Carlo Ratti: Architecture that senses and responds

翻译人员: Bear Jin 校对人员: Jenny Yang

Good afternoon, everybody.

大家下午好。

I've got something to show you.

我有些东西想展示给大家。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel.

把这个看作一个像素，一个飞行的像素。

This is what we call, in our lab, sensible design.

我们在实验室里，叫它感应设计。

Let me tell you a bit about it.

让我为你们介绍一下这个东西

Now if you take this picture -- I'm Italian originally,

现在如果你拿着这张照片--我是意大利人，

and every boy in Italy grows up

每个意大利男孩卧室墙上都有

with this picture on the wall of his bedroom --

这张照片来伴随他们长大。

but the reason I'm showing you this

但是我给你看这个原因是因为

is that something very interesting

一些有趣的事情

happened in Formula 1 racing

发生在F1方程式赛上

over the past couple of decades.

在过去的几十年里。

Now some time ago,

以前，

if you wanted to win a Formula 1 race,

如果你想在F1赛上夺冠，

you take a budget, and you bet your budget

你只需要有预算，然后把你的预算赌在

on a good driver and a good car.

一个好车手和好车上。

And if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race.

如果你的车和车手够好的话，那你会夺冠。

Now today, if you want to win the race,

现如今，如果你想夺冠，

actually you need also something like this --

事实上你还需要其他一些东西比如这个--

something that monitors the car in real time,

一些能实时检测赛车的装备

has a few thousand sensors

它连接着上千感应器

collecting information from the car,

能把收集到的车的相关数据，

transmitting this information into the system,

传输进系统中，

and then processing it

并处理

and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions

并用这个来反馈决定给车本身

and changing things in real time

使其实时地改变

as information is collected.

做到与信息收集同步。

This is what, in engineering terms,

这就是，用工程师的说法，

you would call a real time control system.

叫做实时监控系统。

And basically, it's a system made of two components --

基本上，这个系统包括两个部件

a sensing and an actuating component.

一个是感应器一个是驱动器

What is interesting today

如今，有趣的是

is that real time control systems

这个实时监控系统

are starting to enter into our lives.

正开始渗透到我们的生活中。

Our cities, over the past few years,

我们的城市，在过去的几年中，

just have been blanketed

已经被网络，电子工业

with networks, electronics.

所覆盖。

They're becoming like computers in open air.

它 们变得好像无线收放电脑。

And, as computers in open air,

同时，作为无线收放的电脑，

they're starting to respond in a different way

它们开始做出不同的回应

to be able to be sensed and to be actuated.

能传感和制动。

If we fix cities, actually it's a big deal.

如果我们能优化城市，实际上这是个飞跃。

Just as an aside, I wanted to mention,

说句题外话，我想说，

cities are only two percent of the Earth's crust,

城市只占了地球表面的百分之2，

but they are 50 percent of the world's population.

但是它们却占据了世界人口的百分之50。

They are 75 percent of the energy consumption --

它们的能源消耗占世界的百分之75--

up to 80 percent of CO2 emissions.

产生百分之80的二氧化碳排放量。

So if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal.

所以如果我们优化城市，那将会是个飞越。

Beyond cities,

在这些城市之上，

all of this sensing and actuating

所有这些传感和制动

is entering our everyday objects.

正在进入我们每天的日常事物中。

That's from an exhibition that

这是今年夏天柏拉·安东内利

Paola Antonelli is organizing

在纽约现代艺术博物馆

at MoMA later this year, during the summer.

组织的一次展览。

It's called "Talk to Me."

主题为“与我交谈。”

Well our objects, our environment

我们的事物，我们的环境，

is starting to talk back to us.

正在开始给我们反馈。

In a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there

某种意义上，就像每个原子

were becoming both a sensor and an actuator.

都在变成传感器和制动器。

And that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans

同时这也根本上改变了我们作为人类

with the environment out there.

和大自然之间的关系。

In a certain sense,

某种意义上，

it's almost as if the old dream of Michelangelo ...

这简直就是米开朗琪罗古老的梦想...

you know, when Michelangelo sculpted the Moses,

你知道，当米开朗琪罗雕刻摩西像时，

at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the Moses --

在最后他拿起铁锤，扔向摩西像--

actually you can still see a small chip underneath --

事实上你还看到底下那小的凹槽--

and said, shouted,

说着，咆哮着，

"Perché non parli? Why don't you talk?"

“你为什不说话，为什么？”

Well today, for the first time,

今天，第一次，

our environment is starting to talk back to us.

我们的环境开始给我们反馈。

And I'll show just a few examples --

我将展示几个案例--

again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it.

有一次，随着我们的意识去感应并回应我们环境。

Let's starting with sensing.

让我们从传感阶段开始。

Well, the first project I wanted to share with you

我想分享给你的第一个项目

is actually one of the first projects by our lab.

事实上是我们实验室的最初几个项目之一。

It was four and a half years ago in Italy.

那是在4年6个月之前的意大利。

And what we did there

我们在那里做的

was actually use a new type of network at the time

实际上是用那时的一种新型的网络

that had been deployed all across the world --

现如今已经覆盖全球--

that's a cellphone network --

手机网络--

and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network,

并通过这个网络收集任何终端发出的

that's collected anyway by the operator,

密名的整合过的信息

in order to understand

来理解

how the city works.

城市是如何运作的。

The summer was a lucky summer -- 2006.

那年夏天是个幸运的夏天-2006年。

It's when Italy won the soccer World Cup.

这是刚意大利在世界杯夺冠的那年。

Some of you might remember, it was Italy and France playing,

你们中的一些也许记得，有场意大利对法国的比赛，

and then Zidane at the end, the headbutt.

那时齐达内终场前的，那个头槌。

And anyway, Italy won at the end.

不管怎样，意大利最后赢了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Now look at what happened that day

现在看看那天发生了什么

just by monitoring activity

就用网格来实时演示

happening on the network.

发生的情况。

Here you see the city.

你现在看到的城市。

You see the Colosseum in the middle,

你看到正中的罗马圆形大剧场，

the river Tiber.

台伯河。

It's morning, before the match.

这是早晨，比赛前。

You see the timeline on the top.

你看着顶端的时间轴。

Early afternoon,

中午，

people here and there,

这里那里的人

making calls and moving.

打着电话，行走着。

The match begins -- silence.

比赛开始--安静。

France scores. Italy scores.

法国队进球。意大利对进球。

Halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom.

半场，大家迅速地打个电话，上个厕所。

Second half. End of normal time.

下半场，比赛结束

First overtime, second.

第一个加时，第二个加时。

Zidane, the headbutt in a moment.

齐达内，头槌的那个时候。

Italy wins. Yeah.

意大利赢了。哈哈。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

Well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center.

那天夜里，每个人都去市中心庆祝。

You saw the big peak.

你可以看到高峰期。

The following day, again everybody went to the center

第二天，每个人都去市中心

to meet the winning team

迎接凯旋的队伍

and the prime minister at the time.

和总理。

And then everybody moved down.

接着人流开始回落。

You see the image of the place called Circo Massimo,

你们看到图上的这个地方叫做 马西莫赛场，

where, since Roman times, people go to celebrate,

从罗马时期开始，人们就去那里庆祝--

to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day.

会有一个盛大的聚会，在这天结束的时候看到高峰期。

Well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today

话说，这只是我们如今如何感知这个城市的例子之一，

in a way that we couldn't have done

用这种我们几年前

just a few years ago.

无法做到的方式。

Another quick example about sensing:

另外一个简略的关于感知的例子：

it's not about people,

这次不是关于人的，

but about things we use and consume.

而是关于我们使用和消耗的东西。

Well today, we know everything

今天，我们知道每一样

about where our objects come from.

东西从哪里来。

This is a map that shows you

这是一张地图展示给你

all the chips that form a Mac computer, how they came together.

所有的一台苹果电脑的零配件，如何组装到一起。

But we know very little about where things go.

但是我们却极少知道这些零配件最后报废到哪里。

So in this project,

所以这个项目，

we actually developed some small tags

我们实际上发明了一些小的标签

to track trash as it moves through the system.

来追踪这些废物从而使它在系统中移动。

So we actually started with a number of volunteers

实际上我们和一些志愿者一起

who helped us in Seattle,

那些在西雅图愿意帮助我们的志愿者，

just over a year ago,

就在一年之前，

to tag what they were throwing away --

给那些人们丢弃的东西贴上标签--

different types of things, as you can see here --

不同种类的东西，就像你看到的这些--

things they would throw away anyway.

那些我们无论如何都要扔掉的东西。

Then we put a little chip, little tag,

我们把小的集成块，小的标签，

onto the trash

贴在那些垃圾上

and then started following it.

然后开始追踪它。

Here are the results we just obtained.

这是我们观测到的结果。

(Music)

（音乐）

From Seattle ...

从西雅图...

after one week.

一周之后。

With this information we realized

从这些信息中我们认识到

there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system.

系统中有太多的低效运作。

We can actually do the same thing with much less energy.

我事实上能用更少的能源做同样的事情。

This data was not available before.

这个数据先前还不可用。

But there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening.

但是有很多垃圾运输和费解的事情发生了。

But the other thing is that we believe

还有另外一件我们坚信的事

that if we see every day

如果我们想那些我们每天

that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear,

扔掉的杯子，它并没有消失，

it's still somewhere on the planet.

它还是在地球上的某个角落。

And the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there.

我们每天扔得塑料瓶还是会呆在那里。

And if we show that to people,

如果我们把这个展示给人们，

then we can also promote some behavioral change.

接着我们也就能提倡一些行为上的改变。

So that was the reason for the project.

所以这就是这个项目的意义所在。

My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman,

我在麻省理工的同事，阿萨夫·彼得曼，

he could tell you much more about sensing

他会告诉你更多关于感知

and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing,

和很多我们用感知能做的奇妙的事情，

but I wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning,

但是我想先从第二部分开始讲起，

and that's actuating our environment.

这实际上是关于我们的环境。

And the first project

第一个项目

is something we did a couple of years ago in Zaragoza, Spain.

是关于我们几年前在西班牙萨拉戈萨做的事。

It started with a question by the mayor of the city,

它开始于市长提出的一个问题，

who came to us saying

他找到我们说

that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition

西班牙以至于欧洲南部

of using water in public space, in architecture.

用建筑，在公共场合善用水资源的传统。

And the question was: How could technology, new technology,

问题就是：技术，新的技术，怎么样才能

be added to that?

使其锦上添花？

And one of the ideas that was developed at MIT in a workshop

其中一个点子是来自麻省理工的一个研发组

was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves,

是关于，想象一个管道，你有它的阀门，

solenoid valves, taps,

电磁阀，读数表，

opening and closing.

开启又关闭。

You create like a water curtain with pixels made of water.

你就创造了一个用水作为像素的水帘。

If those pixels fall,

如果这些像素落下，

you can write on it,

你可以在它上面创作，

you can show patterns, images, text.

你能展现出花案，图像，文字。

And even you can approach it, and it will open up

你接近它的时候，它甚至会关闭

to let you jump through,

来让你跳过，

as you see in this image.

就像你所看到这个图片。

Well, we presented this to Mayor Belloch.

我们把这个展示给贝洛克市长。

He liked it very much.

他很喜欢它。

And we got a commission to design a building

接着我们就得到了在世博会入口

at the entrance of the expo.

建造一幢大楼的允许。

We called it Digital Water Pavilion.

我们叫它数字水馆。

The whole building is made of water.

整个大楼用水建造而成。

There's no doors or windows,

没有门或者窗户，

but when you approach it,

但是当你走进它的时候，

it will open up to let you in.

它会自动开辟路口让你进入。

(Music)

（音乐）

The roof also is covered with water.

屋顶同样也是被水覆盖着。

And if there's a bit of wind,

如果有一点风的话，

if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof.

如果你想少一点水溅出的话，你事实上可以把屋顶降低一些。

Or you could close the building,

或者甚至关闭整座大楼，

and the whole architecture will disappear,

那这个建筑就会消失，

like in this case.

就好像这个样子。

You know, these days, you always get images during the winter,

这些天，你会在冬天常常能看这样的景象

when they take the roof down,

当他们降低屋顶

of people who have been there and said, "They demolished the building."

去过那里的人就会说，“他们在拆除这建筑。”

No, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down,

没有，他们没有拆毁它，只是当它下降的时候，

the architecture almost disappears.

建筑本生几乎就是消失了。

Here's the building working.

这是水建筑工作的情况。

You see the person puzzled about what was going on inside.

你可以看到人们对如何进入表示很疑惑。

And here was myself trying not to get wet,

这是我在试着不让自己变湿，

testing the sensors that open the water.

在测试打开水帘的感应器。

Well, I should tell you now what happened one night

我应该告诉你有天晚上发生的事

when all of the sensors stopped working.

那时所有的感应器停止工作。

But actually that night, it was even more fun.

但是这使那个晚上变得更为有趣。

All the kids from Zaragoza came to the building,

所有在萨拉戈萨的孩子云集此楼，

because the way of engaging with the building became something different.

因为进入大楼的方式变的有些不同。

Not anymore a building that would open up to let you in,

大楼不再会自动打开让你进入，

but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water,

但是大楼还是会被水帘分割出不同的空间

and you had to jump without getting wet.

那你就不能不跳过这次来不弄湿自己。

(Video) (Crowd Noise)

（录像）（人群的喧哗声）

And that was, for us, was very interesting,

同时，对于我们，这也很有意思，

because, as architects, as engineers, as designers,

因为，作为一个建筑师，一个工程师，一个设计师，

we always think about how people will use the things we design.

我们经常考虑人们如何使用我们设计出的东西。

But then reality's always unpredictable.

但是现实总是出人意料。

And that's the beauty of doing things

这也是做这些事的魅力所在

that are used and interact with people.

使用和互动同在。

Here is an image then of the building

这是一张

with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water,

用物理像素，用水做成的，

and then projections on them.

然后在上面做投影

And this is what led us to think about

同时它让我想起

the following project I'll show you now.

下一个我要展示给大家的项目。

That's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying.

这是，想象这这些像素能飞。

Imagine you could have small helicopters

想象你会有一个小的

that move in the air,

可以在空中移动的直升机，

and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights --

同时每个上面都有一个小的可以变色的像素--

almost as a cloud that can move in space.

几乎像一片可以在空中移动的云层。

Here is the video.

看一段录像。

(Music)

（音乐）

So imagine one helicopter,

想象一架直升机，

like the one we saw before,

像我们刚刚看到的那种，

moving with others,

和另外一些直升机，

in synchrony.

同步的，移动。

So you can have this cloud.

于是乎你得到了这样的云。

You can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this --

你就得到了一种可弯曲的屏幕或者展示板，像这个--

a regular configuration in two dimensions.

一个二维的常规配置。

Or in regular, but in three dimensions,

或者常规的，但是三维的，

where the thing that changes is the light,

这里，改变的是亮点，

not the pixels' position.

而不是像素的位置。

You can play with a different type.

你可以使用不同的方法。

Imagine your screen could just appear

想象你的显示屏能

in different scales or sizes,

用不同的尺寸或规模，

different types of resolution.

用不同的清晰度来放映。

But then the whole thing can be

但是所有的一切

just a 3D cloud of pixels

只是一个3维的像素云而已

that you can approach and move through it

你能拉近并穿过它

and see from many, many directions.

并从很多，很多角度观看。

Here is the real Flyfire

这是

control and going down to form the regular grid as before.

受控下降像刚才一样形成标准的网格。

When you turn on the light, actually you see this. So the same as we saw before.

当你开灯的时候，你事实上看的这个。和我们之前看的一样。

And imagine each of them then controlled by people.

想象如果其中的每一个都是被人所控制的。

You can have each pixel

你能让每个像素

having an input that comes from people,

都有从人那里得到对应的输入，

from people's movement, or so and so.

从人的移动，诸如此类。

I want to show you something here for the first time.

我给你们看一些第一次展出的东西。

We've been working with Roberto Bolle,

我们正在和罗伯托·博列合作，

one of today's top ballet dancers --

现今最顶级的芭蕾舞者之一--

the étoile at Metropolitan in New York

纽约大都会艺术博物馆

and La Scala in Milan --

和米兰斯卡拉歌剧院的明星--

and actually captured his movement in 3D

来实时的捕捉他3D的动作

in order to use it as an input for Flyfire.

为了用它来

And here you can see Roberto dancing.

你能看到罗伯托在跳舞。

You see on the left the pixels,

你能在左边的像素点，

the different resolutions being captured.

不同的

It's both 3D scanning in real time

这都是实时的3维的扫描

and motion capture.

和动态捕捉。

So you can reconstruct a whole movement.

这样你就能重现这整个舞步。

You can go all the way through.

你能一直这样跳下去。

But then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them

但是，一旦你有了这些像素，你就能操控他们

and play with color and movement

用彩色和动作

and gravity and rotation.

重力和旋转来操控。

So we want to use this as one of the possible inputs

我们想用这个来作为飞行火的一种可能的

for Flyfire.

输入端。

I wanted to show you the last project we are working on.

我想展示给你们最后一个我们在做的项目。

It's something we're working on for the London Olympics.

它是我们为了伦敦奥林匹克而做的事。

It's called The Cloud.

它叫做数字云。

And the idea here is, imagine, again,

这个想法的来源，再一次，发挥想象，

we can involve people

我们能让大家参与

in doing something and changing our environment --

来做一些事来改变环境--

almost to impart what we call cloud raising --

就是来赞助我们的数字云的建造--

like barn raising, but with a cloud.

就像谷仓的建造一样，但是是数字云。

Imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel.

想想你能让每个人捐出一个像素的钱。

And I think what is remarkable

我认为过去几年

that has happened over the past couple of years

发生的什么事是卓越的

is that, over the past couple of decades,

是，过去的几十年里，

we went from the physical world to the digital one.

我们经历了物理世界到数字化世界的转变。

This has been digitizing everything, knowledge,

现在电子产品，知识，

and making that accessible through the Internet.

能连入互联网的端口到处都是。

Now today, for the first time --

今天，第一次--

and the Obama campaign showed us this --

奥巴马竞选告诉我们--

we can go from the digital world,

我们能从数字化世界

from the self-organizing power of networks,

靠自发组织的网络力量

to the physical one.

回归到物理世界。

This can be, in our case,

这是可行的，用我们这个例子，

we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol.

我们想用它来设计和创作一个标志。

That means something built in a city.

它会意味着在城市中建立的某些建筑。

But tomorrow it can be,

但是未来它能是

in order to tackle today's pressing challenges --

它能解决今天日益临近的挑战--

think about climate change or CO2 emissions --

想想气候变化或者二氧化碳排放--

how we can go from the digital world to the physical one.

我们如何从数字化世界回归到物理世界的方法。

So the idea that we can actually involve people

所以我们事实上能让大家集体参与

in doing this thing together, collectively.

一起做这件事。

The cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels,

这数字云是云，而且，用像素形成的，

in the same way as the real cloud

用现实中云形成的方式

is a cloud made of particles.

用微粒来形成云一样。

And those particles are water,

这些微粒是水，

where our cloud is a cloud of pixels.

这数字云是像素组成的云。

It's a physical structure in London, but covered with pixels.

这是在伦敦的

You can move inside, have different types of experiences.

你能步入其中，感受不一样的体验。

You can actually see from underneath,

你实际能在下方看见，

sharing the main moments

2012年奥林匹克

for the Olympics in 2012 and beyond,

的重要时刻，

and really using it as a way to connect with the community.

并真正用它来作为连接社会的桥梁。

So both the physical cloud in the sky

同时天上的云

and something you can go to the top [of],

和一些你能到达的顶部，

like London's new mountaintop.

像伦敦的新的山顶。

You can enter inside it.

你能进入其中。

And a kind of new digital beacon for the night --

这是夜晚一种全新的数字化火炬--

but most importantly,

但是最重要的是，

a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top.

创造了一种任何人都能到达高峰的体验

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）