Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the “disappeared"

翻译人员: Thomas Li 校对人员: Hong Li

Guatemala is recovering from a 36-year armed conflict.

危地马拉正在从一场 持续了36年的武装冲突中恢复。

A conflict that was fought during the Cold War.

一场在冷战时期便发生的冲突。

It was really just a small leftist insurgency

这本是一次左翼分子发起的 小规模叛乱，

and a devastating response by the state.

然而政府的反应却是毁灭性的。

What we have as a result is 200,000 civilian victims,

我们掌握的数据显示 有20万平民受害者，

160,000 of those killed in the communities:

其中有16万人被集体杀害；

small children, men, women, the elderly even.

小孩，男人，女人，甚至是老年人。

And then we have about 40,000 others, the missing,

另外还有4万人失踪，

the ones we're still looking for today.

直到今天我们仍然在寻找。

We call them the Desaparecidos.

我们管他们叫失踪者（西班牙语）。

Now, 83 percent of the victims are Mayan victims,

83%的受害者是玛雅人，

victims that are the descendants

他们是中美洲地区

of the original inhabitants of Central America.

原住民的后代。

And only about 17 percent are of European descent.

只有17%是欧洲后裔。

But the most important thing here is that

然而最重要的是

the very people who are supposed to defend us, the police, the military,

那些本应该保护我们的人 ——警察，军队，

are the ones that committed most of the crimes.

犯下了绝大部分的罪行。

Now the families, they want information.

现在家属想要了解真相。

They want to know what happened.

他们想知道发生了什么。

They want the bodies of their loved ones.

他们想要回所爱之人的遗体。

But most of all, what they want is they want you,

但最重要的是，他们想要每一个人，

they want everyone to know that their loved ones did nothing wrong.

包括你在内， 都了解他们的家人是无辜的。

Now, my case was that my father received death threats in 1980.

我父亲在1980年收到了死亡威胁。

And we left.

所以我们离开了。

We left Guatemala and we came here.

我们离开危地马拉来到这里。

So I grew up in New York,

所以我是在纽约长大的，

I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact, and I went to New Utrecht High School

更具体点说是在布鲁克林， 我上的是新乌特勒支高中，

and I graduated from Brooklyn College.

然后从布鲁克林学院毕业。

The only thing was that

然而在当时

I really didn't know what was happening in Guatemala.

我真的不了解危地马拉在发生什么。

I didn't care for it; it was too painful.

我没有去关注它；这太痛苦了。

But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided to do something about it.

直到1995年我才决定要做些什么。

So I went back.

所以我回去了。

I went back to Guatemala, to look for the bodies,

我回到危地马拉，去找寻那些遗体，

to understand what happened and to look for part of myself as well.

去找寻过去发生了什么， 同时也找寻自我的一部分。

The way we work is that we give people information.

我们为人们提供信息。

We talk to the family members and we let them choose.

我们和家属们交谈，让他们做出选择。

We let them decide to tell us the stories,

让他们决定（是否） 告诉我们他们的故事，

to tell us what they saw,

描述他们的所见所闻，

to tell us about their loved ones.

描述自己的爱人。

And even more important,

更加重要的是，

we let them choose to give us a piece of themselves.

我们也让他们选择 是否愿意贡献自己的一部分（指DNA）。

A piece, an essence, of who they are.

关于他们身份的一段信息，一些精华。

And that DNA is what we're going to compare

我们将这些DNA

to the DNA that comes from the skeletons.

与骸骨里提取出来进行比对。

While we're doing that, though, we're looking for the bodies.

我们一边比对， 一边继续寻找遗体。

And these are skeletons by now,

现在（遗体）应该只剩下骸骨了，

most of these crimes happened 32 years ago.

因为绝大部分罪行都发生在32年前。

When we find the grave,

我们找到坟墓，

we take out the dirt and eventually clean the body, document it, and exhume it.

移走泥土，清洗骸骨， 登记注册，挖掘出来。

We literally bring the skeleton out of the ground.

我们真的会把骸骨从地下挖出来。

Once we have those bodies, though, we take them back to the city, to our lab,

挖出骸骨后，我们把它们带回来， 带到我们的实验室，

and we begin a process of trying to understand mainly two things:

然后开始调查两件事：

One is how people died.

一是人是怎么死的。

So here you see a gunshot wound to the back of the head

比方说这个人后脑有一处枪伤

or a machete wound, for example.

或者是被刀砍伤。

The other thing we want to understand is who they are.

二是这些人的身份。

Whether it's a baby,

是一个婴儿，

or an adult.

还是一个成人。

Whether it's a woman or a man.

是女人还是男人。

But when we're done with that analysis

当我们完成这（两）个分析后

what we'll do is we'll take a small fragment of the bone

我们取下一小块骨头碎片

and we'll extract DNA from it.

提取出DNA。

We'll take that DNA

将这段DNA

and then we'll compare it with the DNA of the families, of course.

与之前那些家庭提供的DNA作比对。

The best way to explain this to you is by showing you two cases.

为了便于理解，我给大家举两个例子。

The first is the case of the military diary.

第一个例子来自军事日志。

Now this is a document that was smuggled out of somewhere in 1999.

这份日志是在1999年 从某处私运过来的。

And what you see there is the state following individuals,

上面记录的是政府在 监视部分人的情况，

people that, like you, wanted to change their country,

这些人，和你们一样， 是想要改变这个国家的人，

and they jotted everything down.

政府会把这些人的一切都记录下来。

And one of the things that they wrote down is when they executed them.

其中一条就是何时处决他们。

Inside that yellow rectangle, you see a code,

在这个黄色方框中，有一个代码，

it's a secret code: 300.

这是一个秘密代码：300。

And then you see a date.

后面还有一个日期。

The 300 means "executed" and the date means when they were executed.

300表示“被处决”，而那个日期 则是执行的日期。

Now that's going to come into play in a second.

这两条信息我们马上会用到。

What we did is we conducted an exhumation in 2003,

我们调查了2003年的一次出土，

where we exhumed 220 bodies from 53 graves in a military base.

当时我们从一个军事基地的 53个坟墓里挖出了220具遗体。

Grave 9, though, matched the family of Sergio Saul Linares.

第9号坟墓（的骸骨）和 塞尔吉奥·索尔·利纳瑞斯的家庭匹配上了。

Now Sergio was a professor at the university.

塞尔吉奥是一名大学教授。

He graduted from Iowa State University

毕业于爱荷华州立大学，

and went back to Guatemala to change his country.

然后回到危地马拉去改变他的国家。

And he was captured on February 23, 1984.

他于1984年2月23日被捕。

And if you can see there, he was executed on March 29, 1984,

你如果看这里会知道， 他是1984年3月29日被处决的，

which was incredible.

这真的令人不可思议。

We had the body, we had the family's information and their DNA,

我们有骸骨，我们有家庭提供的信息 和他们的DNA,

and now we have documents that told us exactly what happened.

现在我们手里还有文件， 记录了事情的真相。

But most important is about two weeks later,

但最重要的是，两周之后，

we go another hit, another match

我们找到了另一个匹配的结果，

from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.

来自同一个坟墓， 和阿曼西奥·比利亚托罗（的DNA）匹配。

The DNA of that body also matched the DNA of that family.

来自残骸的DNA和 他家庭成员的DNA相匹配。

And then we noticed that he was also in the diary.

然后我们发现他也在日志中出现过。

But it was amazing to see that he was also executed on March 29, 1984.

令人吃惊的是，我们发现 他也是在1984年3月29日被处决的。

So that led us to think, hmm, how many bodies were in the grave?

我们开始思考， 这个坟墓里到底有几具遗体？

Six.

6具。

So then we said, how many people were executed on March 29, 1984?

又有多少人是在 1984年3月29日被处决的？

That's right, six as well.

对的，也是6个人。

So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo, Moises and Zoilo.

所以还有胡安·德·迪奥斯，雨果， 莫伊塞斯和索伊洛。

All of them executed on the same date, all captured at different locations

他们都在同一天被处决—— 尽管他们是在不同的地方，

and at different moments.

不同的时刻被捕的——

All put in that grave.

但都被放进了那个坟墓。

The only thing we needed now was the DNA of those four families

我们现在唯一需要的 便是那四个家庭的DNA。

So we went and we looked for them and we found them.

所以我们立刻出发，找到了他们。

And we identified those six bodies and gave them back to the families.

然后我们弄清了这6具遗体的身份， 并归还给了他们的家属。

The other case I want to tell you about

我想告诉你们的另一个案例，

is that of a military base called CREOMPAZ.

发生在一处叫 “克雷欧姆帕斯”的军事基地。

It actually means, "to believe in peace," but the acronym really means

这个短语的意思是，“相信和平” ， 然而它的全称实际上是

Regional Command Center for Peacekeeping Operations.

“维和行动地区指挥中心”。

And this is where the Guatemalan military trains peacekeepers from other countries,

来自其他国家的维和人员 在这里接受危地马拉军方的训练，

the ones that serve with the U.N.

这些维和人员曾被联合国

and go to countries like Haiti and the Congo.

派往海地和刚果等国执行任务。

Well, we have testimony that said that within this military base,

有证词表明，在这个军事基地里，

there were bodies, there were graves.

有遗体，有坟墓。

So we went in there with a search warrant and about two hours after we went in,

所以我们带着搜查令去了， 两个小时之后，

we found the first of 84 graves, a total of 533 bodies.

我们找到了84个坟墓， 以及总共533具遗体。

Now, if you think about that,

大家想象一下，

peacekeepers being trained on top of bodies.

维和人员踩在尸体上受训。

It's very ironic.

这场景多么讽刺。

But the bodies -- face down, most of them, hands tied behind their backs,

但那些遗体——绝大部分脸朝下， 手被绑在身后，

blindfolded, all types of trauma --

眼睛被蒙起来，伤痕累累——

these were people who were defenseless who were being executed.

明显就是在毫无抵抗能力的 情况下被处决的。

People that 533 families are looking for.

有533个家庭正在寻找他们。

So we're going to focus on Grave 15.

我们重点看一下15号坟墓。

Grave 15, what we noticed, was a grave full of women and children,

我们发现15号坟墓，里面全是妇女和儿童，

63 of them.

总共63个人。

And that immediately made us think,

我们当时都震惊了，

my goodness, where is there a case like this?

我的天呐，真是前所未见。

When I got to Guatemala in 1995,

1995年，当我抵达危地马拉的时候，

I heard of a case of a massacre that happened on May 14, 1982,

我听说了一场 发生在1982年5月14日的大屠杀，

where the army came in, killed the men,

军队攻进来，杀光了男人，

and took the women and children in helicopters to an unknown location.

然后把女人和孩子 用直升机运到了别处。

Well, guess what?

The clothing from this grave matched the clothing from the region

猜猜发生了什么？

这个坟墓里的衣服 和那个地区的服饰匹配上了，

where these people were taken from,

就是刚才说的那些人，

where these women and children were taken from.

那些被带走的女人和 小孩所居住的区域。

So we conducted some DNA analysis, and guess what?

之后我们进行了DNA测试，

We identified Martina Rojas and Manuel Chen.

识别出了玛蒂娜·罗哈斯和曼纽尔·陈。

Both of them disappeared in that case, and now we could prove it.

他俩都在那次事件中失踪了， 而现在我们可以证实这一点。

We have physical evidence that proves that this happened

我们有实体证据证明

这些人都被带到了这个基地。

and that those people were taken to this base.

Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.

曼纽尔·陈当时只有3岁。

His mother went to the river to wash clothes, and she left him with a neighbor.

她妈妈到河边去洗衣服， 把他交给邻居照看。

That's when the army came

就是在那时军队来了，

and that's when he was taken away in a helicopter and never seen again

他被一架直升机带走， 再也没有出现过，

until we found him in Grave 15.

直到我们在15号坟墓里找到了他。

So now with science, with archaeology, with anthropology, with genetics,

在考古学、人类学、 遗传学等科学的帮助下，

what we're doing is, we're giving a voice to the voiceless.

我们能让弱势群体发出自己的声音。

But we're doing more than that.

但我们并未止步于此。

We're actually providing evidence for trials,

我们为审判提供证据，

like the genocide trial that happened last year in Guatemala

比如去年在危地马拉 举行的种族屠杀审判，

where General Ríos Montt was found guilty of genocide and sentenced to 80 years.

其中里奥斯·蒙特将军 因种族屠杀罪被判刑80年。

So I came here to tell you today that this is happening everywhere --

所以我今天来是想告诉大家 这样的事情仍在发生——

it's happening in Mexico right in front of us today --

就在我们眼皮底下，就在墨西哥——

and we can't let it go on anymore.

而我们必须行动起来。

We have to now come together and decide

我们必须团结一致，痛下决心，

that we're not going to have any more missing.

不要再让家破人亡的惨剧发生。

So no more missing, guys.

不要再有惨剧了，朋友们。

Okay? No more missing.

好吗？不要再有惨剧了。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）