Bernie Krause: The voice of the natural world

Prevodilac: Tereza Ivanovic Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

(Nature sounds)

(Zvuci prirode)

When I first began recording wild soundscapes

Kada sam prvi put počeo da snimam zvučno okruženje divljine,

45 years ago,

pre 45 godina,

I had no idea that ants,

nisam imao pojma da mravi,

insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses

larve insekata, morske sase i virusi

created a sound signature.

stvaraju zvukovni potpis.

But they do.

Ali stvaraju.

And so does every wild habitat on the planet,

I to čini svako divlje stanište na paneti,

like the Amazon rainforest you're hearing behind me.

kao što je Amazonska prašuma koju čujete u pozadini.

In fact, temperate and tropical rainforests

U stvari, umerene i tropske prašume

each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,

stvaraju treperav životinjski orkestar,

that instantaneous and organized expression

trenutno i organizovano izražavanje

of insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.

insekata, gmizavaca, vodozemaca, ptica i sisara.

And every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat

Svako zvučno okruženje divljeg staništa

generates its own unique signature,

ima jedinstvene karakteristike,

one that contains incredible amounts of information,

koje sadrže neverovatnu količinu informacija

and it's some of that information I want to share with you today.

i neke od njih želim da podelim sa vama danas.

The soundscape is made up of three basic sources.

Zvučno okruženje ima tri osnovna izvora.

The first is the geophony,

Prvi izvor je geofonija

or the nonbiological sounds that occur

ili ne-biološki zvuk koji se javlja

in any given habitat,

u datom staništu,

like wind in the trees, water in a stream,

kao što je vetar među drvećem, voda u potoku,

waves at the ocean shore, movement of the Earth.

talasi duž morske obale, kretanje Zemlje.

The second of these is the biophony.

Drugi izvor je biofonija.

The biophony is all of the sound

Biofoniju čine svi zvuci

that's generated by organisms in a given habitat

koje proizvode organizmi u datom staništu

at one time and in one place.

istovremeno i na istom mestu.

And the third is all of the sound that we humans generate

Treći izvor čine svi zvuci koje proizvode ljudi

that's called anthrophony.

i to se zove antrofonija.

Some of it is controlled, like music or theater,

Neki od tih zvukova su kontrolisani, kao što je muzika, pozorište,

but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,

ali većina je haotična i nepovezana

which some of us refer to as noise.

i to zovemo bukom.

There was a time when I considered wild soundscapes

Nekada sam smatrao zvuke divljine

to be a worthless artifact.

za beznačajni artefakt.

They were just there, but they had no significance.

Jednostavno su postojali, ali bez nekog značaja.

Well, I was wrong. What I learned from these encounters

Međutim, nisam bio u pravu. Iz susreta sa zvucima shvatio sam

was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools

da njihovo pažljivo slušanje pruža neprocenjivo oruđe

by which to evaluate the health of a habitat

pomoću kojeg možemo proceniti zdravstveno stanje staništa

across the entire spectrum of life.

kroz čitav spektar života.

When I began recording in the late '60s,

Kada sam počeo da snimam krajem '60-ih godina,

the typical methods of recording were limited

tipične metode snimanja su bile ograničene

to the fragmented capture of individual species

na delimično snimanje određenih vrsta,

like birds mostly, in the beginning,

u početku uglavnom ptica,

but later animals like mammals and amphibians.

a kasnije i sisara i vodozemaca.

To me, this was a little like trying to understand

Za mene to je ličilo na pokušaj da razumem

the magnificence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

veličanstvenost Betovenove Pete simfonije

by abstracting the sound of a single violin player

izdvajanjem samo jedne violine

out of the context of the orchestra

iz konteksta orkestra

and hearing just that one part.

i slušanjem samo tog dela.

Fortunately, more and more institutions

Na sreću, sve više institucija

are implementing the more holistic models

primenjuje sveobuhvatnije metode

that I and a few of my colleagues have introduced

od onih koje smo ja i nekoliko mojih kolega uveli

to the field of soundscape ecology.

u sferu ekologije zvučnog okruženja.

When I began recording over four decades ago,

Kada sam pre četiri decenije počeo snimanje

I could record for 10 hours

mogao sam snimati deset sati

and capture one hour of usable material,

za jedan sat korisnog materijala,

good enough for an album or a film soundtrack

dovoljno dobrog za album ili filmsku muziku

or a museum installation.

ili muzejsku postavku.

Now, because of global warming,

Sada, zbog globalnog zagrevanja,

resource extraction,

manjka resursa

and human noise, among many other factors,

i ljudske buke, među mnogim drugim faktorima,

it can take up to 1,000 hours or more

snimanje iste stvari može potrajati i do 1000 sati

to capture the same thing.

pa i više.

Fully 50 percent of my archive

Punih 50 posto moje arhive

comes from habitats so radically altered

potiče iz staništa tako korenito izmenjenih,

that they're either altogether silent

da su ili potpuno tiha

or can no longer be heard in any of their original form.

ili se više ne mogu čuti u originalnoj formi.

The usual methods of evaluating a habitat

Uobičajen način za procenu staništa

have been done by visually counting the numbers of species

bio je vizuelno prebrojavanje određene vrste

and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area.

i brojanje pojedinaca unutar vrste na datom području.

However, by comparing data that ties together

Upoređujući podatke koji povezuju

both density and diversity from what we hear,

gustinu i raznolikost onoga što čujemo,

I'm able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes.

mogu da dođem do preciznijeg rezultata.

And I want to show you some examples

Želim da vam pokažem nekoliko primera

that typify the possibilities unlocked

koji ilustruju otvorene mogućnosti,

by diving into this universe.

uranjanjem u ovaj univerzum.

This is Lincoln Meadow.

Ovo je dolina Linkoln.

Lincoln Meadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive

Ona je na tri i po sata vožnje,

east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,

istočno od San Franciska, u planinama Sijera Nevade,

at about 2,000 meters altitude,

na visini od oko 2000 metara

and I've been recording there for many years.

i već mnogo godina snimam tamo.

In 1988, a logging company convinced local residents

1988., jedna drvna kompanija je ubeđivala lokalno stanovništvo

that there would be absolutely no environmental impact

da na okolinu neće nikako uticati

from a new method they were trying

nova metoda koju su isprobavali,

i koju su nazvali "selektivna seča",

called "selective logging,"

taking out a tree here and there

mestimična seča drveća,

rather than clear-cutting a whole area.

umesto seče na celom području.

With permission granted to record

Uz dozvolu za snimanje

both before and after the operation,

pre i posle radova,

I set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses

postavio sam opremu i snimio veliki broj jutarnjih horova

to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings,

po strogom protokolu i kalibrisanom snimanju

because I wanted a really good baseline.

jer sam hteo zaista dobru osnovu.

This is an example of a spectrogram.

Ovo je jedan primer spektrograma.

A spectrogram is a graphic illustration of sound

Spektrogram je grafička ilustracija zvuka

with time from left to right across the page --

proteklo vreme je s leva na desno preko stranice -

15 seconds in this case is represented —

u ovom slučaju predstavljeno je 15 sekundi -

and frequency from the bottom of the page to the top,

a frekvencija je od dna ka vrhu stranice,

lowest to highest.

od najniže frekvencije do najviše.

And you can see that the signature of a stream

Vidite da je profil talasa

is represented here in the bottom third or half of the page,

predstavljen na donjoj trećini ili polovini stranice,

while birds that were once in that meadow

dok su ptice, koje su nekad bile na toj poljani,

are represented in the signature across the top.

predstavljene gore.

There were a lot of them.

Bilo ih je mnogo.

And here's Lincoln Meadow before selective logging.

Ovo je Linkoln Medou pre selektivne seče.

(Nature sounds)

(Zvuci prirode)

Well, a year later I returned,

Posle godinu dana sam se vratio

and using the same protocols

i koristeći iste protokole

and recording under the same conditions,

i snimajući pod istim uslovima

I recorded a number of examples

snimio sam nekoliko primera

of the same dawn choruses,

istih jutarnjih horova

and now this is what we've got.

i evo šta imamo.

This is after selective logging.

Ovo je posle selektivne seče.

You can see that the stream is still represented

Profil talasa je takođe predstavljen

u donjoj trećini stranice,

in the bottom third of the page,

but notice what's missing in the top two thirds.

ali vidite šta nedostaje u gornje dve trećine.

(Nature sounds)

(Zvuci prirode)

Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.

Sada ćete čuti detlića.

Well, I've returned to Lincoln Meadow 15 times

Vraćao sam se u dolinu Linkoln petnaest puta

in the last 25 years,

u poslednjih 25 godina

and I can tell you that the biophony,

i mogu vam reći da biofonija,

the density and diversity of that biophony,

gustina i raznolikost te biofonije,

has not yet returned to anything like it was

ni približno nije

before the operation.

onakva kakva je bila pre radova.

But here's a picture of Lincoln Meadow taken after,

Ali evo slike doline posle seče

and you can see that from the perspective of the camera

i vidite, iz perspektive fotoaparata

or the human eye,

ili ljudskog oka,

hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place,

kao da nijedan prutić ili drvo ne nedostaju,

which would confirm the logging company's contention

što potvrđuje tvrdnju kompanije

that there's nothing of environmental impact.

da nema uticaja na okolinu.

However, our ears tell us a very different story.

Međutim, naše uši govore drugačije.

Young students are always asking me

Mladi studenti me uvek pitaju

what these animals are saying,

šta govore ove životinje,

and really I've got no idea.

a ja zaista nemam pojma.

But I can tell you that they do express themselves.

Ali mogu vam reći da one izražavaju sebe.

Whether or not we understand it is a different story.

Razumemo li mi to ili ne, to je već druga priča.

I was walking along the shore in Alaska,

Šetao sam obalom na Aljasci

and I came across this tide pool

i naišao sam na lokvu od plime,

filled with a colony of sea anemones,

ispunjenu kolonijom morskih sasa,

these wonderful eating machines,

divnih mašina za uništavanje hrane

relatives of coral and jellyfish.

koje su rođaci koralima i meduzama.

And curious to see if any of them made any noise,

Zbog znatiželje da čujem da li proizvode zvuk,

I dropped a hydrophone,

spustio sam hidrofon,

an underwater microphone covered in rubber,

podvodni mikrofon presvučen gumom,

down the mouth part,

niz deo gde su usta

and immediately the critter began

i stvorenje je odmah počelo

to absorb the microphone into its belly,

da uvlači mikrofon u svoj stomak,

and the tentacles were searching out of the surface

a pipci su pretraživali površinu

for something of nutritional value.

u potrazi za nečim hranljivim.

The static-like sounds that are very low,

Odmah ćete čuti

that you're going to hear right now.

statičke zvuke, vrlo duboke.

(Static sounds)

(Statički zvuci)

Yeah, but watch. When it didn't find anything to eat --

Ali pazite sad. Pošto nije našla ništa za jelo -

(Honking sound)

(Trubeći zvuk)

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I think that's an expression that can be understood

Mislim da se ovaj izraz razume

in any language.

na svakom jeziku.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

At the end of its breeding cycle,

Završetkom ciklusa razmnožavanja

the Great Basin Spadefoot toad

žaba krastača u Velikom basenu

digs itself down about a meter under

zakopava se do metar dubine

the hard-panned desert soil of the American West,

ispod tvrdog pustinjskog tla na američkom Zapadu,

where it can stay for many seasons

gde može ostati i više sezona

until conditions are just right for it to emerge again.

dok se ponovo ne steknu uslovi za njeno ponovno pojavljivanje.

And when there's enough moisture in the soil

Kada u proleće ima dovoljno vlage u tlu,

in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface

žabe će se dokopati površine

and gather around these large, vernal pools

i okupljati se u velikom broju oko ovih velikih,

in great numbers.

prolećnih bara.

And they vocalize in a chorus

Oglašavaju se u horu

that's absolutely in sync with one another.

koji je apsolutno sinhronizovan.

And they do that for two reasons.

Ovo čine iz dva razloga.

The first is competitive, because they're looking for mates,

Prvi je takmičarski, jer traže sebi parove,

and the second is cooperative,

a drugi razlog je saradnja

because if they're all vocalizing in sync together,

jer ako se sinhronizovano oglašavaju,

it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes,

stvoriće poteškoću predatorima kao što su kojoti,

foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal.

lisice i sove, koje bi izdvojile pojedinca za obrok.

This is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like

Ovako izgleda spektrogram žabljeg hora

when it's in a very healthy pattern.

kada je sve u redu.

(Frogs croaking)

(Kreketanje žaba)

Mono Lake is just to the east of Yosemite National Park

Jezero Mono je istočno od Nacionalnog parka Jousemiti

in California,

u Kaliforniji

and it's a favorite habitat of these toads,

i omiljeno je stanište ovim žabama,

and it's also favored by U.S. Navy jet pilots,

kao i pilotima avijacije SAD,

who train in their fighters flying them at speeds

koji treniraju borbene letelice brzinom

exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour

koja prelazi 1100 kilometara na čas,

and altitudes only a couple hundred meters

na visini od samo nekoliko stotina metara

above ground level of the Mono Basin,

iznad površine basena Mono,

very fast, very low, and so loud

vrlo brzo, vrlo nisko i vrlo glasno.

that the anthrophony, the human noise,

Antropofonija, buka koja potiče od ljudi,

even though it's six and a half kilometers

čak iako je šest i po kilometara

od bare sa žabama koje ste malopre čuli,

from the frog pond you just heard a second ago,

it masked the sound of the chorusing toads.

prikrila je zvuk žabljeg hora.

You can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy

Vidite na ovom spektrogramu da je polovina energije

that was once in the first spectrogram is gone

sa prvog spekrtograma nestala

from the top end of the spectrogram,

sa vrha spektrograma

and that there's breaks in the chorusing at two and a half,

i postoje pauze u pevanju na dve i po,

četiri i po i na šest i po sekundi,

four and a half, and six and a half seconds,

and then the sound of the jet, the signature,

a zvuk mlaznjaka

is in yellow at the very bottom of the page.

prikazan je žutom bojom na samom dnu stranice.

(Frogs croaking)

(Kreketanje žaba)

Now at the end of that flyby,

Posle preleta

it took the frogs fully 45 minutes

žabama je trebalo punih 45 minuta

to regain their chorusing synchronicity,

da se ponovo sinhronizuju,

during which time, and under a full moon,

a za to vreme, pod sjajem punog meseca,

we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl

gledali smo kako dva kojota i velika rogata sova

came in to pick off a few of their numbers.

nailaze, da bi zgrabili nekoliko žaba.

The good news is that, with a little bit of habitat restoration

Dobra je vest, da se stanište malo oporavilo

and fewer flights, the frog populations,

i proredili su se letovi, pa se populacija žaba,

once diminishing during the 1980s and early '90s,

koja je '80-ih i početkom '90-ih bila u smanjenju

have pretty much returned to normal.

prilično povratila.

I want to end with a story told by a beaver.

Hteo bih da završim izlaganje pričom koju je ispričao jedan dabar.

It's a very sad story,

Veoma je tužna priča,

but it really illustrates how animals

ali zaista ilustruje kako životinje

can sometimes show emotion,

umeju ponekad da pokažu osećanja,

a very controversial subject among some older biologists.

što je veoma kontroverzna tema među starijim biolozima.

A colleague of mine was recording in the American Midwest

Jedan moj kolega je snimao na američkom

around this pond that had been formed

Srednjem Zapadu, oko ovog jezera koje se formiralo

maybe 16,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.

možda pre 16 000 godina, krajem poslednjeg ledenog doba.

It was also formed in part by a beaver dam

Ono se delom formiralo i uz pomoć dabrove brane

at one end that held that whole ecosystem together

na jednom kraju, koji je držao ceo ekosistem zajedno

in a very delicate balance.

u veoma nežnoj ravnoteži.

And one afternoon, while he was recording,

Jednog popodneva dok je moj prijatelj snimao,

there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere

iznenada i niotkuda su se pojavila

a couple of game wardens,

dva lovočuvara,

who for no apparent reason,

koji su bez nekog vidljivog razloga

walked over to the beaver dam,

otišli do dabrove brane,

dropped a stick of dynamite down it, blowing it up,

ubacili štapić dinamita i razneli branu,

killing the female and her young babies.

ubivši ženku i mladunce.

Horrified, my colleagues remained behind

Užasnut, moj kolega je zastao

to gather his thoughts

da sabere misli

and to record whatever he could the rest of the afternoon,

i da snimi šta god može, tokom ostatka dana

and that evening, he captured a remarkable event:

i te večeri snimio je izuzetan događaj:

the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles

usamljeni mužjak dabra plivao je u sporim krugovima,

crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring.

neutešno plačući za izgubljenim partnerom i potomstvom.

This is probably the saddest sound

Ovo je verovatno najtužniji zvuk

I've ever heard coming from any organism,

koji sam ikada čuo od bilo kog bića,

human or other.

ljudskog ili nekog drugog.

(Beaver crying)

(Plač dabra)

Yeah. Well.

No, dobro.

There are many facets to soundscapes,

Postoji mnogo aspekata za praćenje zvukovnog okruženja

among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing,

među njima su i načini na koji su nas životinje učile da igramo i pevamo,

which I'll save for another time.

ali to ću sačuvati za neki drug put.

But you have heard how biophonies

Saznali ste kako biofonija pomaže

help clarify our understanding of the natural world.

da razjasnimo naše razumevanje sveta prirode.

You've heard the impact of resource extraction,

Čuli ste uticaj smanjivanja resursa,

human noise and habitat destruction.

buke koju prizvode ljudi i uništavanje staništa.

And where environmental sciences have typically

I dok nauka o zaštiti okoline

pokušava da razume svet pomoću onoga što vidi,

tried to understand the world from what we see,

a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear.

potpunije razumevanje možemo dobiti iz onoga što čujemo.

Biophonies and geophonies are the signature voices

Biofonija i geofonija su karakteristični zvuci

of the natural world,

sveta prirode

and as we hear them,

i dok ih slušamo,

we're endowed with a sense of place,

podareni smo osećajem za mesto,

the true story of the world we live in.

a to je istinita priča o svetu u kojem živimo.

In a matter of seconds,

U jednoj sekundi

a soundscape reveals much more information

zvuk nam otkriva više informacija,

from many perspectives,

iz mnogo perspektiva,

from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration.

od merljivih podataka do kulturnog nadahnuća.

Visual capture implicitly frames

Vizuelno snimanje posredno uokviruje

a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context,

ograničenu frontalnu perspektivu nekog datog prostornog konteksta,

while soundscapes widen that scope

dok zvuk proširuje taj opseg

to a full 360 degrees, completely enveloping us.

za 360 stepeni i potpuno nas obuhvata.

And while a picture may be worth 1,000 words,

Ako slika vredi hiljadu reči,

a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.

onda zvuk vredi hiljadu slika.

And our ears tell us

Uši nam govore

that the whisper of every leaf and creature

da se šapat svakog lista ili stvorenja

speaks to the natural sources of our lives,

obraća prirodnom izvoru naših života,

which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things,

koji zaista može posedovati tajnu ljubavi prema svim stvarima,

especially our own humanity,

naročito prema ljudskom rodu,

and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.

a poslednje reči prepuštam jaguaru iz Amazona.

(Growling)

(Rika)

Thank you for listening.

Hvala vam što ste slušali.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)