David Cameron: The next age of government

128,933 views ・ 2010-02-18

TED


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翻译人员: Xiangyi Kong 校对人员: Angelia King
00:16
Someone once said that politics is, of course, "showbiz for ugly people."
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有人曾说过:“政治,”当然地,“是丑陋的人的演艺圈。”
00:21
So, on that basis, I feel like I've really arrived.
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因此,基于此评价,我在这个圈子从政。
00:25
The other thing to think of is what an honor it is, as a politician,
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我认为该想到的另一件事是,作为一位政客,来TED演说
00:28
to give a TED talk, particularly here in the U.K.,
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是一个多么大的荣誉,尤其是在这里英国,
00:31
where the reputation of politics, with the expenses scandal, has sunk so low.
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在这个政客的声誉因为开支丑闻降到如此之低的国家。
00:37
There was even a story recently that scientists had thought about
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最近甚至还有一个故事,说科学家已经想到
00:41
actually replacing rats in their experiments with politicians.
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真正地要用政客来取代实验室的老鼠。
00:46
And someone asked,"Why?"
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有人问:“为什么?”
00:48
and they said, "Well, there's no shortage of politicians,
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于是他们回答:“嗯,我们从来不缺政客,
00:52
no one really minds what happens to them
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而且没有人真正关心他们身上发生了什么事。
00:55
and, after all, there are some things that rats just won't do."
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再有,毕竟有一些事情是老鼠完全没法做的。”
00:58
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:00
Now, I know you all love data, so I'm starting with a data-rich slide.
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现在,我知道大家喜欢数据,所以我将以丰富的数据幻灯片开始。
01:04
This, I think, is the most important fact to bear in mind
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我认为,这个是在英国政治或美国政治中
01:07
in British politics or American politics,
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需要铭记的最重要事实。
01:11
and that is: We have run out of money.
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那就是:我们已经入不敷出了。
01:13
We have vast budget deficits.
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我们有大量的预算赤字。
01:16
This is my global public debt clock,
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这是我们全球公共债务时钟,
01:19
and, as you can see, it's 32 trillion and counting.
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正如你们看到的,32万亿,而且还在不停地计数。
01:23
And I think what this leads to
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我认为,这个让我们知道
01:25
is a very simple recognition,
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一个非常简单的共识:
01:28
that there's one question in politics at the moment above all other,
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在当前,政治上有一个高于一切的难题
01:31
and it's this one: How do we make things better without spending more money?
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那就是:我们如何能花很少的钱但把事情做得更好?
01:36
Because there isn't going to be a lot of money to improve public services,
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因为不会再有大量的钱来改善公共服务
01:40
or to improve government, or to improve so many of the things
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或者用来改善政府,或者用来改善政治家们谈论的
01:43
that politicians talk about.
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如此之多的事情。
01:45
So what follows from that is that if you think it's all about money --
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因此紧接着的后果就是,如果你认为这一切完全是基于钱,
01:51
you can only measure success in public services
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如果你只能通过花费更多的钱来衡量公共服务的成功,
01:54
in health care and education and policing by spending more money,
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来衡量卫生保健和教育以及警力治安的成功,
01:58
you can only measure progress by spending money --
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如果你只能通过花钱多少来衡量进步的话,
02:01
you're going to have a pretty miserable time.
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那你将会有一个相当悲惨的时期。
02:04
But if you think a whole lot of other things matter that lead up to well being --
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但是如果你想一想其它一大堆重要的、能带来幸福的事情,
02:08
things like your family relationships, friendship, community, values --
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比如你的家庭关系,友情,社区,价值观,
02:11
then, actually, this is an incredibly exciting time to be in politics.
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那么,实际上,这是一个难以置信地激动人心的政治时刻。
02:16
And the really simple argument I want to make tonight,
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我今晚想要论证的观点真的很简单,
02:18
the really straightforward argument is this:
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这个坦诚易懂的观点就是:
02:20
That if we combine the right political philosophy, the right political thinking,
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如果我们把正确的政治哲学,正确的政治思考
02:26
with the incredible information revolution that has taken place,
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和已经发生的不可思议的信息革命结合起来,
02:30
and that all of you know so much more about than I do,
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而关于这个信息革命大家知道得比我多得多。
02:34
I think there's an incredible opportunity to actually remake politics,
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我认为这将会得到一个可以真正改造政治、
02:38
remake government, remake public services,
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改造政府、改造公共服务的难以置信的好机会,
02:41
and achieve what's up on that slide, which is a big increase in our well-being.
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并且如幻灯片上所言使人们福利幸福大幅提升。
02:46
That's the argument I want to make tonight.
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这就是我今晚想要论证的观点。
02:49
So, starting with the political philosophy.
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那么,从政治哲学开始
02:52
Now I'm not saying for a minute that British Conservatives have all the answers.
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我现在不是说英国保守党就拥有解决问题的方案。
02:55
Of course we don't.
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我们当然没有。
02:57
But there are two things at heart that I think drive a conservative philosophy
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但是我认为保守党哲学有两个核心东西,
03:02
that are really relevant to this whole debate.
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它们跟今天讨论的真的很有关联。
03:04
The first is this: We believe that if you give people
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第一件:我们相信如果你赋予人民
03:06
more power and control over their lives,
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更多的权利去掌控他们自己的生活,
03:09
if you give people more choice,
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如果你给予人民更多的选择,
03:11
if you put them in the driving seat,
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如果你把他们放到驾驶座上,驾驭自己的人生,
03:13
then actually, you can create a stronger and better society.
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那么,事实上,你便能创建一个更强大更美好的社会。
03:16
And if you marry this fact with the incredible abundance
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并且,如果你把这个事实和当今世界我们拥有的难以置信的丰富信息
03:20
of information that we have in our world today,
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结合起来,
03:22
I think you can completely, as I've said,
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正如我已经说过的,我认为你可以彻底地
03:24
remake politics, remake government, remake your public services.
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改造政治,改造政府,改造大众公共服务。
03:29
The second thing we believe is we believe in going with the grain of human nature.
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我们相信的第二件:我们相信应该顺应人类的天性。
03:33
Politics and politicians will only succeed
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政治和政治家们只有真正地了解人民自己真实的想法来对待人民,
03:36
if they actually try and treat with people as they are,
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而不是以政治家的想法希望人民要怎样来对待他们,
03:41
rather than as they would like them to be.
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这才能够成功。
03:44
Now, if you combine this very simple, very conservative thought --
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现在,如果你把这条非常简单非常保守的思想,
03:47
go with the grain of human nature --
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顺应人类的天性
03:49
with all the advances in behavioral economics,
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和所有行为经济学的成果
03:52
some of which we were just hearing about,
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其中的一些我们才刚刚听到的成果结合起来,
03:54
again, I think we can achieve a real increase in well-being,
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再一次地,我认为我们能够真正地提升社会福利大众幸福,
03:57
in happiness, in a stronger society
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提升快乐,创建一个更强大的社会,
04:00
without necessarily having to spend a whole lot more money.
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而不需花费一大堆的钱。
04:04
Now, why do I think now is the moment to make this argument?
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为什么我现在提出这种观点呢?
04:08
Well, I'm afraid you're going to suffer a short, condensed history lesson
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嗯,恐怕你们要忍受一小段、浓缩的历史课。
04:12
about what I would say are the three passages of history:
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我将要说的是历史上的三个时代,
04:15
the pre-bureaucratic age, the bureaucratic age
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前官僚时代,官僚时代,
04:19
and what we now live in, which I think is a post-bureaucratic age.
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以及我们正生活的时代——我称其为“后官僚时代”。
04:22
A simpler way of thinking of it
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一个简单的方式来思考这段历史:
04:24
is that we have gone from a world of local control,
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我们经历了地方掌控的世界,
04:28
then we went to a world of central control,
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然后我们进入到中央掌控的世界,
04:31
and now we're in a world of people control.
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现在我们正处于在人民掌控的世界。
04:33
Local power, central power, now, people power.
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地方掌权,中央掌权,现在,人民掌权。
04:36
Now, here is King Cnut, king a thousand years ago.
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现在看到的是克努特王,1000年前的国王。
04:40
Thought he could turn back the waves; couldn't turn back the waves.
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他以为他能让海浪调头,其实做不到,
04:43
Couldn't actually turn back very much,
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好吧,即使他真的做到过,也不是很明显……
04:45
because if you were king a thousand years ago,
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因为如果你是一千年前的国王,
04:47
while it still took hours and hours and weeks and weeks to traverse your own country,
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那个时候要花上数周的时间才能横越你的国家,
04:52
there wasn't much you were in charge of.
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你能掌控的东西很少。
04:54
You weren't in charge of policing, justice, education, health, welfare.
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你不能掌控治安、司法、教育、卫生、福利。
04:57
You could just about go to war and that was about it.
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你可以发动战争,基本上那是你能做的。
05:01
This was the pre-bureaucratic age,
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这就是前官僚时代
05:03
an age in which everything had to be local.
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一个所有事情都只能是地方性的时代。
05:07
You had to have local control because there was no nationally-available information
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你只能拥有地方性掌控,因为没有全国性的便利信息,
05:12
because travel was so restricted.
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因为交通是如此的受限。
05:14
So this was the pre-bureaucratic age.
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这就是前官僚时代。
05:16
Next part of the cold history lesson,
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现说历史课的下一部分,
05:18
the lovely picture of the British Industrial Revolution.
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英国工业革命的可爱图片。
05:21
Suddenly, all sorts of transport, travel information were possible,
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突然间,所有形式的交通、旅行、信息传递都成为了可能,
05:25
and this gave birth to, what I like to call, the bureaucratic age.
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这就催生了我所说的“官僚时代”。
05:29
And hopefully this slide is going to morph beautifully. There we are.
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让这张幻灯片变化一下。如图所示,
05:32
Suddenly, you have the big, strong, central state.
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突然间,我们有了大而强的中央政权。
05:36
It was able -- but only it was able -- to organize
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它能够但是仅仅能组织起
05:40
health care, education, policing, justice.
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医疗保健,教育,治安和司法。
05:43
And it was a world of, as I say, not local power, but now central power.
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正如我所说,它不再是地方控权,而是一个中央控权的世界。
05:48
It had sucked all that power up from the localities.
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它剥夺了当地地区所有的权利。
05:51
It was able to do that itself.
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它自身能够做到这一点。
05:54
The next great stage, which all of you are so familiar with:
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下一个伟大时代,大家都非常熟悉:
05:57
the massive information revolution.
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规模庞大的信息革命。
06:00
Just consider this one fact:
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就考虑这一个事实:
06:03
One hundred years ago, sending these 10 words cost 50 dollars.
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100年前,发送这10个单词需要花费50美元。
06:07
Right now, here we are linked up to Long Beach and everywhere else,
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就在现在,仅用此费用的一小部分,我们这里就和美国长滩以及其他任何地方,
06:10
and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost,
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甚至所有那些秘密的地方都在线联结起来了,
06:13
and we can send and receive huge quantities of information
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我们可以发送和接收大量的信息
06:17
without it costing anything.
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而没有任何花费。
06:19
So we're now living in a post-bureaucratic age,
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现在我们生活在一个后官僚时代,
06:24
where genuine people power is possible.
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人民可以真正行使权力,这是可能的。
06:28
Now, what does this mean for our politics,
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现在,这一切对我们的政治,
06:31
for our public services, for our government?
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对我们的公共服务,对我们的政府意味着什么?
06:34
Well I can't, in the time I've got, give huge numbers of examples,
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嗯,就我所知的,我不能给出大量的例子,
06:38
but let me just give a few of the ways that life can change.
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但让我指出一些生活可以改变的方面。
06:43
And this is so obvious, in a way, because
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这在某种程度上是显而易见的,因为
06:45
you think about how all of you have changed
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你想一想我们购物,旅行,经商的方式
06:47
the way we shop, the way we travel, the way that business is done.
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已经发生了怎样的改变。
06:51
That is already happened; the information and Internet revolution
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这些已经发生了;信息和互联网革命
06:54
has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways,
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已经通过如此与众不同的方式贯穿了我们的社会,
06:58
but it hasn't, in every way, yet touched our government.
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但它还没有贯穿所有的方面,尚未触及我们的政府。
07:01
So, how could this happen?
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那么,这触及我们的政府将如何发生?
07:03
Well, I think there are three chief ways that it should make an enormous difference:
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嗯,我认为它应该通过三个主要方面——
07:07
in transparency, in greater choice and in accountability,
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透明度,更多的选择,以及问责制,
07:11
in giving us that genuine people power.
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这会带来巨大的不同,给人民真正的权力。
07:15
If we take transparency, here is one of my favorite websites,
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如果我们说起透明度,这是我最喜欢的网站之一:
07:19
the Missouri Accountability Portal.
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萨里问责制门户。
07:22
In the old days, only the government could hold the information,
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在过去时代,只有政府能持有这些信息,
07:25
and only a few elected people could try and grab that information
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也仅有少数被当选的人才能得到这些信息,
07:29
and question it and challenge it.
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并且质疑和怀疑这些信息。
07:31
Now here, on one website, one state in America,
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现在这里,在一个网站上,美国的一个州,
07:35
every single dollar spent by that government
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政府所花的每一分钱
07:39
is searchable, is analyzable, is checkable.
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都是可以搜索,可以分析,可以对账的。
07:42
Think of the huge change that means:
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想想这意味着的巨大变化。
07:44
Any business that wants to bid for a government contract
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任何想要竞投政府合约的企业
07:47
can see what currently is being spent.
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可以看到目前花费的钱用在哪里。
07:49
Anyone thinking, "I could do that service better, I could deliver it cheaper,"
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任何人如果想“也许我可以提供更好的服务,我可以价格更低地履行”,
07:52
it's all available there.
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数据全都在那儿摆着。
07:54
We have only, in government and in politics,
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与人们借助信息革命在商业世界里所做的相比起来,
07:57
started to scratch the surface of what people are doing in the commercial world
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在政府和政治层面上我们
08:01
with the information revolution.
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仅仅才开始触及到其表面而已。
08:03
So, complete transparency will make a huge difference.
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因此,完全的透明度将带来巨大的变化。
08:06
In this country, if we win the election,
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在英国这个国家,如果我们保守党能赢得大选,
08:08
we are going to make all government spending over 25,000 pounds
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我们将让所有超过25,000英镑的政府开支
08:12
transparent and available online, searchable for anyone to see.
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透明并且可供任何人通过上网搜索而看到。
08:16
We're going to make every contract -- we're announcing this today --
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我们今天在这里宣布,我们将让每一个合同
08:20
available on the Internet so anyone can see
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在网上可查,让任何人都能看到
08:22
what the terms are, what the conditions are,
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条约是什么样的,条件是些什么,
08:24
driving huge value for money,
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从而不仅获得大量的经济收益,
08:26
but also huge increases, I believe, in well-being as well.
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我相信更会得到社会福利的大幅提升。
08:32
Choice. Now you all shop online, compare online, do everything online,
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说到选择。如今你们都上网购物,在网上比较,通过网络做各种事,
08:38
and yet this revolution has hardly touched the surface
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虽然这种革命还几乎没有触及到
08:40
of public services like education, or health care or policing,
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公共服务方面,比如教育,或卫生保健,或治安,
08:44
and you're going to see this change massively.
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但你们将会看到这些方面的大规模改变。
08:47
We should be making this change
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我们应该促成这样的改变。
08:49
with the information revolution in our country,
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随着我们国家的信息革命,
08:51
with searchable health sites, so you can see what operations work out properly,
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通过可搜索的医疗网站,你们可以看到何种手术进展顺利,
08:56
what records doctors have, the cleanliness of hospitals,
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医生们的纪录,医院的卫生程度,
08:59
who does best at infection control --
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谁在感染控制方面做得最好,
09:01
all of the information that would once be locked in the Department of Health
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所有这些曾经被锁在卫生署内部的信息
09:05
is now available for all of us to see.
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现在可供我们所有人查看。
09:08
And the third of these big changes: accountability.
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第三个巨大的变化,问责制。
09:12
This, I think, is a huge change.
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我认为,这个是一个巨大的改变。
09:14
It is a crime map. This is a crime map from Chicago.
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这是一张犯罪地图。只是一张芝加哥的犯罪地图。
09:18
So, instead of having a situation where only the police have the information
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因此,不再单单由警察掌握这些
09:21
about which crimes are committed where,
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何类犯罪在何处发生的信息,
09:24
and we have to employ people in government
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不再需要我们政府雇佣人员
09:27
to try and hold the police to account,
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去监管警察的责任;
09:29
suddenly, we've got this vast opportunity for people power,
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突然间,我们有了巨大的机会去赋予人们权力:
09:32
where we, as citizens, can see what crimes are being committed --
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作为公民,我们要是看到有现场犯罪
09:35
where, when and by whom --
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何时何地以及罪犯是谁,
09:37
and we can hold the police to account.
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我们就可以监管警察的职责。
09:39
And you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat,
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大家能看到这个图标,看上去像一个厨师的帽子,
09:41
but actually that's an assault, the one in blue.
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但实际上这个蓝色的图标表示一个人身侵犯案件。
09:44
You can see what crime is committed where,
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你们可以看到何类犯罪在何处发生,
09:46
and you have the opportunity to hold your police force to account.
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你们就有机会去监管你们的警察所应尽的职责。
09:49
So those three ways -- transparency, accountability and choice --
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因此,这三个方面:透明度,问责制以及选择权
09:55
will make a huge difference.
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将会带来巨大的不同。
09:57
Now I also said the other principle
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今天我还谈到其他的原则:
09:59
that I think we should work on is understanding of people,
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我认为我们应该致力做到的事,理解人民,
10:01
is recognizing that going with the grain of human nature
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认识到顺应人类的天性,
10:05
you can achieve so much more.
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人民可以做到很多事情。
10:07
Now, we're got a huge revolution in understanding
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如今,关于理解人们为什么按他们的方式行为,
10:09
of why people behave in the way that they do,
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我们有了一个巨大的革命,
10:12
and a great opportunity to put that knowledge and information to greater use.
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也有了很好的机会把这些知识和信息加以更好的利用。
10:17
We're working with some of these people.
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我们正在与他们中的一些人合作。
10:19
We're being advised by some of these people, as was said,
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我们正采用他们中的一些人的建议,正如已经说过的,
10:22
to try and bring all the experience to book.
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来尝试把所有这些经验正规化。
10:26
Let me just give you one example that I think is incredibly simple, and I love.
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让我给你们一个我喜爱的例子,我认为它难以置信的简单。
10:30
We want to get people to be more energy efficient.
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我们希望人们更加节约能源。
10:32
Why? It cuts fuel poverty, it cuts their bills,
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为什么?因为这缓解燃油贫乏,这也减少他们的账单,
10:36
and it cuts carbon emissions at the same time.
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同时这还能减少碳排放量。
10:38
How do you do it?
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怎么实现呢?
10:40
Well, we've had government information campaigns over the years
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嗯,我们过去多年来都有政府的宣传运动,
10:42
when they tell you to switch off the lights when you leave the home.
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告诉你离开家的时候关掉电灯。
10:45
We even had -- one government minister once told us to
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我们甚至有过一位政府部长劝告我们
10:48
brush our teeth in the dark.
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在黑暗中刷牙。
10:50
I don't think they lasted very long.
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我认为这些都没有维持很长时间。
10:52
Look at what this does. This is a simple piece of behavioral economics.
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再来看这个行为方法的例子。这是行为经济学的一个简单方法。
10:56
The best way to get someone to cut their electricity bill
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让人们削减电费的最好办法
10:59
is to show them their own spending,
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是向他们展示他们自己的开支,
11:01
to show them what their neighbors are spending,
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他们邻居的开支,
11:04
and then show what an energy conscious neighbor is spending.
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和有节能意识的邻居的开支。
11:07
That sort of behavioral economics
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这种行为经济学
11:10
can transform people's behavior
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能够改变人们的行为方式,
11:12
in a way that all the bullying and all the information
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通过一种所有威逼、所有宣传信息
11:15
and all the badgering from a government cannot possibly achieve.
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以及所有来自政府的诱使都不能实现的方式。
11:19
Other examples are recycling.
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另一个例子,回收利用。
11:21
We all know we need to recycle more.
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我们都知道我们需要更多的回收利用。
11:23
How do we make it happen?
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我们如何做到这一点?
11:25
All the proof from America is that actually, if you pay people to recycle,
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美国的所有证据表明,事实上,如果你付钱让人民回收利用就可以做到。
11:29
if you give them a carrot rather than a stick,
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如果你给他们的是胡萝卜而不是大棒,
11:31
you can transform their behavior.
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你就能够改变他们的行为方式。
11:34
So what does all this add up to?
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那么,所有这些都意味着什么?
11:36
Here are my two favorite U.S. speeches of the last 50 years.
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过去50年里,这是我最喜欢的两个美国演讲。
11:44
Obviously, here we have JFK with that incredibly simple
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显而易见地,这有约翰肯尼迪极其简单
11:48
and powerful formulation,
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但有力的构想:
11:50
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country,"
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“不要问国家能为你们做些什么,而要问你们能为国家做些什么”
11:55
an incredibly noble sentiment.
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一个令人难以置信的高尚情操。
11:57
But when he made that speech, what could you do
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当他做出这个演讲的时候,
12:00
to build the stronger, better society?
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你能为创建更强更好的社会做些什么呢?
12:02
You could fight for your country, you could die for your country,
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你可以为你的国家战斗,你可以为你的国家牺牲,
12:05
you could serve in your country's civil service,
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你可以投身祖国的公共服务,
12:07
but you didn't really have the information and the knowledge
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但是你不像现今人们那样,他们因获得信息,知识以及能力
12:11
and the ability to help build the stronger society in the way that you do now.
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从而帮助建设更强大社会。
12:16
And I think an even more wonderful speech,
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我在想,一个更加精彩的演讲,
12:19
which I'm going to read a big chunk of,
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我将诵读它的一长段,
12:23
which sums up what I said at the beginning
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它总结了我在开始时说过的,
12:25
about believing there is more to life than money,
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要相信,生活中有比金钱更重要的东西,
12:28
and more that we should try and measure than money.
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比金钱更应该备加珍惜和衡量的东西。
12:31
And it is Robert Kennedy's beautiful description
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这是罗伯特肯尼迪就为什么国民生产总值汇编的
12:33
of why gross national product captures so little:
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涵义如此之少,所做的美妙的形容。
12:36
It "does not allow for the health of our children,
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它“没有考虑到我们孩子的健康、
12:39
the quality of their education, or the joy of their play.
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没有考虑到他们受教育的质量或者他们游戏的乐趣。
12:42
It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,
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它没有包含我们诗歌的美妙、我们婚姻的力量之美,
12:46
the intelligence of our public debate.
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也没有包含我们公开辩论的智慧。
12:48
It measures neither our wit nor our courage,
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它没有衡量我们的才智和我们的勇气,
12:51
neither our wisdom nor our learning,
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也没有衡量我们的智慧和学识,
12:53
neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country.
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更没有衡量我们对祖国的赤子之心和奉献。
12:56
It measures everything, in short,
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简单地说,除了那些真正赋予生命意义的东西,
12:58
except that which makes life worthwhile."
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它才意味着一切。”
13:01
Again, a sentiment that was so noble and beautifully put 40 years ago,
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同样,这个40年前如此高尚和美丽的观点,
13:06
and a beautiful dream 40 years ago,
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在40年前是个美好的梦想,
13:09
but now with the huge advances in information technology,
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然而现在,随着信息技术的巨大进步,
13:13
with the massive changes in behavioral economics,
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随着行为经济学的大力发展,
13:16
with all that we know about how you advance well-being,
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配合着我们所知的让大众提升幸福的所有方法,
13:20
that if we combine those insights
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如果我们把这些都联系起来,
13:22
of giving power to people, and using information to make that possible,
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把权利赋予人民,使人民可以得到便利信息,
13:26
and using the insight of going with the grain of human nature,
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再顺应人类本性的洞察力,
13:30
while at the same time, understanding why people behave in the way they do,
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与此同时,理解人们行为方式的原因,
13:34
it is a dream more easy to realize today
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那么40年前那个美丽演说中的梦想
13:38
than it was when it was made in that beautiful speech 40 years ago.
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在今天将是一个更容易实现的理想!
13:42
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:44
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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