David Cameron: The next age of government

128,902 views ・ 2010-02-18

TED


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譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:16
Someone once said that politics is, of course, "showbiz for ugly people."
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有人曾經說過,“政治是醜人的演藝圈。”
00:21
So, on that basis, I feel like I've really arrived.
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所以,基於這樣的論調,我是來對地方了。
00:25
The other thing to think of is what an honor it is, as a politician,
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另一種説法是,這是一個政治家無上的光榮。
00:28
to give a TED talk, particularly here in the U.K.,
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來TED演講,特別是在這裡(英國),
00:31
where the reputation of politics, with the expenses scandal, has sunk so low.
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因爲最近的醜聞,使政治的聲譽跌倒了新低點
00:37
There was even a story recently that scientists had thought about
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最近甚至有一個故事說,科學家們想要
00:41
actually replacing rats in their experiments with politicians.
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用政治家來代替實驗室的老鼠
00:46
And someone asked,"Why?"
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有人問,為什麽?
00:48
and they said, "Well, there's no shortage of politicians,
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回答說,現在政治家太多了
00:52
no one really minds what happens to them
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沒有人會介意少幾個
00:55
and, after all, there are some things that rats just won't do."
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此外,有些賤事,老鼠還做不出來哩。
00:58
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:00
Now, I know you all love data, so I'm starting with a data-rich slide.
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好,我知道大家都喜歡數據,所以我就用這張投影片作開場
01:04
This, I think, is the most important fact to bear in mind
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在英國或美國的政治裏
01:07
in British politics or American politics,
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最重要,要記在心裏的事是
01:11
and that is: We have run out of money.
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那就是,我們的錢都花光了。
01:13
We have vast budget deficits.
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我們有很大的預算赤字
01:16
This is my global public debt clock,
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這是我的全球政府支出赤字統計鐘
01:19
and, as you can see, it's 32 trillion and counting.
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你可以看得到,現在是32兆,持續增加中。
01:23
And I think what this leads to
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所以我想
01:25
is a very simple recognition,
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這帶到一個很簡單的認知
01:28
that there's one question in politics at the moment above all other,
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在現在的政治上最迫切的問題是:
01:31
and it's this one: How do we make things better without spending more money?
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我們如何能用更少的錢而做得更好?
01:36
Because there isn't going to be a lot of money to improve public services,
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因爲不會有足夠的錢來改善公共服務
01:40
or to improve government, or to improve so many of the things
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來改善政府,
01:43
that politicians talk about.
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或來改善政客們掛在嘴上的這些事。
01:45
So what follows from that is that if you think it's all about money --
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所以如果你還是一直認爲這是有關金錢
01:51
you can only measure success in public services
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成功就是花更多的錢在公共服務、
01:54
in health care and education and policing by spending more money,
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在健保、教育、公共政策上,
01:58
you can only measure progress by spending money --
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如果你以爲花更多的錢就是進步
02:01
you're going to have a pretty miserable time.
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那你將來的日子會不太好過。
02:04
But if you think a whole lot of other things matter that lead up to well being --
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但是如果你把其他一些事也考慮進來
02:08
things like your family relationships, friendship, community, values --
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像是家庭關係、友情、社區、價值,
02:11
then, actually, this is an incredibly exciting time to be in politics.
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那麽,這是一個令人興奮的從政時期。
02:16
And the really simple argument I want to make tonight,
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我今晚想討論的簡單的論點
02:18
the really straightforward argument is this:
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一個十分直接的論點是
02:20
That if we combine the right political philosophy, the right political thinking,
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如果我們能結合正確的政治哲學、思想
02:26
with the incredible information revolution that has taken place,
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在加上近來發生的資訊革命
02:30
and that all of you know so much more about than I do,
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和一些我不知道但你們專長的事
02:34
I think there's an incredible opportunity to actually remake politics,
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我認爲現在是再造政治
02:38
remake government, remake public services,
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再造政府、再造公共服務的時候
02:41
and achieve what's up on that slide, which is a big increase in our well-being.
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並達到像那張投影片上,全民福祉的大增進。
02:46
That's the argument I want to make tonight.
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這就是我今晚想說的論點。
02:49
So, starting with the political philosophy.
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那麽,從政治哲學開始說起
02:52
Now I'm not saying for a minute that British Conservatives have all the answers.
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我並不是說英國保守黨,對所有問題都有解答
02:55
Of course we don't.
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我們當然沒有
02:57
But there are two things at heart that I think drive a conservative philosophy
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但是在保守黨的哲學裏,有兩件事,
03:02
that are really relevant to this whole debate.
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是跟這個議題密切相關的
03:04
The first is this: We believe that if you give people
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第一個,我們相信,如果你給人們
03:06
more power and control over their lives,
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更多的權力去掌握他們的生命,
03:09
if you give people more choice,
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如果你給他們更多的選擇
03:11
if you put them in the driving seat,
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如果你讓他們掌握自己的方向
03:13
then actually, you can create a stronger and better society.
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那麽,你就能創造更好更壯的社會。
03:16
And if you marry this fact with the incredible abundance
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如果你把這件事情跟
03:20
of information that we have in our world today,
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現今世界裏十分充裕的資訊相結合
03:22
I think you can completely, as I've said,
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我認爲,誠如我所說的
03:24
remake politics, remake government, remake your public services.
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我們能全面地重造政治、政府、和公共服務。
03:29
The second thing we believe is we believe in going with the grain of human nature.
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第二件事,我們相信要順從人性
03:33
Politics and politicians will only succeed
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政治和政治家要成功則必須
03:36
if they actually try and treat with people as they are,
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尊重人們, 讓他們做自己
03:41
rather than as they would like them to be.
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而不是去告訴人們該怎麽做
03:44
Now, if you combine this very simple, very conservative thought --
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現在,如果你將這個很簡單的保守想法
03:47
go with the grain of human nature --
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-- 順從人性 --
03:49
with all the advances in behavioral economics,
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跟行爲經濟學上的發展相結合的話
03:52
some of which we were just hearing about,
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就是我們最近剛剛聽到的這些
03:54
again, I think we can achieve a real increase in well-being,
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那麽,我想我們真的可以在全體福祉上有進步
03:57
in happiness, in a stronger society
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在更強健的社會裏有更多的快樂
04:00
without necessarily having to spend a whole lot more money.
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而不需要花一大堆的錢。
04:04
Now, why do I think now is the moment to make this argument?
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爲什麽我會覺得現在是提這個論點的時候?
04:08
Well, I'm afraid you're going to suffer a short, condensed history lesson
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很抱歉我要跟你們上一段濃縮的歷史課
04:12
about what I would say are the three passages of history:
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我要提三段歷史的過渡期,
04:15
the pre-bureaucratic age, the bureaucratic age
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前官僚體系期、官僚體系期、
04:19
and what we now live in, which I think is a post-bureaucratic age.
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還有我們現在的時代,後官僚體系期。
04:22
A simpler way of thinking of it
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簡單地來看就是説
04:24
is that we have gone from a world of local control,
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我們從一個地方管制的世界
04:28
then we went to a world of central control,
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進入到一個中央管制的世界
04:31
and now we're in a world of people control.
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現在我們是在一個人民管制的世界
04:33
Local power, central power, now, people power.
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地方政權、中央政權、到現在,人民政權
04:36
Now, here is King Cnut, king a thousand years ago.
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這是克努特國王,是一千年前的一個王
04:40
Thought he could turn back the waves; couldn't turn back the waves.
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以爲他可以駕馭波浪。事實上不行的
04:43
Couldn't actually turn back very much,
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不太可能駕馭波浪
04:45
because if you were king a thousand years ago,
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因爲,你要是一千年前的國王
04:47
while it still took hours and hours and weeks and weeks to traverse your own country,
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光穿越你的領地就要很長的時間
04:52
there wasn't much you were in charge of.
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你能管理的事實上並不多
04:54
You weren't in charge of policing, justice, education, health, welfare.
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治安、司法、教育、國民健康、社會福利你都管不到的
04:57
You could just about go to war and that was about it.
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你大概只能發動一些戰爭而已吧
05:01
This was the pre-bureaucratic age,
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這是前官僚體系期
05:03
an age in which everything had to be local.
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在這時期所有的事都是地方處理的
05:07
You had to have local control because there was no nationally-available information
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因爲沒有全國性的資訊系統,所以所有的事物都是地方管理
05:12
because travel was so restricted.
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因爲旅行是十分有限的。
05:14
So this was the pre-bureaucratic age.
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所以這是前官僚體系期。
05:16
Next part of the cold history lesson,
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冷歷史課的下一部份
05:18
the lovely picture of the British Industrial Revolution.
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可愛的英國工業革命的相片
05:21
Suddenly, all sorts of transport, travel information were possible,
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突然間,所有的交通、旅遊、資訊都變得可能了
05:25
and this gave birth to, what I like to call, the bureaucratic age.
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這就產生了我所謂的,官僚體系期。
05:29
And hopefully this slide is going to morph beautifully. There we are.
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希望這張投影片能解釋得清楚,像這裡
05:32
Suddenly, you have the big, strong, central state.
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突然間,有了一個龐大、有力的中央政府
05:36
It was able -- but only it was able -- to organize
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但這已成爲過去式了
05:40
health care, education, policing, justice.
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來統籌健保、教育、治安、司法
05:43
And it was a world of, as I say, not local power, but now central power.
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所以我說這不再是地方, 而是中央集權
05:48
It had sucked all that power up from the localities.
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中央把所有地方的權力集中起來
05:51
It was able to do that itself.
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所以能作這麽多事。
05:54
The next great stage, which all of you are so familiar with:
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下一個階段, 也是大家都熟悉的
05:57
the massive information revolution.
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是大規模的資訊革命。
06:00
Just consider this one fact:
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光想以下這個事實
06:03
One hundred years ago, sending these 10 words cost 50 dollars.
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一百年前,傳送這10個字要花50美金
06:07
Right now, here we are linked up to Long Beach and everywhere else,
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現在我們能連線到長堤市,甚至世界各地
06:10
and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost,
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所需的價格和以前比起來簡直微不足道
06:13
and we can send and receive huge quantities of information
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我們可以傳送或接受大量的資訊
06:17
without it costing anything.
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而且還是免錢的。
06:19
So we're now living in a post-bureaucratic age,
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所以我們現在處在於後官僚體系期
06:24
where genuine people power is possible.
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這時人民政權也變得可能了。
06:28
Now, what does this mean for our politics,
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那麽現在,這對政治、
06:31
for our public services, for our government?
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對公共服務、政府有什麽影響呢?
06:34
Well I can't, in the time I've got, give huge numbers of examples,
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我的準備時間太短所以我不能給你們很多例子
06:38
but let me just give a few of the ways that life can change.
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但是我還是舉出以下幾個可能的改變。
06:43
And this is so obvious, in a way, because
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這並不難看出,因爲,
06:45
you think about how all of you have changed
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試想:我們在購物上、
06:47
the way we shop, the way we travel, the way that business is done.
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旅遊上、做生意上的改變。
06:51
That is already happened; the information and Internet revolution
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資訊和網路革命是已經發生的了
06:54
has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways,
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已經徹底地在許多方面改變了我們的社會
06:58
but it hasn't, in every way, yet touched our government.
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但是在政府行政方面卻還沒。
07:01
So, how could this happen?
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那麽,該如何讓改變發生?
07:03
Well, I think there are three chief ways that it should make an enormous difference:
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我想,在三個方面可以有改變:
07:07
in transparency, in greater choice and in accountability,
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透明度、更多的選擇、和責任歸屬
07:11
in giving us that genuine people power.
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這些改革可以真的賦予人民權力。
07:15
If we take transparency, here is one of my favorite websites,
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談到透明度,這是我最喜歡的一個網站
07:19
the Missouri Accountability Portal.
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密蘇里責任入口網站 (Missouri Accountability Portal )
07:22
In the old days, only the government could hold the information,
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在以前,只有政府能擁有資訊
07:25
and only a few elected people could try and grab that information
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只有少數議員能試著拿到資訊
07:29
and question it and challenge it.
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並去咨詢、挑戰其正當性。
07:31
Now here, on one website, one state in America,
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現在,在這個網站上,在美國的一州
07:35
every single dollar spent by that government
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政府花的每一分錢
07:39
is searchable, is analyzable, is checkable.
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我們都可以搜索、分析、查詢。
07:42
Think of the huge change that means:
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想想看這是多大的改進。
07:44
Any business that wants to bid for a government contract
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想標政府工程的建商
07:47
can see what currently is being spent.
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也可以看到政府的錢如何花。
07:49
Anyone thinking, "I could do that service better, I could deliver it cheaper,"
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要是你覺得我可以做得更好更便宜
07:52
it's all available there.
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你都可以在這找到你要的資訊。
07:54
We have only, in government and in politics,
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資訊革命已經改變了商業世界
07:57
started to scratch the surface of what people are doing in the commercial world
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而在政府和政治上
08:01
with the information revolution.
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資訊革命產生的影響才剛開始。
08:03
So, complete transparency will make a huge difference.
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所以,完全的透明度會帶來很大的改變。
08:06
In this country, if we win the election,
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在英國,如果我們贏得選舉的話
08:08
we are going to make all government spending over 25,000 pounds
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政府每一筆多餘25000英鎊的開支
08:12
transparent and available online, searchable for anyone to see.
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將會公佈在網路上, 大家都可以去看。
08:16
We're going to make every contract -- we're announcing this today --
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我今天在這裡也宣佈,所有政府招標的合約
08:20
available on the Internet so anyone can see
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也都會在網路公開,大家都看得到
08:22
what the terms are, what the conditions are,
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合約條件内容是什麽
08:24
driving huge value for money,
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這會讓政府的錢更好用
08:26
but also huge increases, I believe, in well-being as well.
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我也相信,會全面增加人民福祉。
08:32
Choice. Now you all shop online, compare online, do everything online,
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再來談選擇。現在大家都網路購物、比價,上網做很多事
08:38
and yet this revolution has hardly touched the surface
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但是這項功能
08:40
of public services like education, or health care or policing,
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還沒有拓展到教育、健保、和治安上
08:44
and you're going to see this change massively.
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你將會在這裡看到很多的改變。
08:47
We should be making this change
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我們也該做這樣的改變
08:49
with the information revolution in our country,
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藉著資訊革命
08:51
with searchable health sites, so you can see what operations work out properly,
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大家能上健保的網站去查,哪些手術項目、
08:56
what records doctors have, the cleanliness of hospitals,
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能看到醫生的資歷,醫院的清潔比數
08:59
who does best at infection control --
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哪間醫院感染管制做得好
09:01
all of the information that would once be locked in the Department of Health
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在以前這些資訊都由衛生署所掌控
09:05
is now available for all of us to see.
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現在要讓大家都看得到。
09:08
And the third of these big changes: accountability.
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第三個大改變是, 明確的責任歸屬
09:12
This, I think, is a huge change.
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這,我覺得是個很大的改變。
09:14
It is a crime map. This is a crime map from Chicago.
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這是張芝加哥的犯罪分佈圖。
09:18
So, instead of having a situation where only the police have the information
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以前只有警察有這些資訊
09:21
about which crimes are committed where,
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知道誰在哪犯了什麽罪
09:24
and we have to employ people in government
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我們必須在政府裏面另外僱人
09:27
to try and hold the police to account,
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來監督警察的執法
09:29
suddenly, we've got this vast opportunity for people power,
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現在,人民有了力量
09:32
where we, as citizens, can see what crimes are being committed --
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我們一般老百姓也看得見
09:35
where, when and by whom --
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什麽時候誰在哪裏犯了什麽罪
09:37
and we can hold the police to account.
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我們也可以讓警察確實地負起責任。
09:39
And you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat,
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這裡你可以看到,像一頂警帽
09:41
but actually that's an assault, the one in blue.
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事實上藍色的這是一個搶案。
09:44
You can see what crime is committed where,
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你可以看得到犯罪的發生
09:46
and you have the opportunity to hold your police force to account.
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你也就有機會叫警察負責。
09:49
So those three ways -- transparency, accountability and choice --
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所以,透明度、責任歸屬、和更多的選擇
09:55
will make a huge difference.
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將會帶來大改變。
09:57
Now I also said the other principle
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我也說了其他的原則
09:59
that I think we should work on is understanding of people,
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我覺得要再努力的
10:01
is recognizing that going with the grain of human nature
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是認同人性:順應人性的話
10:05
you can achieve so much more.
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你將會得到更多的發展。
10:07
Now, we're got a huge revolution in understanding
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現在在人類行爲學上也有了大革命
10:09
of why people behave in the way that they do,
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我們更了解了人類的行爲
10:12
and a great opportunity to put that knowledge and information to greater use.
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也能更好地來運用這樣的知識和資訊。
10:17
We're working with some of these people.
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我們在和這些人工作
10:19
We're being advised by some of these people, as was said,
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這些人在對我們提供咨詢
10:22
to try and bring all the experience to book.
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並試著把這些經驗記下來。
10:26
Let me just give you one example that I think is incredibly simple, and I love.
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我分享一個很簡單,但我很喜歡的例子。
10:30
We want to get people to be more energy efficient.
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我們希望能源的使用能更有效率
10:32
Why? It cuts fuel poverty, it cuts their bills,
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爲什麽?因爲這可以減少能源匱乏的人數,
10:36
and it cuts carbon emissions at the same time.
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也減少能源支出和溫室氣體的排放。
10:38
How do you do it?
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如何能辦到?
10:40
Well, we've had government information campaigns over the years
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過去好幾年政府已經作了很多宣傳
10:42
when they tell you to switch off the lights when you leave the home.
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出去的時候請關燈。
10:45
We even had -- one government minister once told us to
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還曾有一個部長說
10:48
brush our teeth in the dark.
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刷牙時不必開燈。
10:50
I don't think they lasted very long.
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我並不覺得這些宣傳很有效。
10:52
Look at what this does. This is a simple piece of behavioral economics.
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現在,看看行爲經濟學上的作法。
10:56
The best way to get someone to cut their electricity bill
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要讓一個人節省能源最好的辦法
10:59
is to show them their own spending,
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就是讓他們看看自己的電費單
11:01
to show them what their neighbors are spending,
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讓他們看看其他鄰居的電費單
11:04
and then show what an energy conscious neighbor is spending.
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最後再讓他們看看用電省的鄰居的電費單。
11:07
That sort of behavioral economics
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從行爲經濟學上著眼
11:10
can transform people's behavior
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能夠徹底地轉換個人的行爲
11:12
in a way that all the bullying and all the information
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這是政府部門用再多的威嚇、資訊宣導
11:15
and all the badgering from a government cannot possibly achieve.
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巡查等手段都辦不到的。
11:19
Other examples are recycling.
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另一個例子,資源回收。
11:21
We all know we need to recycle more.
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大家都知道要做多一點回收
11:23
How do we make it happen?
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但要怎麽做?
11:25
All the proof from America is that actually, if you pay people to recycle,
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從美國的做法得知,如果你付一點錢
11:29
if you give them a carrot rather than a stick,
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用鼓勵而不是懲罰的方式
11:31
you can transform their behavior.
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那麽你能改變他們的行爲。
11:34
So what does all this add up to?
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所以這告訴我們什麽?
11:36
Here are my two favorite U.S. speeches of the last 50 years.
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以下是我近50年來最喜歡的兩個演講
11:44
Obviously, here we have JFK with that incredibly simple
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當然了,有那場甘迺迪的
11:48
and powerful formulation,
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簡單但有力的措辭
11:50
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country,"
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“別問你的國家能為你做什麽;問你能為國家做什麽”
11:55
an incredibly noble sentiment.
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十分高貴的精神。
11:57
But when he made that speech, what could you do
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但是當他發表這演講時,當時你要如何
12:00
to build the stronger, better society?
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建構一個更強更好的社會?
12:02
You could fight for your country, you could die for your country,
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你能為你的國家打仗,捐軀
12:05
you could serve in your country's civil service,
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你能為國服兵役
12:07
but you didn't really have the information and the knowledge
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但那時的人沒有像現在的人
12:11
and the ability to help build the stronger society in the way that you do now.
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擁有建構更好的社會的能力和知識。
12:16
And I think an even more wonderful speech,
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我覺得,還有一個更好的演講
12:19
which I'm going to read a big chunk of,
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我現在要跟你們讀一段
12:23
which sums up what I said at the beginning
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這也為我之前所說的做結論:
12:25
about believing there is more to life than money,
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生命中有比金錢更重要的事
12:28
and more that we should try and measure than money.
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有比金錢更需去追求和衡量的事。
12:31
And it is Robert Kennedy's beautiful description
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那就是勞伯.甘乃迪說的
12:33
of why gross national product captures so little:
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爲什麽國民生産毛額不夠代表性。
12:36
It "does not allow for the health of our children,
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因爲它不能衡量國内幼兒的健康
12:39
the quality of their education, or the joy of their play.
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他們教育的品質、或他們遊戲的快樂。
12:42
It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,
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它不能衡量一首詩的美麗、一段婚姻的堅固
12:46
the intelligence of our public debate.
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或是一場辯論裏面的智慧。
12:48
It measures neither our wit nor our courage,
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它不能衡量我們的聰明或勇氣
12:51
neither our wisdom nor our learning,
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我們的智慧或學習
12:53
neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country.
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也不能衡量我們對國家的熱情和忠心。
12:56
It measures everything, in short,
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總歸一句話,它衡量了一切
12:58
except that which makes life worthwhile."
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但是漏掉了讓我們不虛此生的因素。
13:01
Again, a sentiment that was so noble and beautifully put 40 years ago,
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再一次,這是多麽高貴優美的情感
13:06
and a beautiful dream 40 years ago,
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是40年前很美的一個夢想
13:09
but now with the huge advances in information technology,
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現在藉著資訊科技的進步
13:13
with the massive changes in behavioral economics,
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和行爲經濟學上的大進步
13:16
with all that we know about how you advance well-being,
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還有增進國民福祉的知識
13:20
that if we combine those insights
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如果我們結合所有這些想法:
13:22
of giving power to people, and using information to make that possible,
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藉由資訊的使用、將權力給人民
13:26
and using the insight of going with the grain of human nature,
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並順從人性的發展
13:30
while at the same time, understanding why people behave in the way they do,
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去了解爲什麽大家都麽做的原因
13:34
it is a dream more easy to realize today
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那麽比起40年前,這個夢想
13:38
than it was when it was made in that beautiful speech 40 years ago.
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將更容易實現。
13:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:44
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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