This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative | Tshering Tobgay

翻译人员: 易帆 余 校对人员: Hancheng Li

In case you are wondering,

各位应该在猜想我穿的是什么。

no, I'm not wearing a dress,

不，我穿的不是裙子，

and no, I'm not saying what I'm wearing underneath.

但我也不会告诉各位 我里面穿什么。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This is a gho.

这是“帼”。

This is my national dress.

这是我们国家的传统服饰。

This is how all men dress in Bhutan.

不丹的男性都是这样穿，

That is how our women dress.

我们的女性是这样穿。

Like our women,

与女性类似，

we men get to wear pretty bright colors,

我们男性的服饰都相当靓丽，

but unlike our women,

但我们跟女性不同的地方是，

we get to show off our legs.

我们可以炫耀一下美腿。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Our national dress is unique,

我们国家的传统服饰相当独特，

but this is not the only thing that's unique about my country.

但这不是我们国家唯一的特点。

Our promise to remain carbon neutral is also unique,

我们对维持碳平衡的承诺 也相当独特，

and this is what I'd like to speak about today,

而这就是我今天要谈的事：

our promise to remain carbon neutral.

我们国家对维持碳平衡的承诺。

But before I proceed, I should set you the context.

但在往下解释之前，我必须 先跟各位介绍一下我国。

I should tell you our story.

我想先说我们的故事。

Bhutan is a small country in the Himalayas.

不丹是喜马拉雅山上的一个小国家。

We've been called Shangri-La,

我们曾被称为“香格里拉”，

even the last Shangri-La.

甚至是世界上最后一个香格里拉。

But let me tell you right off the bat, we are not Shangri-La.

但我要先说清楚，我们不是香格里拉。

My country is not one big monastery

我们的国家不是一个大寺庙，

里面开心和尚满街跑。

populated with happy monks.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The reality is that there are barely 700,000 of us

真实的情况是， 我们国家不到 70 万的人口，

sandwiched between two of the most populated countries on earth,

被夹在全球人口最多的两个国家

China and India.

中国和印度之间。

The reality is that we are a small, underdeveloped country

真实的情况是， 我们是一个低度开发小国，

doing our best to survive.

尽我们所能的维持生存。

But we are doing OK. We are surviving.

但我们做的还不错， 我们存活下来了。

In fact, we are thriving,

实际上，我们是兴盛的，

and the reason we are thriving is because we've been blessed

我们兴盛的原因是

有伟大的国王保佑着我们。

with extraordinary kings.

Our enlightened monarchs have worked tirelessly

我们英明的君王孜孜不倦地

to develop our country,

建设我们的国家，

balancing economic growth carefully

小心翼翼地将经济增长

with social development, environmental sustainability

与社会发展、环境可持续性， 以及文化的保存维持平衡。

and cultural preservation,

all within the framework of good governance.

全部都有一个很好的管理架构。

我们把这个整体发展的成就

We call this holistic approach to development

"Gross National Happiness," or GNH.

叫做“国民幸福总值”，简称GNH。

Back in the 1970s,

回到20世纪70年代，

our fourth king famously pronounced that for Bhutan,

我们的第四任国王 提出了一个著名观点，

Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product.

对于不丹王国， 国民幸福总值比国民生产总值重要。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Ever since,

自此之后，

all development in Bhutan is driven by GNH,

不丹的一切发展都以GNH为基础，

a pioneering vision that aims to improve the happiness

这个极具前瞻性的愿景，

就是要促进我们国家 人民的幸福与福利。

and well-being of our people.

But that's easier said than done,

但说比做容易，

especially when you are one of the smallest economies in the world.

对于全世界最小的经济体之一 则更是如此。

Our entire GDP is less than two billion dollars.

我们全国的国民生产总值 不到20亿美金。

I know that some of you here are worth more --

我知道在座有些人的财产比这多很多。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

individually

个人的身价，

than the entire economy of my country.

甚至比我国加总起来还要多。

So our economy is small,

所以，我们的经济体很小，

but here is where it gets interesting.

但这也是有趣的地方。

Education is completely free.

我们的教育完全免费。

All citizens are guaranteed free school education,

全体公民享有免费的学校教育，

and those that work hard are given free college education.

努力工作的人享有免费的大学教育。

Healthcare is also completely free.

卫生保健也是完全免费。

Medical consultation, medical treatment, medicines:

诊断、医疗、药品：

they are all provided by the state.

全部由政府提供。

We manage this

我们能够做到这些，

because we use our limited resources very carefully,

是因为我们很小心翼翼地 使用我们有限的资源，

and because we stay faithful to the core mission of GNH,

也因为我们忠于GNH的核心任务，

which is development with values.

也就是有价值的发展。

Our economy is small, and we must strengthen it.

我们的经济体小， 而我们必须强化它。

Economic growth is important,

经济成长很重要，

but that economic growth must not come from undermining our unique culture

但经济成长不能建立在 破坏我们的独特文化

or our pristine environment.

或纯净的原始环境之上。

Today, our culture is flourishing.

今日，我们的文化是繁荣的。

We continue to celebrate our art and architecture,

我们会继续歌颂我们的艺术和建筑、

food and festivals,

食物和节日、

monks and monasteries.

僧侣和寺庙。

And yes, we celebrate our national dress, too.

当然，我们也会歌颂我们国家的服饰。

This is why I can wear my gho with pride.

这就是为什么我可以 无比自豪地穿着“帼”。

Here's a fun fact:

这里有一件有趣的事实：

you're looking at the world's biggest pocket.

你现在看到的是全世界最大的口袋。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It starts here,

口袋从这边开始，

goes around the back,

一直到后面，

and comes out from inside here.

然后，从这里面出来。

In this pocket

在口袋里，

we store all manner of personal goods

我们放进了所有的个人物品，

from phones and wallets

从手机和皮夹，

to iPads, office files and books.

到iPad、办公文件还有书。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

But sometimes --

但有时候──

sometimes even precious cargo.

有时候甚至是我们珍贵的宝宝。

So our culture is flourishing,

我们的文化是欣欣向荣的，

but so is our environment.

我们的环境也是。

72 percent of my country is under forest cover.

我的国家72%被森林覆盖。

Our constitution demands that a minimum of 60 percent

我们的宪法规定

不丹至少有60%的土地 必须永远维持森林覆盖。

of Bhutan's total land shall remain under forest cover

for all time.

(Applause)

（掌声）

我们的宪法，

Our constitution,

this constitution,

这本宪法，

imposes forest cover on us.

将森林覆盖强加在我们的土地上。

Incidentally, our king used this constitution

顺便一提，我们的国王用这本宪法

to impose democracy on us.

将民主强加在我们身上。

You see, we the people didn't want democracy.

你看，我们的人民不想要民主。

We didn't ask for it, we didn't demand it,

我们不要求民主，我们不奢求民主，

and we certainly didn't fight for it.

我们更不会为民主而战。

Instead, our king imposed democracy on us

反而是我们的国王坚持，

by insisting that he include it in the constitution.

要在宪法里面强加民主给我们。

But he went further.

但他更进一步。

He included provisions in the constitution

他在宪法里面规定，

that empower the people to impeach their kings,

授权给人民可以弹劾他们的国王，

and included provisions in here that require all our kings to retire

更在宪法中规定，

我们的国王必须在65岁时退休。

at the age of 65.

(Applause)

（掌声）

Fact is, we already have a king in retirement:

事实上，我们已经有一个退休的国王：

our previous king, the Great Fourth,

我们的前国王，伟大的四世，

retired 10 years ago

在10年前， 他最受拥戴的时候退休了。

at the peak of his popularity.

He was all of 51 years at that time.

他那时候只有51岁。

So as I was saying,

所以，就如我所说的，

72 percent of our country is under forest cover,

我们国家的森林覆盖率为72%，

and all that forest is pristine.

所有的森林都是原始森林。

That's why we are one of the few remaining

所以我们是世上少数几个

global biodiversity hotspots in the world,

仍保持生物多样性的热门景点，

and that's why we are a carbon neutral country.

而这就是为什么我们 是一个碳平衡国家。

In a world that is threatened with climate change,

在全球被气候变化所威胁时，

we are a carbon neutral country.

我们仍是一个碳平衡国家。

Turns out, it's a big deal.

事实证明，这件事很不得了。

Of the 200-odd countries in the world today,

当今世界上的200多个国家，

it looks like we are the only one

看起来，只有我们是唯一一个 碳平衡的国家。

that's carbon neutral.

Actually, that's not quite accurate.

实际上，这样形容不太准确。

Bhutan is not carbon neutral.

不丹不是碳平衡国家。

Bhutan is carbon negative.

不丹是碳负性的国家。

Our entire country generates 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide,

我们整个国家每年产出 220万吨的二氧化碳，

but our forests, they sequester more than three times that amount,

但我们的森林固定的碳元素 达到这个量的三倍以上，

so we are a net carbon sink

所以我们是一个净碳槽， 每年吸收超过400万吨的二氧化碳。

for more than four million tons of carbon dioxide each year.

但不仅如此。

But that's not all.

(Applause)

（掌声）

We export most of the renewable electricity

我们还可以出口大部分

we generate from our fast-flowing rivers.

从湍急河流产出的可再生电力。

So today, the clean energy that we export

所以现今，我们出口的绿色能源

offsets about six million tons of carbon dioxide in our neighborhood.

为我们的邻居抵销了 大约600万吨的二氧化碳。

By 2020, we'll be exporting enough electricity

在2020年前，我们将出口足够的电力，

to offset 17 million tons of carbon dioxide.

来抵销1700万吨的二氧化碳。

And if we were to harness even half our hydropower potential,

如果我们能利用至少 一半的水力发电潜力，

and that's exactly what we are working at,

那也是我们正在努力的地方，

the clean, green energy that we export

我们出口的干净、绿色能源，

would offset something like 50 million tons of carbon dioxide a year.

将每年可以抵消将近 5000万吨的二氧化碳。

That is more CO2 than what the entire city of New York generates in one year.

这个数字比纽约整个城市 一整年产出的二氧化碳还要多。

So inside our country, we are a net carbon sink.

所以，对内，我们国家 本身就是一个净碳槽。

Outside, we are offsetting carbon.

对外，我们还能帮助其它国家减碳。

And this is important stuff.

这是很重要的事情。

You see, the world is getting warmer,

你看，地球逐渐变暖，

and climate change is a reality.

而气候变化也是事实。

Climate change is affecting my country.

气候变化正在影响我的国家。

Our glaciers are melting,

我们的冰川正在融化，

causing flash floods and landslides,

造成瞬间的洪水与山崩，

which in turn are causing disaster and widespread destruction in our country.

这些都造成了灾害， 而且大范围地重创我们的国家。

I was at that lake recently.

我最近到过这湖边。

It's stunning.

场景真的令人触目惊心。

That's how it looked 10 years ago,

这是它10年前的景色，

and that's how it looked 20 years ago.

这是它20年前的景色，

Just 20 years ago, that lake didn't exist.

才20年前，那个湖根本不存在啊！

It was a solid glacier.

它之前是固态的冰川。

A few years ago, a similar lake

几年前，一个类似的湖泊

breached its dams

冲破了堤坝，

and wreaked havoc in the valleys below.

在下游的山谷造成严重破坏。

That destruction was caused by one glacier lake.

这个破坏是由一个冰川湖所造成。

We have 2,700 of them to contend with.

我们有2700个这种湖泊要应付。

The point is this:

但重点是：

my country and my people have done nothing

我的国家跟人民并没有做什么事

to contribute to global warming,

使得全球变暖更加严重，

but we are already bearing the brunt of its consequences.

但我们却首当其冲地要面对 全球变暖所造成的后果。

And for a small, poor country, one that is landlocked and mountainous,

这对一个贫困、 多山的内陆小国而言

it is very difficult.

是相当艰辛的。

But we are not going to sit on our hands doing nothing.

但我们不会两手一摊什么事都不做。

We will fight climate change.

我们会为气候变化而战。

That's why we have promised to remain carbon neutral.

这也是为什么我们承诺 保持碳平衡的原因。

We first made this promise in 2009

我们早在2009年， 就首次宣示这项承诺，

during COP 15 in Copenhagen,

就在哥本哈根 第15届全球气候变化大会上，

but nobody noticed.

但没有人注意到我们。

Governments were so busy arguing with one another

各国忙着彼此争论，

and blaming each other for causing climate change,

互相指责对方造成了气候变化，

that when a small country raised our hands and announced,

所以当我们这种小国家，举手宣誓

"We promise to remain carbon neutral for all time,"

“我们承诺永远保持碳平衡”时，

nobody heard us.

根本没人理睬我们。

Nobody cared.

没有人在乎。

Last December in Paris,

去年12月在巴黎举行的 第21届全球气候变化大会上，

at COP 21, we reiterated our promise

我们重申我们的承诺，

to remain carbon neutral for all time to come.

未来都会保持碳平衡的立场。

This time, we were heard.

这一次，我们的声音被听见了。

We were noticed, and everybody cared.

我们被注意到了，每个人都相当关心。

What was different in Paris was that governments came round together

巴黎气候变化大会 与之前不同的地方是，

各国政府意识到 并接受气候变化的事实，

to accept the realities of climate change,

and were willing to come together and act together and work together.

一起行动、一起努力的意愿 非常强烈。

所有的国家，从小国到大国，

All countries, from the very small to the very large,

committed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.

都愿意承诺降低温室气体的排放。

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

联合国气候变化纲要公约说明，

says that if these so-called intended commitments are kept,

如果这些所谓的“承诺”能维持，

we'd be closer to containing global warming

我们的全球变暖温度就可能 维持在两摄氏度以内。

by two degrees Celsius.

By the way,

顺便说一下，

I've requested the TED organizers here

我已要求 TED 这边的筹办单位，

to turn up the heat in here by two degrees,

把室内的空调温度提高两度，

so if some of you are feeling warmer than usual,

所以，如果各位觉得比平常稍热，

you know who to blame.

你知道要怪谁了吧！

It's crucial that all of us keep our commitments.

我们每个人都遵守承诺很重要。

As far as Bhutan is concerned,

就不丹而言，

we will keep our promise to remain carbon neutral.

我们会继续信守对碳平衡的承诺。

Here are some of the ways we are doing it.

我们已经开始执行一些方法。

We are providing free electricity to our rural farmers.

我们提供免费电力给乡村的农夫。

The idea is that, with free electricity, they will no longer have to use firewood

这个想法就是，有了免费电力，

他们就不会用煤炭 来烹煮他们的食物。

to cook their food.

We are investing in sustainable transport

我们正对可持续运输进行投资，

and subsidizing the purchase of electric vehicles.

并补助人民购买电动车。

Similarly, we are subsidizing the cost of LED lights,

同样地，我们也补助 LED 灯的费用。

我们所有政府单位正尝试 往无纸作业方向努力。

and our entire government is trying to go paperless.

We are cleaning up our entire country through Clean Bhutan, a national program,

我们实行国策“洁净不丹” 来让国家更加干净。

and we are planting trees throughout our country

并实行另一个国策“绿色不丹”，

through Green Bhutan,

another national program.

在全国上下栽种更多的植物。

But it is our protected areas

但是，我们所要保护的区域，

that are at the core of our carbon neutral strategy.

才是我们碳平衡策略的核心。

Our protected areas are our carbon sink.

我们保护的区域就是我们的净碳槽。

They are our lungs.

它们是我们呼吸的肺。

Today, more than half our country is protected,

现在，我们有 超过一半的国土是保护区，

as national parks, nature reserves

像是国家公园、自然保护区，

and wildlife sanctuaries.

和野生动物保护区。

But the beauty is that we've connected them all with one another

但美妙之处在于， 我们通过生态网络走廊，

through a network of biological corridors.

将它们彼此连接起来。

Now, what this means

意思就是，

is that our animals are free to roam throughout our country.

我们的动物可以自由地 漫步在整个国家。

Take this tiger, for example.

拿这只老虎为例，

It was spotted at 250 meters above sea level

它曾经在炎热的亚热带丛林中， 海平面以上250米处被发现。

in the hot, subtropical jungles.

两年后，同样的老虎，

Two years later, that same tiger

was spotted near 4,000 meters

在将近4000米海拔的寒冷高山区 也被发现了。

in our cold alpine mountains.

Isn't that awesome?

是不是很了不起？

(Applause)

（掌声）

We must keep it that way.

我们必须继续保持下去。

We must keep our parks awesome.

我们的保护区必须继续给人惊喜。

So every year, we set aside resources to prevent poaching, hunting,

因此每年，我们都会预留资源， 来预防偷猎、打猎、

mining and pollution in our parks,

开垦、污染我们的保护区，

and resources to help communities who live in those parks

并协助住在这些保护区的社区居民

manage their forests,

管理他们的森林、

adapt to climate change,

适应气候变化、

and lead better lives while continuing to live in harmony with Mother Nature.

在提高生活质量的同时 与大自然母亲和谐相处。

But that is expensive.

但这是需要付出昂贵代价的。

Over the next few years, our small economy won't have the resources

接下来的几年，我们这个小经济体

将不会有足够的资金 来保护我们的环境。

to cover all the costs that are required to protect our environment.

In fact, when we run the numbers,

事实上，我们进行财务评估时，

it looks like it'll take us at least 15 years

我们发觉至少得花15年的时间，

before we can fully finance all our conservation efforts.

才够支付我们所有的保护工作。

But neither Bhutan,

但不仅是不丹，

nor the world

全世界也无法

can afford to spend 15 years going backwards.

承受得起花15年时间 使发展水平倒退。

This is why His Majesty the King

这就是为什么我们的国王陛下

started Bhutan For Life.

要实行“不丹永存”的国策。

Bhutan For Life gives us the time we need.

“不丹永存”国策给我们足够的时间。

It gives us breathing room.

它给予我们喘息的余地。

It is essentially a funding mechanism

它本质上是一种募集资金机制，

to look after our parks,

用以照顾我们的公园、

to protect our parks,

保护我们的公园，

until our government can take over on our own fully.

直到我们的政府 有能力可以完全接手。

The idea is to raise a transition fund

想法是，从个人捐赠、法人机构

from individual donors, corporations and institutions,

来募集转型基金，

but the deal is closed only after predetermined conditions are met

但直到预设的条件达到， 及所有资金到位后才会关闭募资。

and all funds committed.

So multiparty, single closing:

所以要多方募资、单方停止：

an idea we borrowed from Wall Street.

这想法是从华尔街借鉴的。

This means that individual donors can commit without having to worry

这表示个人捐赠者可以完全不必担心

赞助了一个无法完成募资的计划。

that they'll be left supporting an underfunded plan.

It's something like a Kickstarter project,

这有点像众筹平台 Kickstarter上的项目，

only with a 15-year time horizon

只是，这是长达15年的项目，

and millions of tons of carbon dioxide at stake.

涉及到上百万吨的二氧化碳。

Once the deal is closed,

当募资关闭的时候，

we use the transition fund to protect our parks,

我们会利用转换基金 来保护我们的公园、

giving our government time to increase our own funding gradually

给我们政府时间

来慢慢增加我们的自有资金 直到15年结束。

until the end of the 15-year period.

After that, our government guarantees full funding forever.

之后，我们的政府保证永远全额资助。

We are almost there.

我们快要实现了。

We expect to close later this year.

我们预计今年底完成募资。

Naturally, I'm pretty excited.

当然，我相当兴奋。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The World Wildlife Fund is our principle partner in this journey,

世界自然基金会（WWF） 是我们这趟旅程中最主要的伙伴，

and I want to give them a big shoutout

我要大声地公开感谢

for the excellent work they are doing in Bhutan

他们为不丹及全世界所做的一切。

and across the world.

(Applause)

（掌声）

呼，现在好像有点热了。

Whew, it is getting warm in here.

I thank you for listening to our story,

我要感谢各位聆听我们的故事，

a story of how we are keeping our promise to remain carbon neutral,

一个我们如何信守 对碳平衡承诺的故事，

a story of how we are keeping our country pristine,

一个我们如何保持 国家原始纯洁的故事，

for ourselves, our children,

这都是为了我们自己、 我们孩子的将来，

for your children and for the world.

为了你们孩子、 全世界的将来。

But we are not here to tell stories, are we?

但我们不是来这里 讲故事的，对吧？

We are here to dream together.

我们在这里一起梦想。

So in closing, I'd like to share one more dream that I have.

所以结束前，我要向各位 分享我的一个梦想。

What if we could mobilize our leadership and our resources,

要是大家可以一起动员 我们的领袖及我们的资源、

our influence and our passion,

我们的影响力及热情，

to replicate the Bhutan For Life idea to other countries

来复制“不丹永存”的想法给全世界，

so that they too

那么他们也可以永远 保存自己的保护区。

can conserve their protected areas for all time.

After all, there are many other countries who face the same issues that we face.

毕竟，现在有很多的国家 也面临我们正面临的困境。

They too have natural resources

他们也有自然资源，

that can help win the world's fight for sustainability,

可以帮助赢得这场 全球可持续发展的战争，

only they may not have the ability to invest in them now.

只是他们现在没有能力 资助他们自己。

So what if we set up Earth For Life,

所以，要是我们能设立 “地球永存”全球性融资计划，

a global fund, to kickstart the Bhutan For Life throughout the world?

将“不丹永存”模式复制到全世界？

I invite you to help me,

我邀请各位帮助我，

to carry this dream beyond our borders

让我们打破疆界， 为了我们地球的未来

to all those who care about our planet's future.

一起来圆这个梦想。

After all, we're here to dream together,

毕竟，我们在这里就是要一起梦想、

一起合作、

to work together,

to fight climate change together, to protect our planet together.

一起对抗气候变迁、 一起保护我们的地球。

Because the reality is

因为，现实是，

we are in it together.

大家都是同舟共命。

Some of us might dress differently,

虽然我们穿着的服饰不同，

but we are in it together.

但我们都住在同一个地球上。

Thank you very much,

非常谢谢各位，

and kadrin chhe la. Thank you.

（不丹语）感恩，谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you, thank you, thank you.

谢谢！谢谢各位，谢谢各位。