Boghuma Kabisen Titanji: Ethical riddles in HIV research

49,589 views ・ 2013-01-10

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Shin-Yuan Tzou 審譯者: Maria Liu
00:16
I'd like to share with you
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我想與你們分享
00:18
the story of one of my patients called Celine.
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我的病人之一,席琳的故事
00:22
Celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district
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席琳是一個生活在農村地區的家庭主婦
00:25
of Cameroon in west Central Africa.
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中非西部的喀麥隆
00:28
Six years ago, at the time of her HIV diagnosis,
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六年前,當時她被診斷出患有愛滋病毒
00:32
she was recruited to participate in the clinical trial
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她就被吸收參加當時的健康區域
00:35
which was running in her health district at the time.
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進行的臨床試驗
00:38
When I first met Celine, a little over a year ago,
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一年多以前,當我第一次見到席琳
00:42
she had gone for 18 months
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她已經過了 18 個月
00:44
without any antiretroviral therapy,
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沒有任何的抗逆轉錄病毒治療的日子
00:46
and she was very ill.
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而且她病得很厲害
00:49
She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic
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她告訴我她已經不去診所了
00:51
when the trial ended
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當試驗結束的時候
00:53
because she had no money for the bus fare
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因為她沒有錢買車票
00:55
and was too ill to walk the 35-kilometer distance.
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而且太虛弱走不完 35 公里的路
00:59
Now during the clinical trial,
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因為在臨床試驗中
01:01
she'd been given all her antiretroviral drugs free of charge,
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她可以免費得到抗逆轉錄病毒藥物
01:05
and her transportation costs
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和交通費
01:07
had been covered by the research funds.
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這些都由研究經費支出
01:10
All of these ended once the trial was completed,
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但是只要這個試驗完成結束
01:13
leaving Celine with no alternatives.
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席琳就別無選擇只好離開
01:16
She was unable to tell me the names of the drugs
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她無法告訴我在治療期間
01:19
she'd received during the trial,
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藥物的名稱
01:21
or even what the trial had been about.
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甚至這個試驗的相關資訊
01:24
I didn't bother to ask her what the results of the trial were
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我根本毋需刻意去問她試驗的結果
01:27
because it seemed obvious to me that she would have no clue.
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很明顯地,她也沒有任何線索
01:31
Yet what puzzled me most
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但我最困惑的
01:34
was Celine had given her informed consent
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是席琳簽署了一份知情同意書
01:37
to be a part of this trial, yet she clearly did not understand
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作為試驗的一部分,但她顯然不明白
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the implications of being a participant
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作為一個參與者的含義
01:43
or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed.
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或一旦試驗完成會產生什麼樣的結果
01:48
Now, I have shared this story with you as an example
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現在,我分享這個故事給你們做個例子
01:51
of what can happen to participants in the clinical trial
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有關在臨床試驗中進行得不順利的參與者
01:54
when it is poorly conducted.
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會發生什麼事
01:56
Maybe this particular trial yielded exciting results.
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也許這個特別的試驗產生了令人振奮的成果
02:00
Maybe it even got published in a high-profile scientific journal.
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也許可以在高知名度的科學雜誌上發表
02:04
Maybe it would inform clinicians around the world
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也許它告知了全世界的臨床醫生
02:07
on how to improve on the clinical management of HIV patients.
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如何提升對愛滋病毒患者的臨床管理
02:12
But it would have done so at a price
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但這樣做的代價
02:15
to hundreds of patients who, like Celine,
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是數百名像席琳的患者,
02:18
were left to their own devices
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讓他們自生自滅
02:20
once the research had been completed.
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一旦研究已經完成
02:23
I do not stand here today to suggest in any way
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我今天站在這裡,不是指出在
02:27
that conducting HIV clinical trials
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在發展中國家進行愛滋
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in developing countries is bad.
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臨床試驗是壞事
02:31
On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely useful tools,
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相反地,臨床試驗在發展中國家
02:35
and are much needed to address the burden
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對於公諸大眾這疾病所造成的負擔,是有急迫需要
02:38
of disease in developing countries.
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並且是極其有用的工具
02:40
However, the inequalities that exist between
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但是,不平等的現象還是
02:43
richer countries and developing countries in terms of funding
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存在於富裕國家和發展中國家,就資金而言
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pose a real risk for exploitation,
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構成實際的開發風險
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especially in the context of externally-funded research.
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尤其是在外部資金研究的情況下
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Sadly enough, the fact remains that
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令人遺憾的是,事實上仍然存在於
02:56
a lot of the studies that are conducted in developing countries
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在發展中國家進行的很多研究
03:00
could never be authorized in the richer countries
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永遠不可能在較富裕的國家中得到批准
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which fund the research.
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因為他們提供了研究的資金
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I'm sure you must be asking yourselves
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我肯定你必須問自己
03:07
what makes developing countries,
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什麼使得發展中國家
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especially those in sub-Saharan Africa,
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特別是在撒哈拉以南的非洲地區
03:12
so attractive for these HIV clinical trials?
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對於這些愛滋病毒臨床試驗有如此大的吸引力?
03:15
Well, in order for a clinical trial to generate
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嗯,在臨床試驗中,為了產生
03:19
valid and widely applicable results,
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有效和廣泛適用的結果
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they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants
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他們需要大量的參與者來進行研究
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and preferably on a population
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最好是在新愛滋病毒
03:28
with a high incidence of new HIV infections.
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感染發生率高的人口地區
03:32
Sub-Saharan Africa largely fits this description,
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撒哈拉以南的非洲最符合這種條件
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with 22 million people living with HIV,
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有 2千2百萬人感染了愛滋病毒
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an estimated 70 percent of the 30 million people
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估計是全世界3千萬愛滋病感染者
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who are infected worldwide.
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的百分之七十
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Also, research within the continent
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另外,在非洲大陸內
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is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty,
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很容易在普遍貧窮、地方疾病
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endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems.
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與衛生保健系統不足的地區進行研究
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A clinical trial that is considered to be
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一項被認為
03:58
potentially beneficial to the population
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對居民可能有利的臨床試驗
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is more likely to be authorized,
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更容易在沒有良好
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and in the absence of good health care systems,
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衛生保健系統下獲得認可
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almost any offer of medical assistance
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幾乎任何醫療援助提供都會
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is accepted as better than nothing.
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被接受,因為總比沒有好
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Even more problematic reasons include
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即使當中有更多的問題,像是
04:14
lower risk of litigation,
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為了降低訴訟風險
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less rigorous ethical reviews,
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不嚴格的倫理道德審查
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and populations that are willing to participate
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和願意參加的人員
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in almost any study that hints at a cure.
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幾乎在任何暗示得以治癒的研究中
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As funding for HIV research
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當愛滋病毒的研究經費
04:30
increases in developing countries
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在發展中國家不斷增加
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and ethical review in richer countries become more strict,
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富有國家倫理審查變得更嚴格
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you can see why this context becomes
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您可以看到為什麼這事情變得
04:38
very, very attractive.
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非常、非常有吸引力
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The high prevalence of HIV drives researchers
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愛滋病的高患病率趨使研究者
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to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable
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進行有時候是科學上可接受的研究
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but on many levels ethically questionable.
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但其道德在多數層面上值得質疑
04:52
How then can we ensure that, in our search for the cure,
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我們又如何確保,在我們尋求治癒的同時
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we do not take an unfair advantage
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我們沒有不當受益於那些
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of those who are already most affected by the pandemic?
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來自於已深受感染的病患
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I invite you to consider four areas I think we can focus on
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為了改善這些事情完成的方式
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in order to improve the way in which things are done.
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請你們考慮專心注意的四個領域
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The first of these is informed consent.
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第一是知情同意書
05:12
Now, in order for a clinical trial to be
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現在,為了臨床試驗可以
05:14
considered ethically acceptable,
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在道德上被接受
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participants must be given the relevant information
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參與者必須被告知他們可以
05:21
in a way in which they can understand,
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理解的相關資訊
05:23
and must freely consent to participate in the trial.
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和必須自由同意參加試驗。
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This is especially important in developing countries,
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這在發展中國家尤其重要
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where a lot of participants consent to research
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很多參與研究者同意做研究
05:33
because they believe it is the only way in which
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因為他們認為這是可以得到
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they can receive medical care or other benefits.
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醫療或其他福利的唯一途徑
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Consent procedures that are used in richer countries
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富有國家中使用的同意流程
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are often inappropriate or ineffective
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常常不適用於很多的發展中國家
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in a lot of developing countries.
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或起不了作用
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For example, it is counterintuitive to have
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例如,這是違反常理的
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an illiterate study participant, like Celine,
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研究參與者是文盲,像席琳
05:53
sign a lengthy consent form that they are unable to read,
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簽署冗長的知情同意書,而他們卻都無法閱讀
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let alone understand.
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更不用說瞭解
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Local communities need to be more involved
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當地社區需要多人參與來
06:02
in establishing the criteria for recruiting participants
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建立吸收臨床試驗參與者的標準
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in clinical trials, as well as the incentives for participation.
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以及參與者的動機
06:10
The information in these trials
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這些試驗中的資訊
06:12
needs to be given to the potential participants
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需要在口頭上告知且以文化上可接受的方式來通知
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in linguistically and culturally acceptable formats.
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可能的參與者
06:19
The second point I would like for you to consider
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第二點,我想請你們考慮
06:22
is the standard of care that is provided
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的是提供給任何臨床試驗參與者
06:24
to participants within any clinical trial.
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的治療標準
06:27
Now, this is subject to a lot of debate and controversy.
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現在,這很容易引起辯論和爭議
06:31
Should the control group in the clinical trial
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臨床試驗中的對照組
06:34
be given the best current treatment which is available
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是否應該給予
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anywhere in the world?
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全世界最好的治療?
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Or should they be given an alternative standard of care,
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或者是,他們應當被給予一個替代標準的治療?
06:42
such as the best current treatment available
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如正在進行研究中的國家可行的
06:45
in the country in which the research is being conducted?
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當前最佳治療?
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Is it fair to evaluate a treatment regimen
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一旦研究完成
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which may not be affordable or accessible
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參與者可能不是都有機會得到治療
06:55
to the study participants once the research has been completed?
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而來評估治療方案,這公平嗎?
06:59
Now, in a situation where the best current treatment
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現在,有一種當前最佳的治療
07:03
is inexpensive and simple to deliver,
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廉價而且容易提供
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the answer is straightforward.
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答案就很明確了
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However, the best current treatment available
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但是,這種全世界都有的
07:10
anywhere in the world is often very difficult
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當前最佳治療,但就是
07:13
to provide in developing countries.
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很難在發展中國家中提供
07:16
It is important to assess the potential risks and benefits
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評估照顧標準的潛在風險和利益,
07:19
of the standard of care which is to be provided
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以提供給任何參加臨床試驗的參與者
07:22
to participants in any clinical trial,
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並且建立一個與研究範圍內有關
07:25
and establish one which is relevant for the context of the study
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並對在研究範圍內對參與者最有利的醫療照顧
07:30
and most beneficial for the participants within the study.
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是很重要的
07:34
That brings us to the third point I want you think about:
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接下來我要提出第三點
07:37
the ethical review of research.
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就是研究的倫理審查
07:40
An effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability
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臨床試驗的審查道德適用性的有效制度
07:44
of clinical trials is primordial to safeguard participants
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對保障任何臨床試驗參與者而言
07:48
within any clinical trial.
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是最根本的
07:50
Unfortunately, this is often lacking
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不幸的,這通常在發展中國家
07:53
or inefficient in a lot of developing countries.
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非常欠缺或是效率很低
07:56
Local governments need to set up effective systems
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地方政府需要建立有效的系統
08:01
for reviewing the ethical issues around the clinical trials
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以審查臨床試驗的倫理議題
08:04
which are authorized in different developing countries,
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系統在不同的發展中國家授權
08:07
and they need to do this by setting up
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而且他們需要建立一個非政府
08:10
ethical review committees that are independent
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與研究贊助者的
08:12
of the government and research sponsors.
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道德審查委員會
08:16
Public accountability needs to be promoted
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公共受托責任需要經由透明
08:18
through transparency and independent review
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和獨立的審查
08:21
by nongovernmental and international organizations
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的非政府和國際組織來推動
08:24
as appropriate.
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較為適當
08:26
The final point I would like for you to consider tonight
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最後一點,我想請你們今晚考慮一下的就是
08:29
is what happens to participants in the clinical trial
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一旦研究已經完成
08:33
once the research has been completed.
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臨床試驗中的參加者會發生什麼情況
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I think it is absolutely wrong for research to begin
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我認為一開始就沒有明確的計畫
08:39
in the first place without a clear plan
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這個研究是絕對錯誤的
08:41
for what would happen to the participants
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因為也不知道一旦臨床試驗結束
08:43
once the trial has ended.
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參與試驗者會發生什麼事
08:46
Now, researchers need to make every effort to ensure that
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現在,研究人員需要盡一切努力來確保
08:51
an intervention that has been shown to be beneficial
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已被證明在臨床試驗期間
08:54
during a clinical trial
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的介入是有益的
08:56
is accessible to the participants of the trial
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就是一旦試驗完成
08:59
once the trial has been completed.
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參與者的狀況是可以被追蹤的到。
09:02
In addition, they should be able to consider the possibility
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此外,他們應能夠考慮
09:05
of introducing and maintaining effective treatments
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引進和維護有效治療方法的可能性
09:09
in the wider community once the trial ends.
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在更廣泛的社會中,一旦試驗結束。
09:13
If, for any reason, they feel that this might not be possible,
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如果出於任何原因,他們覺得這是不可能的
09:16
then I think they should have to ethically justify
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那麼,我認為他們應該在道德上證明
09:19
why the clinical trial should be conducted in the first place.
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臨床試驗的進行為什麼應該被放在第一位是正當的。
09:23
Now, fortunately for Celine,
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現在,幸運的是對於席琳,
09:26
our meeting did not end in my office.
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我們的見面並未在我的辦公室結束。
09:28
I was able to get her enrolled into a free HIV treatment program
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我能讓她登記免費的愛滋病毒治療方案
09:33
closer to her home,
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離她家很近
09:34
and with a support group to help her cope.
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還有支援小組來幫她應付。
09:38
Her story has a positive ending,
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她的故事有一個正面的結局,
09:40
but there are thousands of others in similar situations
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但還有數以千計的人在類似情況下
09:44
who are much less fortunate.
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沒這麼幸運。
09:46
Although she may not know this,
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雖然她可能不知道這一點,
09:49
my encounter with Celine has completely changed the way
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我和席琳的相遇完全改變了
09:52
in which I view HIV clinical trials in developing countries,
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我對發展中國家愛滋病毒臨床試驗的看法
09:57
and made me even more determined to be part of the movement
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並讓我更確定成為活動的一份子
10:00
to change the way in which things are done.
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去改變目前既定的事實與作法。
10:03
I believe that every single person
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我相信,每一個人
10:06
listening to me tonight can be part of that change.
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今晚聽過我的談話就可以成為這種改變的一份子。
10:10
If you are a researcher, I hold you
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如果你是一位研究人員,我會對你
10:13
to a higher standard of moral conscience,
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寄望更高的道德良知標準,
10:15
to remain ethical in your research,
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在你的研究中保持著倫理
10:18
and not compromise human welfare in your search for answers.
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而非在你尋求的答案中與人類福利妥協。
10:21
If you work for a funding agency or pharmaceutical company,
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如果你為資助機構或製藥公司工作,
10:25
I challenge you to hold your employers
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我對你會認為你的雇主
10:28
to fund research that is ethically sound.
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資助研究是合乎倫理道德的感到質疑。
10:31
If you come from a developing country like myself,
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如果你像我一樣,來自發展中國家
10:34
I urge you to hold your government
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我力勸您要求您的政府
10:37
to a more thorough review of the clinical trials
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對臨床試驗進行更徹底的審查
10:40
which are authorized in your country.
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這在你的國家是允許的
10:43
Yes, there is a need for us to find a cure for HIV,
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是的,我們需要找到治療愛滋病毒的方法
10:46
to find an effective vaccine for malaria,
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和治療瘧疾的有效疫苗
10:49
to find a diagnostic tool that works for T.B.,
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為結核病尋找診斷工具
10:53
but I believe that we owe it to those who willingly
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但我相信我們應把它歸功於那些心甘情願地
10:56
and selflessly consent to participate in these clinical trials
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和無私地同意參加這些臨床試驗的人
11:01
to do this in a humane way.
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以人道的方式來進行
11:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
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