:02
CL: That was recorded in the scanner, by the way.
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ื”ื ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ืจืง.
15:04
(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel in the scanner.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•.
15:07
He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
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15:10
[Control Condition Memorized Verses]
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โ™ซ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื”ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืœื โ™ซ
15:13
Emmanuel: Top of the beat with no repeat
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15:15
Rhythm and rhyme make me complete
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โ™ซ ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ืจื•ื– ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื โ™ซ
15:18
Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
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โ™ซ ืžื˜ืคืก ืœืขื ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื”ืกืจืง โ™ซ
15:21
Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you like a lightning strike
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โ™ซ ื™ื•ืจืง ืช'ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืง โ™ซ
โ™ซ "ืžื—ืคืฉ". ืžื—ืคืฉ ืช'ืืžืช ื‘ืžืกืข ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ โ™ซ
15:24
Computer: Search.
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15:25
I search for the truth in this eternal quest
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โ™ซ ืื•ืคื ื” - ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ โ™ซ
15:27
I'm passing on fashion; you can see how I'm dressed
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ืื• ืงื™ื™. ืื ื™ ืืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ. ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื•?
15:30
CL: I'm going to stop that there; so what do we see in his brain?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืืคืจื™ื.
15:33
This is four rappers' brains.
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15:34
And we do see language areas lighting up,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ื• ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืžื•ืืจื™ื,
15:36
but then, eyes closed --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– -- ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื™ืžืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื --
15:38
when you are freestyling vs. memorizing,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจื™-ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ
15:41
you've got major visual areas lighting up.
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ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
15:43
You've got major cerebellar activity, which is involved in motor coordination.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
15:47
You have heightened brain activity when you're doing a comparable task,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจืช - ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
15:50
when that one task is creative and the other task is memorized.
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15:53
It's very preliminary, but I think it's kind of cool.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
ืื– ืจืง ืœืกื›ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
15:56
To conclude, we've got a lot of questions to ask,
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15:58
and like I said, we'll ask questions here, not answer them.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื ื• ื ืฉืืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช - ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
16:01
But we want to get at the root of what is creative genius neurologically,
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ืืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื.
16:05
and I think, with these methods, we're getting close.
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16:07
And I think, hopefully in the next 10, 20 years,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื•ืš 10, 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
16:10
you'll see real, meaningful studies
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ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช,
16:12
that say science has to catch up to art,
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16:15
and maybe we're starting now to get there.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
16:17
Thank you for your time, I appreciate it.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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