This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative | Tshering Tobgay

譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

In case you are wondering,

各位要是在猜想我穿的是什麼...

no, I'm not wearing a dress,

不，我穿的不是裙子，

and no, I'm not saying what I'm wearing underneath.

但，我也不會告訴各位 我裡面穿什麼。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

This is a gho.

這是「幗」。

This is my national dress.

這是我們國家的傳統服飾。

This is how all men dress in Bhutan.

不丹的男人都是這樣穿，

That is how our women dress.

我們的女人是這樣穿。

Like our women,

我們男生穿的跟女生一樣，

we men get to wear pretty bright colors,

服飾都相當亮眼，

but unlike our women,

但我們跟女生不同的地方是，

we get to show off our legs.

我們可以炫耀一下美腿。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Our national dress is unique,

我們國家的傳統服飾相當獨特，

but this is not the only thing that's unique about my country.

但這不是我們國家唯一的特點。

Our promise to remain carbon neutral is also unique,

我們對「維持碳平衡」的承諾 也相當獨特，

and this is what I'd like to speak about today,

而這就是我今天要談的事：

our promise to remain carbon neutral.

我們對「維持碳平衡」的承諾。

But before I proceed, I should set you the context.

但在往下解釋之前， 我先跟各位介紹一下我國。

I should tell you our story.

我想先說我們的故事。

Bhutan is a small country in the Himalayas.

不丹是在喜馬拉雅山上的一個小國家。

We've been called Shangri-La,

我們被稱呼為「香格里拉」，

even the last Shangri-La.

甚至是世界上最後一個香格里拉。

But let me tell you right off the bat, we are not Shangri-La.

但我要先說清楚，我們不是香格里拉。

My country is not one big monastery

我們的國家不是一個

開心和尚滿街跑的國家。

populated with happy monks.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The reality is that there are barely 700,000 of us

真實的情況是， 我們國家不到 70 萬的人口，

sandwiched between two of the most populated countries on earth,

被夾在全球人口最多的兩個國家

China and India.

中國和印度之間。

The reality is that we are a small, underdeveloped country

真實的情況是， 我們是一個低度開發小國，

doing our best to survive.

盡我們所能的維持生存。

But we are doing OK. We are surviving.

但我們做的還不錯，我們存活下來了。

In fact, we are thriving,

實際上，我們是興盛的，

and the reason we are thriving is because we've been blessed

我們興盛的原因是

有英明的國王保佑著我們。

with extraordinary kings.

Our enlightened monarchs have worked tirelessly

我們英明的君王孜孜不倦地

to develop our country,

發展我們的國家，

balancing economic growth carefully

小心翼翼地將經濟成長

with social development, environmental sustainability

與社會發展、環境永續，

and cultural preservation,

以及文化保存維持平衡。

all within the framework of good governance.

全部都有一個很好的管理架構。

We call this holistic approach to development

我們稱呼這個整體發展的成就

"Gross National Happiness," or GNH.

叫做「國民幸福總值」，簡稱GNH。

Back in the 1970s,

回到1970年，

our fourth king famously pronounced that for Bhutan,

我們第四任著名的國王 向不丹人民說明

Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product.

國民幸福總值比國民生產總值重要。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Ever since,

自此之後，

all development in Bhutan is driven by GNH,

所有不丹的發展 都以GNH為基礎，

a pioneering vision that aims to improve the happiness

這個前衛遠見的宗旨

是促進人民幸福與福利。

and well-being of our people.

But that's easier said than done,

但說比做容易，

especially when you are one of the smallest economies in the world.

特別是，當你只是全世界 最小的一個經濟體時。

Our entire GDP is less than two billion dollars.

我們全國的國民生產總值不到20億美金。

I know that some of you here are worth more --

我知道在座有些人的財產比這多很多。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

individually

個人賺的

than the entire economy of my country.

甚至比我國加總起來還要多。

So our economy is small,

所以，我們的經濟體很小，

but here is where it gets interesting.

但這也是有趣的地方。

Education is completely free.

我們的教育完全免費。

All citizens are guaranteed free school education,

全體人民享有免費的學校教育，

and those that work hard are given free college education.

更努力工作的人享有免費的大學教育。

Healthcare is also completely free.

衛生保健也是完全免費。

Medical consultation, medical treatment, medicines:

看醫生、醫療、吃藥：

they are all provided by the state.

全部由政府提供。

We manage this

我們能夠做到這些，

because we use our limited resources very carefully,

是因為我們很小心翼翼地 使用我們有限的資源，

and because we stay faithful to the core mission of GNH,

因為我們忠於GNH的核心任務，

which is development with values.

也就是有價值的發展。

Our economy is small, and we must strengthen it.

我們的經濟體小， 而我們必須強化它。

Economic growth is important,

經濟成長很重要，

but that economic growth must not come from undermining our unique culture

但經濟成長不能建立在 破壞我們的獨特文化

or our pristine environment.

或純淨的原始環境之上。

Today, our culture is flourishing.

今日，我們的文化是繁榮的。

We continue to celebrate our art and architecture,

我們會繼續歌頌我們的藝術和建築、

food and festivals,

食物和節日、

monks and monasteries.

僧侶和寺廟。

And yes, we celebrate our national dress, too.

當然，我們也會歌頌我們國家的服飾。

This is why I can wear my gho with pride.

這就是為什麼 我很驕傲地穿著「幗」。

Here's a fun fact:

這裡有一件有趣的事實：

you're looking at the world's biggest pocket.

你現在看到的是全世界最大的口袋。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It starts here,

口袋從這邊開始，

goes around the back,

一直到後面，

and comes out from inside here.

然後，從這裡面出來。

In this pocket

在口袋裡，

we store all manner of personal goods

我們放進了所有的個人物品，

from phones and wallets

從手機到皮夾，

to iPads, office files and books.

從iPad到辦公文件及書。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

But sometimes --

但有時候──

sometimes even precious cargo.

有時候甚至是我們珍貴的寶貝。

So our culture is flourishing,

我們的文化是欣欣向榮的，

but so is our environment.

我們的環境也是。

72 percent of my country is under forest cover.

我的國家72%被森林覆蓋。

Our constitution demands that a minimum of 60 percent

我們的憲法規定

不丹至少有60%的土地 必須永遠維持森林覆蓋。

of Bhutan's total land shall remain under forest cover

for all time.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

我們的憲法，

Our constitution,

this constitution,

這本憲法，

imposes forest cover on us.

將森林覆蓋強加在我們的土地上。

Incidentally, our king used this constitution

順便一提，我們的國王用這本憲法

to impose democracy on us.

將民主強加在我們身上。

You see, we the people didn't want democracy.

你看，我們的人民不想要民主。

We didn't ask for it, we didn't demand it,

我們不要求民主，我們不奢求民主，

and we certainly didn't fight for it.

我們更不會為民主而戰。

Instead, our king imposed democracy on us

反而是我們的國王堅持

by insisting that he include it in the constitution.

要在憲法裡面強加民主給我們。

But he went further.

但他更進一步。

He included provisions in the constitution

他在憲法裡面規定，

that empower the people to impeach their kings,

授權給人民可以彈劾他們的國王，

and included provisions in here that require all our kings to retire

更在憲法中規定，

我們的國王必須在65歲時退休。

at the age of 65.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Fact is, we already have a king in retirement:

事實上，我們已經有一個退休的國王：

our previous king, the Great Fourth,

我們的前國王，偉大的四世，

retired 10 years ago

10年前，

at the peak of his popularity.

在最受擁戴的時候退休。

He was all of 51 years at that time.

他在51歲時退位。

So as I was saying,

所以，就如我所說的，

72 percent of our country is under forest cover,

我們國家的森林覆蓋率為72%，

and all that forest is pristine.

所有的森林都是原始森林。

That's why we are one of the few remaining

所以我們是世上少數幾個

global biodiversity hotspots in the world,

仍保持生物多樣性的熱門景點，

and that's why we are a carbon neutral country.

而這就是為什麼我們 是碳平衡國家的原因。

In a world that is threatened with climate change,

在全球被氣候變化所威脅時，

we are a carbon neutral country.

我們仍是一個碳平衡國家。

Turns out, it's a big deal.

事實證明，這件事很不得了。

Of the 200-odd countries in the world today,

當今世界上的200多個國家，

it looks like we are the only one

看起來，只有我們是唯一一個

that's carbon neutral.

碳平衡的國家。

Actually, that's not quite accurate.

實際上，這樣形容不太準確。

Bhutan is not carbon neutral.

不丹不是碳平衡國家。

Bhutan is carbon negative.

不丹是碳負數的國家。

Our entire country generates 2.2 million tons of carbon dioxide,

我們整個國家每年產出 220萬噸的二氧化碳，

but our forests, they sequester more than three times that amount,

但我們的森林隔絕了超過三倍的總量，

so we are a net carbon sink

所以我們是一個

for more than four million tons of carbon dioxide each year.

每年超過400萬噸的二氧化碳淨碳槽。

但不僅如此。

But that's not all.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We export most of the renewable electricity

我們還可以出口大部分

we generate from our fast-flowing rivers.

從湍急河流生產出來的再生能源電力。

So today, the clean energy that we export

所以現今，我們出口的乾淨能源

offsets about six million tons of carbon dioxide in our neighborhood.

為我們的鄰居抵銷了 大約600萬噸的二氧化碳。

By 2020, we'll be exporting enough electricity

在2020年前，我們將出口足夠的電力，

to offset 17 million tons of carbon dioxide.

來抵銷1700萬噸的二氧化碳。

And if we were to harness even half our hydropower potential,

如果我們能利用至少 一半的水力發電潛力，

and that's exactly what we are working at,

那也是我們正在努力的地方，

the clean, green energy that we export

我們出口的乾淨綠色能源，

would offset something like 50 million tons of carbon dioxide a year.

將每年可以抵消將近 5000萬噸的二氧化碳。

That is more CO2 than what the entire city of New York generates in one year.

這個數字比紐約整個城市 一整年產出的二氧化碳還要多。

So inside our country, we are a net carbon sink.

所以，對內，我們國家本身就是一個淨碳槽。

Outside, we are offsetting carbon.

對外，我們還能幫助其它國家減碳。

And this is important stuff.

這是很重要的事情。

You see, the world is getting warmer,

你看，地球逐漸暖化，

and climate change is a reality.

而氣候變化也是事實。

Climate change is affecting my country.

氣候變化正在影響我的國家。

Our glaciers are melting,

我們的冰川正在融化，

causing flash floods and landslides,

造成瞬間的洪水與山崩，

which in turn are causing disaster and widespread destruction in our country.

這些都造成了災害， 而且大範圍地重創我們的國家。

I was at that lake recently.

我最近到這湖邊。

It's stunning.

場景真的令人觸目驚心。

That's how it looked 10 years ago,

這是它10年前的景色，

and that's how it looked 20 years ago.

這是它20年前的景色，

Just 20 years ago, that lake didn't exist.

才20年前，那個湖根本不存在啊！

It was a solid glacier.

它是固態的冰川。

A few years ago, a similar lake

幾年前，一個類似的湖泊

breached its dams

衝破了壩攔，

and wreaked havoc in the valleys below.

造成山谷下游的破壞。

That destruction was caused by one glacier lake.

這個破壞是由一個冰川湖所造成。

We have 2,700 of them to contend with.

我們有2700個這種湖泊要應付。

The point is this:

但重點是：

my country and my people have done nothing

我的國家跟人民在全球暖化上

to contribute to global warming,

並沒有做錯什麼事，

but we are already bearing the brunt of its consequences.

但我們卻首當其衝地要面對 全球暖化所造成的後果。

And for a small, poor country, one that is landlocked and mountainous,

這對一個可憐、多山的內陸小國而言

it is very difficult.

是相當艱辛的。

But we are not going to sit on our hands doing nothing.

但我們不會兩手一攤什麼事都不做。

We will fight climate change.

我們會為氣候變化而戰。

That's why we have promised to remain carbon neutral.

這也是為什麼我們承諾 保持碳平衡的原因。

We first made this promise in 2009

我們早在2009年， 就首次宣示這項承諾，

during COP 15 in Copenhagen,

就在哥本哈根第15次 全球氣候變化大會上，

but nobody noticed.

但沒有人注意到我們。

Governments were so busy arguing with one another

各國忙著彼此爭論並互相指責

and blaming each other for causing climate change,

造成氣候變化的原因，

that when a small country raised our hands and announced,

所以當我們這種小國家，舉手宣誓

"We promise to remain carbon neutral for all time,"

「我們承諾永遠保持碳平衡」時，

nobody heard us.

根本沒人要理我們。

Nobody cared.

沒有人在乎。

Last December in Paris,

去年12月在巴黎舉行的 第21次全球氣候變化大會上，

at COP 21, we reiterated our promise

我們重申我們的承諾，

to remain carbon neutral for all time to come.

未來都會保持碳平衡的立場。

This time, we were heard.

這一次，我們的聲音被聽見了。

We were noticed, and everybody cared.

我們被注意到了，每個人都相當關心。

What was different in Paris was that governments came round together

巴黎氣候變化大會 與之前不同的地方是，

各國政府意識到 並接受氣候變化的事實，

to accept the realities of climate change,

and were willing to come together and act together and work together.

且想當有意願要 一起行動、一起努力。

所有的國家，從小國到大國，

All countries, from the very small to the very large,

committed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions.

都願意承諾降低溫室氣體的排放。

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

聯合國氣候變化綱要公約說明，

says that if these so-called intended commitments are kept,

如果這些所謂的「承諾」能維持，

we'd be closer to containing global warming

我們的全球暖化溫度就可能 維持在兩個攝氏度以內。

by two degrees Celsius.

By the way,

順便說一下，

I've requested the TED organizers here

我已要求 TED 的籌辦單位，

to turn up the heat in here by two degrees,

把室內的冷氣溫度提高兩度，

so if some of you are feeling warmer than usual,

所以，如果各位覺得比平常稍熱，

you know who to blame.

你知道要怪誰了吧！

It's crucial that all of us keep our commitments.

我們每個人都遵守承諾很重要。

As far as Bhutan is concerned,

就不丹而言，

we will keep our promise to remain carbon neutral.

我們會繼續信守對碳平衡的承諾。

Here are some of the ways we are doing it.

我們已經開始執行一些方法。

We are providing free electricity to our rural farmers.

我們提供免費電力給鄉村的農夫。

The idea is that, with free electricity, they will no longer have to use firewood

這個想法就是，有了免費電力，

他們就不會用煤炭 來烹煮他們的食物。

to cook their food.

We are investing in sustainable transport

我們正對永續運輸進行投資，

and subsidizing the purchase of electric vehicles.

並補助人民購買電動車。

Similarly, we are subsidizing the cost of LED lights,

同樣地，我們也補助 LED 燈的費用。

我們所有政府單位正嘗試 往無紙作業方向努力。

and our entire government is trying to go paperless.

We are cleaning up our entire country through Clean Bhutan, a national program,

我們透過國家計畫「乾淨的不丹」 來讓國家更加乾淨。

and we are planting trees throughout our country

並透過另一個國家計畫「綠色不丹」，

through Green Bhutan,

在全國上下栽種更多的植物。

another national program.

But it is our protected areas

但，我們所保護的領域

that are at the core of our carbon neutral strategy.

才是我們碳平衡策略的核心。

Our protected areas are our carbon sink.

我們保護的領域就是我們的淨碳槽。

They are our lungs.

它們是我們呼吸的肺。

Today, more than half our country is protected,

今日，我們有超過一半的國家土地是保護區，

as national parks, nature reserves

像是國家公園、自然保護區、

and wildlife sanctuaries.

和野生動物保護區。

But the beauty is that we've connected them all with one another

但美妙之處在於， 我們透過生態網路走廊，

through a network of biological corridors.

將它們彼此連接起來。

Now, what this means

意思就是，

is that our animals are free to roam throughout our country.

我們的動物可以自由地 漫步在整個國家。

Take this tiger, for example.

拿這隻老虎為例，

It was spotted at 250 meters above sea level

牠曾經在炎熱的亞熱帶叢林 海平面250米處被發現。

in the hot, subtropical jungles.

兩年後，同樣的老虎，

Two years later, that same tiger

was spotted near 4,000 meters

在將近4000米的寒冷高山區

in our cold alpine mountains.

也被發現了。

Isn't that awesome?

是不是很了不起？

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We must keep it that way.

我們必須繼續保持下去。

We must keep our parks awesome.

我們的保護區必須繼續讓人驚豔。

So every year, we set aside resources to prevent poaching, hunting,

因此每年，我們都會預留資源， 來預防偷獵、打獵、

mining and pollution in our parks,

開墾、汙染我們的保護區，

and resources to help communities who live in those parks

並協助住這些保護區的社區居民

manage their forests,

管理他們的森林、

adapt to climate change,

適應氣候變化、

and lead better lives while continuing to live in harmony with Mother Nature.

並以虔誠的心來對待我們的大地之母。

But that is expensive.

但，這是需要付出昂貴代價的。

Over the next few years, our small economy won't have the resources

接下來的幾年，我們的小經濟體

將不會有足夠資源 來支付我們要保護的環境。

to cover all the costs that are required to protect our environment.

In fact, when we run the numbers,

事實上，我們進行財務評估時， 看起來似乎

it looks like it'll take us at least 15 years

至少得花15年的時間，

before we can fully finance all our conservation efforts.

才夠支付我們所有的保育工作。

But neither Bhutan,

但不僅是不丹，

nor the world

全世界也無法

can afford to spend 15 years going backwards.

承受得起再花15年時間 才能回到過去。

This is why His Majesty the King

這就是為什麼我們的國王陛下

started Bhutan For Life.

要進行「不丹永存」的計畫。

Bhutan For Life gives us the time we need.

「不丹永存」計畫給我們需要的時間。

It gives us breathing room.

它給予我們呼吸的空間。

It is essentially a funding mechanism

它本質上是一種募集資金機制，

to look after our parks,

用以照顧我們的公園、

to protect our parks,

保護我們的公園，

until our government can take over on our own fully.

直到我們的政府 有能力可以完全接手。

The idea is to raise a transition fund

想法是，從個人捐贈或法人機構

from individual donors, corporations and institutions,

來募資一個轉型基金，

but the deal is closed only after predetermined conditions are met

但直到預設的條件及所有資金 到位後才會關閉募資，

and all funds committed.

而所有的基金才會交付委託。

So multiparty, single closing:

所以要多方募資、單方停止：

an idea we borrowed from Wall Street.

這想法是從華爾街的概念來的。

This means that individual donors can commit without having to worry

這表示個人捐贈者可以完全不必擔心

贊助了一個無法完成募資的計畫。

that they'll be left supporting an underfunded plan.

It's something like a Kickstarter project,

這有點像群眾募資的平台 Kickstarter 上的計畫，

only with a 15-year time horizon

只是，這是長達15年的計畫，

and millions of tons of carbon dioxide at stake.

攸關上百萬噸二氧化碳。

Once the deal is closed,

當募資一旦關閉，

we use the transition fund to protect our parks,

我們會利用轉換基金 來保護我們的公園、

giving our government time to increase our own funding gradually

給我們政府時間

來慢慢增加我們的自有資金 直到15年結束。

until the end of the 15-year period.

After that, our government guarantees full funding forever.

之後，我們的政府保證永遠全額資助。

We are almost there.

我們即將完成。

We expect to close later this year.

我們預計今年底完成募資。

Naturally, I'm pretty excited.

當然，我相當興奮。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

The World Wildlife Fund is our principle partner in this journey,

世界自然基金會（WWF） 是我們這趟旅程中最主要的夥伴，

and I want to give them a big shoutout

我要大聲地公開感謝

for the excellent work they are doing in Bhutan

他們為不丹及全世界所做的一切。

and across the world.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

呼，現在好像有點熱了。

Whew, it is getting warm in here.

I thank you for listening to our story,

我要感謝各位聆聽我們的故事，

a story of how we are keeping our promise to remain carbon neutral,

一個我們如何信守 對碳平衡承諾的故事，

a story of how we are keeping our country pristine,

一個我們如何保持 國家原始純潔的故事，

for ourselves, our children,

這都是為了我們自己、 我們孩子的將來，

for your children and for the world.

為了你們孩子、 全世界的將來。

But we are not here to tell stories, are we?

但我們不是來這裡 聽故事的，對吧？

We are here to dream together.

我們在這裡一起發夢。

So in closing, I'd like to share one more dream that I have.

所以結束前，我要向各位 分享我的一個夢想。

What if we could mobilize our leadership and our resources,

要是大家可以一起動員 我們的領袖及我們的資源、

our influence and our passion,

我們的影響力及熱情，

to replicate the Bhutan For Life idea to other countries

來複製「不丹永存」的想法給全世界，

so that they too

那麼他們也可以永遠 保存自己的保護區。

can conserve their protected areas for all time.

After all, there are many other countries who face the same issues that we face.

畢竟，現在有很多的國家 也面臨我們正面臨的困境。

They too have natural resources

他們也有自然資源，

that can help win the world's fight for sustainability,

可以幫助贏得這場 全球永續發展的戰爭，

only they may not have the ability to invest in them now.

也許他們現在沒有能力 可以投資他們自己。

So what if we set up Earth For Life,

所以，要是我們能設立 「地球永存」全球性募資計畫，

a global fund, to kickstart the Bhutan For Life throughout the world?

將「不丹永存」模式複製到全世界？

I invite you to help me,

我邀請各位幫助我，

to carry this dream beyond our borders

讓我們打破疆界， 為了我們地球的未來

to all those who care about our planet's future.

一起圓這個夢想。

After all, we're here to dream together,

畢竟，我們在這裡就是要一起夢想、

一起合作、

to work together,

to fight climate change together, to protect our planet together.

一起對抗氣候變遷、 一起保護我們的地球。

Because the reality is

因為，現實是，

we are in it together.

大家同舟共命。

Some of us might dress differently,

雖然我們穿著的服飾不同，

but we are in it together.

但我們都住在同一個地球上。

Thank you very much,

非常謝謝各位，

and kadrin chhe la. Thank you.

（不丹語）感恩，謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you, thank you, thank you.

謝謝各位、謝謝各位、謝謝各位。