Boghuma Kabisen Titanji: Ethical riddles in HIV research

49,509 views ・ 2013-01-10

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Meng Wang 校对人员: Sharon Loh
00:16
I'd like to share with you
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我想和大家分享
00:18
the story of one of my patients called Celine.
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关于我的病人赛琳的故事。
00:22
Celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district
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赛琳是一位家庭主妇
00:25
of Cameroon in west Central Africa.
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生活在非洲中西部喀麦隆的乡下。
00:28
Six years ago, at the time of her HIV diagnosis,
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六年前,她被诊断患有艾滋病
00:32
she was recruited to participate in the clinical trial
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她被招募参与了某个药品的临床实验
00:35
which was running in her health district at the time.
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实验刚好在赛琳的围生区进行
00:38
When I first met Celine, a little over a year ago,
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一年多以前,我第一次见到赛琳
00:42
she had gone for 18 months
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她当时已经停止治疗超过18个月了
00:44
without any antiretroviral therapy,
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完全停止使用抗逆转录病毒药物(是一类于治疗逆转录病毒,主要HIV感染的药物)
00:46
and she was very ill.
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她当时病的很重。
00:49
She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic
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她告诉我,自那临床实验结束后
00:51
when the trial ended
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就再也没去那儿接受过治疗了
00:53
because she had no money for the bus fare
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因为她负担不起巴士车费
00:55
and was too ill to walk the 35-kilometer distance.
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身体也太虚弱 没法走35公里路去诊所
00:59
Now during the clinical trial,
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在实验进行的时候
01:01
she'd been given all her antiretroviral drugs free of charge,
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她可以获得免费的抗逆转录病毒药物
01:05
and her transportation costs
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并可以报销交通费
01:07
had been covered by the research funds.
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这些费用统统由实验研究承包。
01:10
All of these ended once the trial was completed,
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然而这一切都随着实验的结束而结束
01:13
leaving Celine with no alternatives.
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只留下当时走投无路的赛琳。
01:16
She was unable to tell me the names of the drugs
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她没法告诉我在实验中
01:19
she'd received during the trial,
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试过什么药
01:21
or even what the trial had been about.
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甚至也不知道那是个什么实验。
01:24
I didn't bother to ask her what the results of the trial were
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我没有再追问她实验的结果
01:27
because it seemed obvious to me that she would have no clue.
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因为很明显她是一头雾水的。
01:31
Yet what puzzled me most
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然而最令我想不通的是
01:34
was Celine had given her informed consent
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赛琳曾经签署过参与实验的
01:37
to be a part of this trial, yet she clearly did not understand
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同意书,然而她当时肯定不明白
01:41
the implications of being a participant
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参与临床实验到底意味着什么
01:43
or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed.
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实验结束后有会怎样。
01:48
Now, I have shared this story with you as an example
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现在,我跟你们分享的这个故事,是一个真实的
01:51
of what can happen to participants in the clinical trial
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发生在参于实验的人身上的故事
01:54
when it is poorly conducted.
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当实验不负责任的结束之后。
01:56
Maybe this particular trial yielded exciting results.
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也许这个实验会获得一些令人鼓舞的成果。
02:00
Maybe it even got published in a high-profile scientific journal.
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也许结果会被发表在某个知名的科学期刊上。
02:04
Maybe it would inform clinicians around the world
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也许它能帮助一些临床医生们
02:07
on how to improve on the clinical management of HIV patients.
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提升他们在艾滋病临床管理的经验。
02:12
But it would have done so at a price
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可是这些成果都要付如此浩大的代价!
02:15
to hundreds of patients who, like Celine,
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数百名和赛琳一样的病人
02:18
were left to their own devices
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随着实验的结束,
02:20
once the research had been completed.
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他们失去了所有的帮助。
02:23
I do not stand here today to suggest in any way
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我今天站在这里并非要告诉大家
02:27
that conducting HIV clinical trials
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在发展中国家做
02:29
in developing countries is bad.
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艾滋病临床研究是不对的。
02:31
On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely useful tools,
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相反,要改善病人状况,它绝对是一种行之有效的方法
02:35
and are much needed to address the burden
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而且那些发展中国家也非常需要临床实验来
02:38
of disease in developing countries.
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减轻他们的医疗负担。
02:40
However, the inequalities that exist between
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然而,我们都知道,一些存在于富国跟穷国之间
02:43
richer countries and developing countries in terms of funding
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的不公平情况,尤其是资金方面
02:47
pose a real risk for exploitation,
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这让研究工作带来剥削的可能
02:50
especially in the context of externally-funded research.
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尤其是那些来自外界投资的临床研究。
02:54
Sadly enough, the fact remains that
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让人够难过的,现实告诉我们
02:56
a lot of the studies that are conducted in developing countries
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很多在发展中国家进行的研究
03:00
could never be authorized in the richer countries
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永远也不会在发达国家得到授权
03:03
which fund the research.
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并且得到投资。
03:05
I'm sure you must be asking yourselves
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我肯定你一定会问
03:07
what makes developing countries,
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什么驱使这些发展中国家
03:09
especially those in sub-Saharan Africa,
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特别是那些位于非洲撒哈拉沙漠的国家
03:12
so attractive for these HIV clinical trials?
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被吸引去参与这些艾滋病临床实验?
03:15
Well, in order for a clinical trial to generate
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为了让临床实验获得
03:19
valid and widely applicable results,
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人数和复盖率过多而有令人信服的结果
03:22
they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants
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大量的病人会被招募参与实验
03:26
and preferably on a population
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这些病人都优先从
03:28
with a high incidence of new HIV infections.
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艾滋病新感染率很高的地区找来的
03:32
Sub-Saharan Africa largely fits this description,
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非洲撒哈拉地区最能符合以上的要求
03:36
with 22 million people living with HIV,
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有2200万人生活在艾滋病的阴霾中
03:39
an estimated 70 percent of the 30 million people
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据估算,全世界3000万艾滋病感染人数中,
03:42
who are infected worldwide.
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他们占70%
03:45
Also, research within the continent
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并且,在那里开展研究
03:47
is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty,
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还比较其他地区容易, 因为那里充斥着
03:51
endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems.
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贫穷,疾病以及不完善的医疗保健体系
03:55
A clinical trial that is considered to be
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因此,考虑到临床实验
03:58
potentially beneficial to the population
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可能会给当地带来帮助
04:01
is more likely to be authorized,
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所以研究很容易就会得到授权
04:03
and in the absence of good health care systems,
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由于缺乏完善的医疗保健体系
04:06
almost any offer of medical assistance
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所以任何的医疗援助都很容易被接受
04:09
is accepted as better than nothing.
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因为总比什么都没有好
04:12
Even more problematic reasons include
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而且还有一些有问题的理由,像
04:14
lower risk of litigation,
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负比较少的法律责任
04:17
less rigorous ethical reviews,
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比较低的道德压力
04:19
and populations that are willing to participate
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更有大量的病人愿意加入各种类似的研究
04:22
in almost any study that hints at a cure.
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这些临床实验都号称能治好他们。
04:26
As funding for HIV research
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随着越来越多的艾滋病研究
04:30
increases in developing countries
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得到投资并且在发展中国家开展起来
04:32
and ethical review in richer countries become more strict,
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道德审查却在发达国家变得越来越严格
04:36
you can see why this context becomes
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这就是为什么这个话题变得
04:38
very, very attractive.
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这么的引人注目。
04:41
The high prevalence of HIV drives researchers
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艾滋病的高发病率促使研究员们
04:45
to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable
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作这方面的研究,这在科学研究上是可以接受的
04:49
but on many levels ethically questionable.
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但在很多道德伦理方面就出现疑问
04:52
How then can we ensure that, in our search for the cure,
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我们怎么才能保证,在研究治疗的过程中
04:56
we do not take an unfair advantage
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不会损害那些参与实验而
04:58
of those who are already most affected by the pandemic?
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又在与疾病抗争的病人们的利益?
05:02
I invite you to consider four areas I think we can focus on
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我恳请大家考虑下以下这四个方面
05:05
in order to improve the way in which things are done.
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为了改善这个现状。
05:09
The first of these is informed consent.
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首先是要提倡参加者的知情权。
05:12
Now, in order for a clinical trial to be
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时至今日,为了让临床实验
05:14
considered ethically acceptable,
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在道德上容易被接受
05:18
participants must be given the relevant information
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参与者必须有权获得相关的资料
05:21
in a way in which they can understand,
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而且是他们可以理解的
05:23
and must freely consent to participate in the trial.
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必须专重参加者的参与自由。
05:27
This is especially important in developing countries,
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这在发展中国家尤其重要
05:30
where a lot of participants consent to research
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因为大量的参与者同意参加研究
05:33
because they believe it is the only way in which
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他们相信这是他们唯一的机会
05:36
they can receive medical care or other benefits.
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得到治疗或者其他方面的帮助。
05:39
Consent procedures that are used in richer countries
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然而发达国家那套用来保障知情权的方法
05:42
are often inappropriate or ineffective
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在很多发展中国家
05:45
in a lot of developing countries.
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基本上是形同虚设。
05:47
For example, it is counterintuitive to have
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就拿赛琳来说吧,那简直是荒谬的
05:50
an illiterate study participant, like Celine,
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让一个没受过教育的参加者
05:53
sign a lengthy consent form that they are unable to read,
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去签一份又长又看不懂的
05:57
let alone understand.
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同意书。
05:59
Local communities need to be more involved
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我们需要更多本地政府的参与
06:02
in establishing the criteria for recruiting participants
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建立一套合理的参与者招募准则
06:05
in clinical trials, as well as the incentives for participation.
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须要提到临床实验,而不仅仅是吸引参与者。
06:10
The information in these trials
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所有跟实验相关的信息
06:12
needs to be given to the potential participants
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应该要用参加者的语言和方式
06:15
in linguistically and culturally acceptable formats.
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让他们理解。
06:19
The second point I would like for you to consider
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我要提出的第二点是
06:22
is the standard of care that is provided
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我们应该提供治疗的标准
06:24
to participants within any clinical trial.
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给这些参与临床实验的人。
06:27
Now, this is subject to a lot of debate and controversy.
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现在,这个话题带有争议性。
06:31
Should the control group in the clinical trial
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参与实验的对照组病人是否也
06:34
be given the best current treatment which is available
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应该得到顶级的治疗
06:37
anywhere in the world?
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就像发达国家的病人一样?
06:39
Or should they be given an alternative standard of care,
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或者他们应该被区别对待
06:42
such as the best current treatment available
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只能得到进行实验的国家的那些
06:45
in the country in which the research is being conducted?
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所谓的顶级的治疗待遇呢?
06:48
Is it fair to evaluate a treatment regimen
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我们是否能公正的评价一种
06:52
which may not be affordable or accessible
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让参与研究的病人们感觉遥不可及的疗法
06:55
to the study participants once the research has been completed?
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当这些疗法问世的时候?
06:59
Now, in a situation where the best current treatment
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此时此刻,我们身处一个顶级医疗
07:03
is inexpensive and simple to deliver,
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触手可及的国度
07:05
the answer is straightforward.
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答案是明显的。
07:07
However, the best current treatment available
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然而,这些这些在发达国家
07:10
anywhere in the world is often very difficult
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触手可及的事情
07:13
to provide in developing countries.
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在发展中国家却是难如登天。
07:16
It is important to assess the potential risks and benefits
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我认为在临床实验中对即将提供给
07:19
of the standard of care which is to be provided
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临床病人们的医疗品质
07:22
to participants in any clinical trial,
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是非常有必要进行风险评估的
07:25
and establish one which is relevant for the context of the study
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这能帮助我们建立一种既不影响实验
07:30
and most beneficial for the participants within the study.
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又能给予参与实验的病人们最大利益的准则。
07:34
That brings us to the third point I want you think about:
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说到准则,正好谈一下我第三个观点
07:37
the ethical review of research.
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希望大思考一下临床研究的伦理审查。
07:40
An effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability
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一个有效的伦理审查体系
07:44
of clinical trials is primordial to safeguard participants
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一定是以保护参与者的生命安全为出发点
07:48
within any clinical trial.
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在临床实验中。
07:50
Unfortunately, this is often lacking
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不幸的是,这在很多发展中国家
07:53
or inefficient in a lot of developing countries.
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伦理审查根本就是闻所未闻的事情。
07:56
Local governments need to set up effective systems
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本地政府需要建立有效的
08:01
for reviewing the ethical issues around the clinical trials
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临床实验伦理审查体系针对那些
08:04
which are authorized in different developing countries,
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在发展中国家得到授权的实验
08:07
and they need to do this by setting up
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并且建立起一个
08:10
ethical review committees that are independent
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独立的伦理审查委员会
08:12
of the government and research sponsors.
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不受政府和研究赞助人的干扰。
08:16
Public accountability needs to be promoted
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应该提倡向公众问责的体系
08:18
through transparency and independent review
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通过非政府组织或国际机构的
08:21
by nongovernmental and international organizations
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公开透明且独立的
08:24
as appropriate.
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伦理审查。
08:26
The final point I would like for you to consider tonight
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最后我希望大家想一想
08:29
is what happens to participants in the clinical trial
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那些临床实验的病人
08:33
once the research has been completed.
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随着实验的结束会面对怎样的情况。
08:35
I think it is absolutely wrong for research to begin
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我认为这种
08:39
in the first place without a clear plan
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一旦结束就过河拆桥的
08:41
for what would happen to the participants
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医学研究
08:43
once the trial has ended.
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根本不应该开展。
08:46
Now, researchers need to make every effort to ensure that
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现在,研究者们应该努力确保
08:51
an intervention that has been shown to be beneficial
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让那些参与实验参的人
08:54
during a clinical trial
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能够得到妥善的安排
08:56
is accessible to the participants of the trial
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就像他们在参与实验时那样
08:59
once the trial has been completed.
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即使在实验完成后。
09:02
In addition, they should be able to consider the possibility
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不仅如此,研究完成后,研究者们应该尽力
09:05
of introducing and maintaining effective treatments
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提供一些可行的疗法
09:09
in the wider community once the trial ends.
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来回馈更多的病人不仅仅是曾经参与的人。
09:13
If, for any reason, they feel that this might not be possible,
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如果,无论什么原因,他们做不到的话
09:16
then I think they should have to ethically justify
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我认为他们应该从伦理上向社会交代
09:19
why the clinical trial should be conducted in the first place.
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自己的实验当初可以开展的理由。
09:23
Now, fortunately for Celine,
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赛琳是幸运的
09:26
our meeting did not end in my office.
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我们的会面没有在办公室里结束。
09:28
I was able to get her enrolled into a free HIV treatment program
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我帮她加入了一个离家很近
09:33
closer to her home,
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而是免费的艾滋病治疗计划
09:34
and with a support group to help her cope.
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还有一个支持团体在帮助她对抗病魔。
09:38
Her story has a positive ending,
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赛琳的故事总算有一个正面的结果
09:40
but there are thousands of others in similar situations
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但还有成千上万像她的病人
09:44
who are much less fortunate.
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就没这么幸运了。
09:46
Although she may not know this,
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赛琳肯定没想到
09:49
my encounter with Celine has completely changed the way
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我们的相遇完全的改变了
09:52
in which I view HIV clinical trials in developing countries,
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我对在发展中国家进行临床实验的看法
09:57
and made me even more determined to be part of the movement
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并且让我下定决心,成为了改变运动的一部份
10:00
to change the way in which things are done.
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希望可以改变这些不公义的状况。
10:03
I believe that every single person
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我坚信今天晚上
10:06
listening to me tonight can be part of that change.
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在座的各位也会愿义加入成为我们的一部分。
10:10
If you are a researcher, I hold you
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如果你是研究员,我请你坚持
10:13
to a higher standard of moral conscience,
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用更高的道德标准来要求自己
10:15
to remain ethical in your research,
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摸着你的良心做研究
10:18
and not compromise human welfare in your search for answers.
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不要为了研究成果而牺牲他人的生命。
10:21
If you work for a funding agency or pharmaceutical company,
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如果你在资助机构或药品公司工作的话
10:25
I challenge you to hold your employers
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我希望你建议你的老板
10:28
to fund research that is ethically sound.
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投资那些讲良心的研究。
10:31
If you come from a developing country like myself,
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如果你像我一样来自一个发展中国家
10:34
I urge you to hold your government
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我渴望你能敦促你的政府
10:37
to a more thorough review of the clinical trials
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更加严谨的审查那些在你的国家
10:40
which are authorized in your country.
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得到授权的临床实验。
10:43
Yes, there is a need for us to find a cure for HIV,
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的确,我们需要可以治愈艾滋病的药物
10:46
to find an effective vaccine for malaria,
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需要更有效的疟疾疫苗
10:49
to find a diagnostic tool that works for T.B.,
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需要能检测结核病菌的机器
10:53
but I believe that we owe it to those who willingly
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但是我认为我们应该更人道的
10:56
and selflessly consent to participate in these clinical trials
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对待那些无私、自愿参与
11:01
to do this in a humane way.
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临床试验的参加者。
11:03
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
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