Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the “disappeared"

譯者: Melody Tang 審譯者: Sherry Chen

Guatemala is recovering from a 36-year armed conflict.

瓜地馬拉正在 從36年前的武力衝突中恢復過來

A conflict that was fought during the Cold War.

這個衝突是在冷戰期間發生的

It was really just a small leftist insurgency

那其實只是一個很小的左翼暴動

and a devastating response by the state.

和一個政府方面 具有極端破壞性的反應

What we have as a result is 200,000 civilian victims,

結果是20萬的人民受害

160,000 of those killed in the communities:

其中16萬人在他們的社區內被殺

small children, men, women, the elderly even.

小孩，男人，女人，甚者老人

And then we have about 40,000 others, the missing,

此外，還有4萬人失踪

the ones we're still looking for today.

我們至今仍在尋找這些人

We call them the Desaparecidos.

我們稱他們為“消失者”

Now, 83 percent of the victims are Mayan victims,

有百分之八十三的受害者是馬雅人

victims that are the descendants

這些馬雅受害者是

中美洲原始住民的後代

of the original inhabitants of Central America.

And only about 17 percent are of European descent.

只有差不多百分之十七 是歐洲人的後代

But the most important thing here is that

但是最重要的是

the very people who are supposed to defend us, the police, the military,

那些應該是要保護我們的人， 警察和軍隊

are the ones that committed most of the crimes.

正是殺害這些人民的罪魁禍首

Now the families, they want information.

現在受害者的家人們想要知道

They want to know what happened.

到底發生了什麼事？

They want the bodies of their loved ones.

他們要取回他們所愛的家人的屍體

But most of all, what they want is they want you,

但最重要的是，他們想要你們

they want everyone to know that their loved ones did nothing wrong.

他們要每個人都知道 他們所愛的家人並沒有做錯任何事

Now, my case was that my father received death threats in 1980.

我家的情況是 我父親在1980年受到死亡威脅

And we left.

我們就離開瓜地馬拉來到這裡

We left Guatemala and we came here.

So I grew up in New York,

所以我是在紐約長大的

I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact, and I went to New Utrecht High School

實際上我是在布魯克林區長大的 我上過新優翠特高中

and I graduated from Brooklyn College.

然後畢業於布魯克林學院

The only thing was that

唯一的一件事是

I really didn't know what was happening in Guatemala.

我真的不知道在瓜地馬拉 究竟發生了什麼事

I didn't care for it; it was too painful.

我也不想知道；因為太痛苦了

But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided to do something about it.

一直到1995年 我才決定要為它做點什麼

So I went back.

所以我回去了

I went back to Guatemala, to look for the bodies,

我回到瓜地馬拉 去尋找那些被殺害者的屍體

to understand what happened and to look for part of myself as well.

去了解事件的真相 也去尋找我自己的一部分

The way we work is that we give people information.

我們工作的方式是： 由我們給大家資訊

We talk to the family members and we let them choose.

和家人討論，讓他們選擇

We let them decide to tell us the stories,

我們讓他們決定 要不要將他們的故事告訴我們

to tell us what they saw,

告訴我們他們看到的

to tell us about their loved ones.

告訴我們關於他們所愛的家人的事

And even more important,

更重要的是

we let them choose to give us a piece of themselves.

我們讓他們決定 是否給我們他們自己的一部分

A piece, an essence, of who they are.

主要是，”他們是誰“的一部分

And that DNA is what we're going to compare

那些DNA就是我們要用來比對

to the DNA that comes from the skeletons.

骨骸的DNA

While we're doing that, though, we're looking for the bodies.

在做那個的同時 我們也在找受害者的屍體

And these are skeletons by now,

那些現在都已成為骨骸了

most of these crimes happened 32 years ago.

大多數的罪行發生在32年前

When we find the grave,

當我們找到墳墓時

we take out the dirt and eventually clean the body, document it, and exhume it.

我們清掉泥土，最後清潔身體， 做資料，再取出來

We literally bring the skeleton out of the ground.

我們真的是從地下取出骨骸

Once we have those bodies, though, we take them back to the city, to our lab,

拿到這些屍體後, 我們將他們 帶回到我們所在城市的實驗室

and we begin a process of trying to understand mainly two things:

然後我們開始試著去 了解主要的兩點：

One is how people died.

第一點是他們是怎麼死的

So here you see a gunshot wound to the back of the head

這裡你看到的是從頭後面開槍的傷口

or a machete wound, for example.

或者例如是用彎刀砍的傷口

The other thing we want to understand is who they are.

另一點我們要了解的是他們是誰

Whether it's a baby,

是一個嬰兒？

or an adult.

或是一個成人？

Whether it's a woman or a man.

是女人？ 還是男人？

But when we're done with that analysis

但是當我們完成分析後

what we'll do is we'll take a small fragment of the bone

我們會拿骨頭的一小碎片

and we'll extract DNA from it.

然後從那裡抽取出DNA

We'll take that DNA

我們再拿那個DNA

and then we'll compare it with the DNA of the families, of course.

和他們家人的DNA做比對

The best way to explain this to you is by showing you two cases.

為各位解釋這一點的最好方法 就是讓你們看兩個例子

The first is the case of the military diary.

第一個是是軍方日記

Now this is a document that was smuggled out of somewhere in 1999.

這個是在1999年 從某處偷渡出來的文件

And what you see there is the state following individuals,

然後你這裡看到的是政府追踪一個人

people that, like you, wanted to change their country,

一個像你一樣 想要改變他們的國家的人

and they jotted everything down.

他們將每件事記錄下來

And one of the things that they wrote down is when they executed them.

他們寫下來的其中一件事是 他們殺害這些人的日期

Inside that yellow rectangle, you see a code,

在那個黃色的方塊內

it's a secret code: 300.

有一個密碼：300

And then you see a date.

然後你看到一個日期

The 300 means "executed" and the date means when they were executed.

那個300是指“已殺害” 那個日期是他們被殺害的日期

Now that's going to come into play in a second.

等一下你就會知道關聯了

我們在2003年做了一次墳墓挖掘

What we did is we conducted an exhumation in 2003,

where we exhumed 220 bodies from 53 graves in a military base.

那次我們在一個軍事基地內的 53個墳墓挖出了220個屍體

Grave 9, though, matched the family of Sergio Saul Linares.

而從第九號墳墓堆出來的 是沙基歐·沙無·李拿瑞斯

Now Sergio was a professor at the university.

沙基歐是一位大學教授

He graduted from Iowa State University

他畢業於愛荷華州立大學

and went back to Guatemala to change his country.

回到瓜地馬拉去改變他的國家

And he was captured on February 23, 1984.

他在1984年2月23日被抓走

如果你看得到的話 他是在1984年3月29日被殺的

And if you can see there, he was executed on March 29, 1984,

which was incredible.

真是不可思議

We had the body, we had the family's information and their DNA,

我們有屍體，家人資料 和他們的DNA

and now we have documents that told us exactly what happened.

現在我們也有文件資料 告訴我們發生的事情

But most important is about two weeks later,

但更重要的，大約兩星期後

we go another hit, another match

我們有找到另一個成功的配對

from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.

也是在同一個墳墓 叫做阿曼西歐·威亞頭羅

The DNA of that body also matched the DNA of that family.

那個屍體的DNA 也和那個家人配對成功

And then we noticed that he was also in the diary.

然後我們也注意到 他也被記載在日記裡

But it was amazing to see that he was also executed on March 29, 1984.

驚人的是 他也是在 1984年3月29日被殺的

So that led us to think, hmm, how many bodies were in the grave?

那讓我們開始思考， 到底那個墳墓有幾個屍體

Six.

有6個

So then we said, how many people were executed on March 29, 1984?

然後我們就在想到底有幾個人 在1984年3月29日被殺呢

That's right, six as well.

沒錯，也是六個

So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo, Moises and Zoilo.

我們找到璜·德·蒂歐斯， 烏鉤，摩伊瑟斯和索依樓

All of them executed on the same date, all captured at different locations

他們在不同地方被抓 但都是在同一天被殺

and at different moments.

不同的時間被殺

All put in that grave.

都放在同一個墳墓

The only thing we needed now was the DNA of those four families

我們只需要這個四個家人的DNA

So we went and we looked for them and we found them.

我們就去找他們，而我們也找到了

And we identified those six bodies and gave them back to the families.

我們確認了那六個屍體 然後還給他們的家人

The other case I want to tell you about

另一個我要告訴你們的案例是

is that of a military base called CREOMPAZ.

一個名為哥列偶安巴斯的軍事基地

It actually means, "to believe in peace," but the acronym really means

它的意思其實是“相信和平” 但是這條大寫縮寫代表的是

Regional Command Center for Peacekeeping Operations.

維持和平作業地區指揮中心

And this is where the Guatemalan military trains peacekeepers from other countries,

這是瓜地馬拉軍方 訓練其他國家來的和平維持者的地方

the ones that serve with the U.N.

這些人為聯合國服務

and go to countries like Haiti and the Congo.

然後他們去像海地和剛果這樣的國家

Well, we have testimony that said that within this military base,

我們有證詞說，在這個軍事基地裡 有屍體和墳墓

there were bodies, there were graves.

So we went in there with a search warrant and about two hours after we went in,

所以我們拿著搜查令去到那裡 我們進去兩小時後

we found the first of 84 graves, a total of 533 bodies.

我們發現84座墳墓中的第一座， 裡面總共有533個屍體

Now, if you think about that,

你想想看

peacekeepers being trained on top of bodies.

和平維持者是在屍體的上面受訓的

It's very ironic.

實在是很諷刺！

But the bodies -- face down, most of them, hands tied behind their backs,

大多數的屍體，面向下， 手被綁在背後

blindfolded, all types of trauma --

眼睛被蒙住，各種各樣的傷痕 -

these were people who were defenseless who were being executed.

這些人在被殺時是完全沒有抵抗力的

People that 533 families are looking for.

他們是533個家庭在找的家人

So we're going to focus on Grave 15.

我們現在要談談第十五號墳墓

Grave 15, what we noticed, was a grave full of women and children,

第15號墳墓，我們注意到， 是一個滿是女人和小孩子的墳墓

63 of them.

共63人

And that immediately made us think,

那讓我們馬上想到

my goodness, where is there a case like this?

我的天，哪曾有這樣的案件？

When I got to Guatemala in 1995,

當我1995年到達瓜地馬拉時

I heard of a case of a massacre that happened on May 14, 1982,

我聽說有一件 在1982年5月14日發生的屠殺

where the army came in, killed the men,

軍隊去到那裡，殺掉男人

and took the women and children in helicopters to an unknown location.

將女人和小孩子們 用直升機載到不明地點

Well, guess what?

The clothing from this grave matched the clothing from the region

你猜怎麼樣？

這個墳墓裡的衣服 和那個地區的服裝吻合

where these people were taken from,

也就是他們被帶走的地區

where these women and children were taken from.

這些女人和小孩子們被帶走的地區

So we conducted some DNA analysis, and guess what?

所以我們做了一些DNA分析， 你猜怎麼了？

We identified Martina Rojas and Manuel Chen.

我們對到了瑪爾丁娜.羅哈斯 和曼努爾.陳

Both of them disappeared in that case, and now we could prove it.

這兩個人都是在那裡失踪的， 現在我們可以證明

We have physical evidence that proves that this happened

我們有物證可以證明 這個事件的確曾發生

以及這些人的確是被帶到了這個基地

and that those people were taken to this base.

Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.

曼努爾·陳才三歲

His mother went to the river to wash clothes, and she left him with a neighbor.

他的母親將他託付給一個鄰居 然後去河邊洗衣服

That's when the army came

那時軍隊來到

and that's when he was taken away in a helicopter and never seen again

那時他被直升機帶走後 就沒有人再見到他

until we found him in Grave 15.

直到我們在第15號墳墓裡發現他

So now with science, with archaeology, with anthropology, with genetics,

所以現在用科學，考古學， 人類學，和遺傳學

what we're doing is, we're giving a voice to the voiceless.

我們所做的是 我們讓無聲者發出聲音

But we're doing more than that.

但我們所做的還更多

We're actually providing evidence for trials,

我們實際上在為審判提供證據

like the genocide trial that happened last year in Guatemala

例如瓜地馬拉去年舉行的 種族屠殺的審判

where General Ríos Montt was found guilty of genocide and sentenced to 80 years.

利歐斯·蒙特將軍被判 種族屠殺罪和80年的監禁

So I came here to tell you today that this is happening everywhere --

所以我今天來這裡告訴你們 這是每個地方都在發生的事

it's happening in Mexico right in front of us today --

就在我們的眼前，在墨西哥發生

and we can't let it go on anymore.

我們不能再讓它繼續發生了

We have to now come together and decide

我們現在必須聯合起來並決定

that we're not going to have any more missing.

我們絕不再讓任何人失踪

So no more missing, guys.

不再有人失踪

Okay? No more missing.

好嗎？不再有人失踪！謝謝

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌聲）