Boghuma Kabisen Titanji: Ethical riddles in HIV research

49,509 views ใƒป 2013-01-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Amy Ko ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:16
I'd like to share with you
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
00:18
the story of one of my patients called Celine.
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์…€๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district
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์…€๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
00:25
of Cameroon in west Central Africa.
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ฃฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:28
Six years ago, at the time of her HIV diagnosis,
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6๋…„์ „, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ HIV ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
00:32
she was recruited to participate in the clinical trial
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
00:35
which was running in her health district at the time.
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๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
When I first met Celine, a little over a year ago,
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1๋…„ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋” ์ „์—, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์…€๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:42
she had gone for 18 months
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋„
00:44
without any antiretroviral therapy,
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๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ 18๊ฐœ์›”์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:46
and she was very ill.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•„ํŒ ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:49
She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
00:51
when the trial ended
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๋ฒ„์Šค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๋ˆ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  35km๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
00:53
because she had no money for the bus fare
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:55
and was too ill to walk the 35-kilometer distance.
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๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Now during the clinical trial,
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์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:01
she'd been given all her antiretroviral drugs free of charge,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
01:05
and her transportation costs
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๊ตํ†ต๋น„๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ
01:07
had been covered by the research funds.
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์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
All of these ended once the trial was completed,
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์›๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋๋‚˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ 
01:13
leaving Celine with no alternatives.
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์…€๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”,
01:16
She was unable to tell me the names of the drugs
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋˜ ์•ฝ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜
01:19
she'd received during the trial,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„
01:21
or even what the trial had been about.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:24
I didn't bother to ask her what the results of the trial were
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:27
because it seemed obvious to me that she would have no clue.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Yet what puzzled me most
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:34
was Celine had given her informed consent
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์…€๋ฆฐ์ด ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์ง€๋งŒ
01:37
to be a part of this trial, yet she clearly did not understand
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜
01:41
the implications of being a participant
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
01:43
or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
01:48
Now, I have shared this story with you as an example
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
01:51
of what can happen to participants in the clinical trial
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
01:54
when it is poorly conducted.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Maybe this particular trial yielded exciting results.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
02:00
Maybe it even got published in a high-profile scientific journal.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ €๋„์— ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
02:04
Maybe it would inform clinicians around the world
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ HIV ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ
02:07
on how to improve on the clinical management of HIV patients.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:12
But it would have done so at a price
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:15
to hundreds of patients who, like Celine,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์…€๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
02:18
were left to their own devices
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด
02:20
once the research had been completed.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์—†์ด ํ˜ผ์ž ์•Œ์•„์„œ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด์š”.
02:23
I do not stand here today to suggest in any way
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ
02:27
that conducting HIV clinical trials
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์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” HIV์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:29
in developing countries is bad.
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely useful tools,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค, ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ ,
02:35
and are much needed to address the burden
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:38
of disease in developing countries.
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
However, the inequalities that exist between
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์˜ ๋ฉด์—์„œ, ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค๊ณผ
02:43
richer countries and developing countries in terms of funding
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
02:47
pose a real risk for exploitation,
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์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
especially in the context of externally-funded research.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:54
Sadly enough, the fact remains that
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
02:56
a lot of the studies that are conducted in developing countries
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”
03:00
could never be authorized in the richer countries
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€
03:03
which fund the research.
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๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
I'm sure you must be asking yourselves
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ
03:07
what makes developing countries,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰
03:09
especially those in sub-Saharan Africa,
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๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์™œ HIV ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์—
03:12
so attractive for these HIV clinical trials?
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๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Well, in order for a clinical trial to generate
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์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„
03:19
valid and widely applicable results,
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๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜
03:22
they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants
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์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
and preferably on a population
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ํŠนํžˆ HIV ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:28
with a high incidence of new HIV infections.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์ด ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
03:32
Sub-Saharan Africa largely fits this description,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
with 22 million people living with HIV,
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HIV ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 2์ฒœ2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:39
an estimated 70 percent of the 30 million people
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ 3000๋งŒ๋ช… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
03:42
who are infected worldwide.
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๋Œ€๋žต 70% ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์ฃ .
03:45
Also, research within the continent
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
03:47
is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty,
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ, ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค,
03:51
endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
03:55
A clinical trial that is considered to be
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:58
potentially beneficial to the population
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์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์€
04:01
is more likely to be authorized,
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๋” ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ ,
04:03
and in the absence of good health care systems,
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ
04:06
almost any offer of medical assistance
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ˆ์€
04:09
is accepted as better than nothing.
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๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ฃ .
04:12
Even more problematic reasons include
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ 
04:14
lower risk of litigation,
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์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋„ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:17
less rigorous ethical reviews,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹คํ—˜์—
04:19
and populations that are willing to participate
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:22
in almost any study that hints at a cure.
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๋” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
As funding for HIV research
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” HIV ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—
04:30
increases in developing countries
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์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:32
and ethical review in richer countries become more strict,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ,
04:36
you can see why this context becomes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์ด HIV ์‹คํ—˜์—
04:38
very, very attractive.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
04:41
The high prevalence of HIV drives researchers
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HIV ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
04:45
to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ๋งŒํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
04:49
but on many levels ethically questionable.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:52
How then can we ensure that, in our search for the cure,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
04:56
we do not take an unfair advantage
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์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์ด๋“์„
04:58
of those who are already most affected by the pandemic?
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์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:02
I invite you to consider four areas I think we can focus on
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
05:05
in order to improve the way in which things are done.
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4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
The first of these is informed consent.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง€์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๋™์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Now, in order for a clinical trial to be
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๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:14
considered ethically acceptable,
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์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
05:18
participants must be given the relevant information
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ
05:21
in a way in which they can understand,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:23
and must freely consent to participate in the trial.
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์‹คํ—˜์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
This is especially important in developing countries,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
where a lot of participants consent to research
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
05:33
because they believe it is the only way in which
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:36
they can receive medical care or other benefits.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธธ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
Consent procedures that are used in richer countries
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์€
05:42
are often inappropriate or ineffective
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข…
05:45
in a lot of developing countries.
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๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
For example, it is counterintuitive to have
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์…€๋ฆฐ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌธ๋งน์ธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž์—๊ฒŒ
05:50
an illiterate study participant, like Celine,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธด ๋™์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์—
05:53
sign a lengthy consent form that they are unable to read,
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์‚ฌ์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:57
let alone understand.
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์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Local communities need to be more involved
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ
06:02
in establishing the criteria for recruiting participants
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์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
06:05
in clinical trials, as well as the incentives for participation.
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๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข€ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
The information in these trials
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
06:12
needs to be given to the potential participants
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:15
in linguistically and culturally acceptable formats.
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
The second point I would like for you to consider
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ ์€
06:22
is the standard of care that is provided
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์–ด๋Š ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋“  ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:24
to participants within any clinical trial.
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์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
Now, this is subject to a lot of debate and controversy.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Should the control group in the clinical trial
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์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํ†ต์ œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ
06:34
be given the best current treatment which is available
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด
06:37
anywhere in the world?
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์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:39
Or should they be given an alternative standard of care,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
06:42
such as the best current treatment available
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๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๊ฐ™์€
06:45
in the country in which the research is being conducted?
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๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:48
Is it fair to evaluate a treatment regimen
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด
06:52
which may not be affordable or accessible
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๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์„
06:55
to the study participants once the research has been completed?
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ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
06:59
Now, in a situation where the best current treatment
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด
07:03
is inexpensive and simple to deliver,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด
07:05
the answer is straightforward.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
However, the best current treatment available
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„
07:10
anywhere in the world is often very difficult
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
07:13
to provide in developing countries.
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์ข…์ข… ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
It is important to assess the potential risks and benefits
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์–ด๋Š ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋“  ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š”
07:19
of the standard of care which is to be provided
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์œ„ํ—˜๋“ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
07:22
to participants in any clinical trial,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ
07:25
and establish one which is relevant for the context of the study
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์ด๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:30
and most beneficial for the participants within the study.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
That brings us to the third point I want you think about:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
the ethical review of research.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
An effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„
07:44
of clinical trials is primordial to safeguard participants
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๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
07:48
within any clinical trial.
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
Unfortunately, this is often lacking
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ
07:53
or inefficient in a lot of developing countries.
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์ข…์ข… ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Local governments need to set up effective systems
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์ง€์—ญ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ
08:01
for reviewing the ethical issues around the clinical trials
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์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
08:04
which are authorized in different developing countries,
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
and they need to do this by setting up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š”
08:10
ethical review committees that are independent
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์ œ๊ณต์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:12
of the government and research sponsors.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
Public accountability needs to be promoted
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๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์€
08:18
through transparency and independent review
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
08:21
by nongovernmental and international organizations
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ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:24
as appropriate.
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๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
The final point I would like for you to consider tonight
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์š”์ ์€
08:29
is what happens to participants in the clinical trial
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:33
once the research has been completed.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
I think it is absolutely wrong for research to begin
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์ €๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ
08:39
in the first place without a clear plan
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš ์—†์ด
08:41
for what would happen to the participants
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:43
once the trial has ended.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Now, researchers need to make every effort to ensure that
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
08:51
an intervention that has been shown to be beneficial
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
08:54
during a clinical trial
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์‹คํ—˜์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด
08:56
is accessible to the participants of the trial
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์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
08:59
once the trial has been completed.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
In addition, they should be able to consider the possibility
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„
09:05
of introducing and maintaining effective treatments
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ์ค„
09:09
in the wider community once the trial ends.
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์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
If, for any reason, they feel that this might not be possible,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ์—์„œ๋“ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:16
then I think they should have to ethically justify
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๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์™œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
09:19
why the clinical trial should be conducted in the first place.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Now, fortunately for Celine,
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์…€๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„,
09:26
our meeting did not end in my office.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์€ ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
I was able to get her enrolled into a free HIV treatment program
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
09:33
closer to her home,
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ HIV ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋ก์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:34
and with a support group to help her cope.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ง€์› ๋‹จ์ฒด๋„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋†จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Her story has a positive ending,
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋์ง€๋งŒ
09:40
but there are thousands of others in similar situations
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๊ณ  ์šด์ด ๋‹ฟ์ง€์•Š๋Š”
09:44
who are much less fortunate.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
Although she may not know this,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:49
my encounter with Celine has completely changed the way
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์ €๊ฐ€ ์…€๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜
09:52
in which I view HIV clinical trials in developing countries,
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HIV ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:57
and made me even more determined to be part of the movement
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์ผ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šด๋™์˜ ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ
10:00
to change the way in which things are done.
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๋”์šฑ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
I believe that every single person
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ์ €์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:06
listening to me tonight can be part of that change.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
If you are a researcher, I hold you
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
10:13
to a higher standard of moral conscience,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๋•์  ์–‘์‹ฌ์˜
10:15
to remain ethical in your research,
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๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ 
10:18
and not compromise human welfare in your search for answers.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
If you work for a funding agency or pharmaceutical company,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์› ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:25
I challenge you to hold your employers
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด
10:28
to fund research that is ethically sound.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„์ „ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
If you come from a developing country like myself,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜ค์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:34
I urge you to hold your government
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
10:37
to a more thorough review of the clinical trials
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์—†์ด
10:40
which are authorized in your country.
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๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Yes, there is a need for us to find a cure for HIV,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” HIV์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:46
to find an effective vaccine for malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ํšจ๊ณผ์  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
10:49
to find a diagnostic tool that works for T.B.,
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๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:53
but I believe that we owe it to those who willingly
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ฌ์—†์ด
10:56
and selflessly consent to participate in these clinical trials
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์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:01
to do this in a humane way.
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๋นš์„ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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