Carlo Ratti: Architecture that senses and responds

譯者: zhang haohan 審譯者: Nova Upinel Altesse

Good afternoon, everybody.

大家下午好

I've got something to show you.

我有些東西想展示給大家

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel.

把它想像成一個像飛行的素點

This is what we call, in our lab, sensible design.

這就是在我們實驗室中被稱為感應器

Let me tell you a bit about it.

我們來補充看點東西

Now if you take this picture -- I'm Italian originally,

現在我們來看這幅圖片 我是一名意大利人

and every boy in Italy grows up

每一個在意大利長大的孩子

with this picture on the wall of his bedroom --

都會有這樣一副圖在他們的床頭

but the reason I'm showing you this

但是今天我給你們看這幅畫的原因是

is that something very interesting

在其中有些很有意思的東西

happened in Formula 1 racing

在過去幾十年的

over the past couple of decades.

F1比賽中發生著

Now some time ago,

假如你想要在

if you wanted to win a Formula 1 race,

曾經的F1比賽中勝利

you take a budget, and you bet your budget

你必須要有一筆預算費用，我打賭你的費用中

on a good driver and a good car.

包括了一位好的賽手 一輛好的車

And if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race.

假如的車和賽手足夠優秀，想必你可以贏下這次比賽

Now today, if you want to win the race,

但是時至今日，假如你還想勝出

actually you need also something like this --

你就必須要這樣的裝備了

something that monitors the car in real time,

它用於實時監控賽車

has a few thousand sensors

有著幾千個感測器

collecting information from the car,

用於收集從車上反饋的信息

transmitting this information into the system,

並把這些信息導入電腦

and then processing it

經電腦處理后

and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions

用作決策信息

and changing things in real time

根據收集的信息

as information is collected.

實時改變賽車的一些東西

This is what, in engineering terms,

這在工程學里稱為

you would call a real time control system.

實時監控系統

And basically, it's a system made of two components --

基本上，這個系統是由兩個部份構成的

a sensing and an actuating component.

一個感應器和一個反應器

What is interesting today

在現在更有趣的是

is that real time control systems

實時監控系統

are starting to enter into our lives.

正在進入我們的日常生活

Our cities, over the past few years,

在過去幾年中

just have been blanketed

電子網絡在城市中

with networks, electronics.

鋪設開來

They're becoming like computers in open air.

他們正成為空氣中的電腦

And, as computers in open air,

就像空氣中的電腦一樣

they're starting to respond in a different way

他們正開始以不同的方式工作著

to be able to be sensed and to be actuated.

去感應并做成相應的反饋

If we fix cities, actually it's a big deal.

假如我們能改善城市 這是個大工程

Just as an aside, I wanted to mention,

作為背景 我想提一下

cities are only two percent of the Earth's crust,

城市雖然在地球表面只占百分之2的面積

but they are 50 percent of the world's population.

但是他們是世界人口的百分之50

They are 75 percent of the energy consumption --

百分之75的能量消耗是在城市里德

up to 80 percent of CO2 emissions.

並且導致百分之80的二氧化碳排放

So if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal.

所以我們假如能對城市做點什麽的話 這必定是件大事

Beyond cities,

出來城市

all of this sensing and actuating

這些感應效應裝置

is entering our everyday objects.

正在進入我們的每日生活

That's from an exhibition that

這來自于一個展覽

Paola Antonelli is organizing

Paola Antonelli正在MoMA

at MoMA later this year, during the summer.

在今夏舉行的MoMA(現代藝術博物館)上展出

It's called "Talk to Me."

它叫做“告訴我”

Well our objects, our environment

我們的物品環境

is starting to talk back to us.

正要開始與我們對話

In a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there

在某種意義上 幾乎每個在環境中的分子

were becoming both a sensor and an actuator.

將要成為一個感應器和效應器

And that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans

那麼將會從根本上改變人與環境

with the environment out there.

之間的關係

In a certain sense,

某種角度上

it's almost as if the old dream of Michelangelo ...

他幾乎就是米開朗基羅的夢想

you know, when Michelangelo sculpted the Moses,

我們是知道 黨米開朗基羅雕刻摩西是

at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the Moses --

據說在最後他把自己的錘子丟向了摩西

actually you can still see a small chip underneath --

的確你也可以看到在底部的一小個缺口

and said, shouted,

并咆哮到

"Perché non parli? Why don't you talk?"

“你爲什麽不說話（意大利語），你爲什麽不說話（英語）”

Well today, for the first time,

到了今天 終於有了第一次

our environment is starting to talk back to us.

我們的環境開始與我們交流了

And I'll show just a few examples --

我將向你們展示幾個例子

again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it.

再一次，用到我們感應環境后效應的思想

Let's starting with sensing.

我們先從感應開始

Well, the first project I wanted to share with you

第一個我想與你們分享的是

is actually one of the first projects by our lab.

我們實驗室做的一次實驗

It was four and a half years ago in Italy.

實驗進行是在四年半前的意大利

And what we did there

我們當時用了一種

was actually use a new type of network at the time

新的網絡 手機網絡

that had been deployed all across the world --

雖然現在手機網絡

that's a cellphone network --

已經在全世界普及了

and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network,

我們當時用匿名的方式從這個網絡裏面獲取信息

that's collected anyway by the operator,

信息當然是由服務商搜集的

in order to understand

爲了瞭解

how the city works.

城市是怎樣工作的

The summer was a lucky summer -- 2006.

2006年的夏天是個幸運的夏天

It's when Italy won the soccer World Cup.

那個夏天意大利贏得了世界冠軍

Some of you might remember, it was Italy and France playing,

可能你們還記得 是法國和意大利的對局

and then Zidane at the end, the headbutt.

在最後齊達內用頭撞了人

And anyway, Italy won at the end.

但是無論如何意大利贏了

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now look at what happened that day

現在我們就用監控信息

just by monitoring activity

來看看那天在手機網絡上

happening on the network.

發生了什麽

Here you see the city.

現在你可以看到這種城市

You see the Colosseum in the middle,

可以看到中間的是羅馬競技場

the river Tiber.

台伯河

It's morning, before the match.

現在是早上 比賽之前

You see the timeline on the top.

你可以在上方看到時間軸

Early afternoon,

剛過中文

people here and there,

隨處的人

making calls and moving.

再打電話到處移動

The match begins -- silence.

比賽開始了 一片寂靜

France scores. Italy scores.

法國隊進球 意大利進球

Halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom.

半場，人們趕快打了個電話去洗了澡

Second half. End of normal time.

下半場 常規賽結束

First overtime, second.

加時賽上半場 下半場

Zidane, the headbutt in a moment.

齊達內用頭撞人的一瞬間

Italy wins. Yeah.

意大利贏了

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center.

當晚 每個人都到市中心慶祝

You saw the big peak.

我可以看到一個大高峰

The following day, again everybody went to the center

之後那天 每個人都去到市中心

to meet the winning team

迎接勝利歸來的球隊

and the prime minister at the time.

和首相

And then everybody moved down.

之後每個人都開始狂歡

You see the image of the place called Circo Massimo,

你可以看到羅馬賽馬場的圖像

where, since Roman times, people go to celebrate,

從羅馬時代開始 人們就開始去那裡慶祝

to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day.

開大派對 你可以在今天的最後看到最高峰

Well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today

好了 這就是我們今天如何感應的一種方法

in a way that we couldn't have done

在幾年前我們

just a few years ago.

是無法做到的

Another quick example about sensing:

另外一個有關感應的小例子

it's not about people,

並不是涉及到人的

but about things we use and consume.

而是我們使用的物件

Well today, we know everything

在當下 我們是知道

about where our objects come from.

每個東西是從哪裡來的

This is a map that shows you

這個地圖向你展示

all the chips that form a Mac computer, how they came together.

一個iMac中的所有部件是從那裡來的如何組合在一起的

But we know very little about where things go.

但是我們對它們在之後去了哪裡瞭解的甚少

So in this project,

所以在這次的項目中

we actually developed some small tags

我們做了一些小部件

to track trash as it moves through the system.

去追蹤它們的軌跡

So we actually started with a number of volunteers

所以我們一年前便開始找志願者

who helped us in Seattle,

在西雅圖找能幫助我們

just over a year ago,

的志願者

to tag what they were throwing away --

把他們要丟的東西裝上我們的小部件

different types of things, as you can see here --

你可以看到 有很多東西

things they would throw away anyway.

但是都是些你會丟掉的東西

Then we put a little chip, little tag,

然後我們就把我們的小部件

onto the trash

裝到垃圾上

and then started following it.

然後就可以開始跟蹤它了

Here are the results we just obtained.

這是我們拿到的結果

(Music)

（♪）

From Seattle ...

從西雅圖開始

after one week.

一星期后

With this information we realized

有了這些信息我們可以發現

there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system.

在我們配送垃圾的系統中有很多地方很不效率

We can actually do the same thing with much less energy.

我們可以作同樣的事用更少的能量

This data was not available before.

這樣一份資料在以前是無法得到的

But there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening.

很多不必要的運輸正在發生

But the other thing is that we believe

有這樣一個事實

that if we see every day

是我們丟掉的杯子

that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear,

並不會消失

it's still somewhere on the planet.

而是會仍然在地球的某個地方

And the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there.

我們丟掉的塑料杯每天都還是會在那裡的

And if we show that to people,

假如我們把這些東西展現給大家看

then we can also promote some behavioral change.

我們就能夠推動某些行為的改變

So that was the reason for the project.

我們做這項計劃是很原因的

My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman,

我在MIT的同時Assaf Biderman

he could tell you much more about sensing

他可以向你們展示更懂有關感應器的東西

and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing,

還有一些更奇妙的東西 我們通過感應能學到的

but I wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning,

但是我想開始一開始提出來的一個話題

and that's actuating our environment.

那就是環境效應器

And the first project

我們的第一個項目是

is something we did a couple of years ago in Zaragoza, Spain.

在幾年前我們在西班牙Zaragoza

It started with a question by the mayor of the city,

這次項目是從市長的一個問題開始的

who came to us saying

他有天對我們說

that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition

西班牙 南歐有一個很美麗的

of using water in public space, in architecture.

在建築物里用到水的傳統

And the question was: How could technology, new technology,

他的問題是 如何把

be added to that?

新科技加入其中

And one of the ideas that was developed at MIT in a workshop

於是有這樣一個想法在MIT的一個工作室里誕生了

was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves,

想像這是一個管子 你還有一個閥門

solenoid valves, taps,

螺旋閥門

opening and closing.

打開 關閉

You create like a water curtain with pixels made of water.

用水形成的圖素你就可以做出一個水簾出來

If those pixels fall,

這些圖素掉下來時

you can write on it,

我可以在修飾一下他

you can show patterns, images, text.

你就可以看到一些圖像 文字了

And even you can approach it, and it will open up

你甚至可以靠近它 它就會停下來

to let you jump through,

讓你跳過去

as you see in this image.

在圖片中你可以看到

Well, we presented this to Mayor Belloch.

當我們把這個給市長看時

He liked it very much.

他很喜歡

And we got a commission to design a building

之後我們便接下了要在世博園入口

at the entrance of the expo.

設計一個建築的單子

We called it Digital Water Pavilion.

我們把這個項目叫做數字水館

The whole building is made of water.

整個建築都是用水做的

There's no doors or windows,

沒有門窗

but when you approach it,

只要你一接近

it will open up to let you in.

它就會打開讓你進去

(Music)

（♪）

The roof also is covered with water.

天頂也是被水包裹著的

And if there's a bit of wind,

假如有風

if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof.

想減少水的濺射 你可以減低屋頂

Or you could close the building,

或者關閉建築物

and the whole architecture will disappear,

就像這樣整個建築物

like in this case.

都會消失

You know, these days, you always get images during the winter,

在那個冬天你總會看到這樣的圖像

when they take the roof down,

黨天頂降下來時

of people who have been there and said, "They demolished the building."

到那裡的人們會說 他們把這個建築拆了

No, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down,

但是他們並沒有拆而是降下時

the architecture almost disappears.

整個建築消失了而已

Here's the building working.

這就是建築物

You see the person puzzled about what was going on inside.

你可以看到人們被裏面發生的事驚訝到的表情

And here was myself trying not to get wet,

然後這是我自己在測試感應器

testing the sensors that open the water.

看看會不會淋濕

Well, I should tell you now what happened one night

但是 我想告訴你們有一天晚上發生的事情

when all of the sensors stopped working.

那天所有的感應器停止了工作

But actually that night, it was even more fun.

但是那天晚上卻更有趣了

All the kids from Zaragoza came to the building,

好多來自Zaragoza 的小孩來到了展館

because the way of engaging with the building became something different.

因為進入建築變難了

Not anymore a building that would open up to let you in,

並不是你靠近就會讓你進去

but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water,

而是建築物會在水簾上留有空間

and you had to jump without getting wet.

你不淋濕可以從當中跳過去

(Video) (Crowd Noise)

（視頻 人群聲）

And that was, for us, was very interesting,

這對我們來說是一件很有趣的事情

because, as architects, as engineers, as designers,

因為作為一個建築者工程師設計師

we always think about how people will use the things we design.

我們總會想人們會用我們設計的東西

But then reality's always unpredictable.

但是現實總是無法預測的

And that's the beauty of doing things

這就是做這個行當美麗的地方

that are used and interact with people.

也是它吸引人的地方

Here is an image then of the building

這是當時建築的照片

with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water,

由水這個實像素組成的

and then projections on them.

然後投影到上面的

And this is what led us to think about

這就讓我們想到了

the following project I'll show you now.

接下來我想你們展示的項目

That's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying.

來想像這些像素點開始飛行

Imagine you could have small helicopters

想像他們是一架一架的小直升機

that move in the air,

在空中運動

and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights --

然後每個像素點都在變色

almost as a cloud that can move in space.

就像在天空動的云一樣

Here is the video.

這是一視頻

(Music)

（♪）

So imagine one helicopter,

我們來想像一架直升機

like the one we saw before,

就像我們之前見過的一樣

moving with others,

與其他的直升機

in synchrony.

一起動

So you can have this cloud.

然後我們就可以得到這樣的一朵雲

You can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this --

我們有一個跟動態的畫面 像這樣

a regular configuration in two dimensions.

一個簡單的2D圖像

Or in regular, but in three dimensions,

一個簡單的3D圖像

where the thing that changes is the light,

現在在改變的東西是光

not the pixels' position.

而不是像素點的位置

You can play with a different type.

只可以用不同方式展示

Imagine your screen could just appear

想像你的屏幕可以

in different scales or sizes,

以不同的大小出現

different types of resolution.

不同的分辨率

But then the whole thing can be

然後整個的畫面

just a 3D cloud of pixels

就會成為一個3D的像素雲

that you can approach and move through it

你可以靠近可以這當中移動

and see from many, many directions.

從不同的角度去看

Here is the real Flyfire

這是真的Flyfire

control and going down to form the regular grid as before.

被操作著下降形成像往常一樣的平面

When you turn on the light, actually you see this. So the same as we saw before.

但你打開燈 你看到是這些 這和我們之前看到的是一個東西

And imagine each of them then controlled by people.

想像每一個都是有人控制的

You can have each pixel

你可以讓每一個像素點

having an input that comes from people,

收到來自人的指令

from people's movement, or so and so.

來自人的動作

I want to show you something here for the first time.

我現在想向你們展示我第一次展示的項目

We've been working with Roberto Bolle,

我們與Roberto Bolle合作的項目

one of today's top ballet dancers --

當今世界頂尖的芭蕾舞者

the étoile at Metropolitan in New York

是紐約Metropolitan（劇院）

and La Scala in Milan --

米蘭的La Scala（劇院）的新星

and actually captured his movement in 3D

我們在3D影像中記錄下他的動作

in order to use it as an input for Flyfire.

作為Flyfire信號發出源

And here you can see Roberto dancing.

我們現在可以看到Roberto在跳舞

You see on the left the pixels,

你可以在左邊看到像素點

the different resolutions being captured.

不同的動作正在被記錄下來

It's both 3D scanning in real time

這都是實時的3D掃描

and motion capture.

和動態捕捉

So you can reconstruct a whole movement.

所以你可以把整個過程重組

You can go all the way through.

可以把整個都過一邊

But then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them

我們只有有了像素點 我們是可以以像素點形式播放它的

and play with color and movement

可以加上顏色和動作

and gravity and rotation.

可以加上特效

So we want to use this as one of the possible inputs

我們想把這作為Flyfire的一種可能的

for Flyfire.

信號源

I wanted to show you the last project we are working on.

我想向你們展示我最近在做的一項工程

It's something we're working on for the London Olympics.

是我們為倫敦奧運會做的

It's called The Cloud.

這個叫The Cloud

And the idea here is, imagine, again,

然後我們又要再次想像一下

we can involve people

我們這次加入了人

in doing something and changing our environment --

做了一些改變環境的事

almost to impart what we call cloud raising --

告訴他們收集云的計劃

like barn raising, but with a cloud.

就像收集糧食一樣 但是我們收集的是云

Imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel.

假如你可以讓每一個為每一個像素點做一點捐款

And I think what is remarkable

我想在過去幾十年中

that has happened over the past couple of years

最有意義的

is that, over the past couple of decades,

事情就是

we went from the physical world to the digital one.

我們從現實世界走向的數字世界

This has been digitizing everything, knowledge,

我們已經把很多東西都數字化了

and making that accessible through the Internet.

比如知識讓它可以在全世界範圍傳播

Now today, for the first time --

在當下

and the Obama campaign showed us this --

歐巴馬的政權第一次向我們展示了

we can go from the digital world,

我們可以從數字世界

from the self-organizing power of networks,

從自我構成的網絡系統

to the physical one.

走向物質化的世界

This can be, in our case,

這是可行的對我們而言

we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol.

我們想用這個理念去設計去創造一個標誌

That means something built in a city.

這就意味著像建築一座城市這樣的事

But tomorrow it can be,

在今後就可能是

in order to tackle today's pressing challenges --

解決當今最大的問題

think about climate change or CO2 emissions --

關於氣候變化和二氧化碳排放

how we can go from the digital world to the physical one.

關於如何從數字世走向物質世界

So the idea that we can actually involve people

我們是可以號召人們

in doing this thing together, collectively.

一起來做這件事

The cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels,

雲是一片雲 由像素點構成的

in the same way as the real cloud

和真的雲一樣的方式

is a cloud made of particles.

真雲是一片由物質構成的雲

And those particles are water,

物質是水

where our cloud is a cloud of pixels.

我們云是一片像素點構成的云

It's a physical structure in London, but covered with pixels.

這是現實的倫敦但是被像素點包起來的

You can move inside, have different types of experiences.

你可以在裏面行走經歷不同的事情

You can actually see from underneath,

你可以從下面進行觀看

sharing the main moments

欣賞2012歐林匹克

for the Olympics in 2012 and beyond,

主要的時刻

and really using it as a way to connect with the community.

并用它作為與他人交流的手段

So both the physical cloud in the sky

都是在天空里的雲

and something you can go to the top [of],

和你可以上去的雲

like London's new mountaintop.

像倫敦的新的高點

You can enter inside it.

你可以進入它

And a kind of new digital beacon for the night --

這是是一種新的夜晚數字燈塔

but most importantly,

但是更總要的事

a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top.

對於走上頂層的人的一種前所未有的經歷

Thank you.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

（掌聲）